The Scale March 1996

Editor:
Dug Miller
Systematic Entomol. Lab.
Plant Sciences Institute
Agric. Res. Service, USDA
Building 005, Room 137
BARC-West, Beltsville, MD
20705-2350 USA
FAX 01 301-504-6482
dmiller@sel.barc.usda.gov

We did not make the deadline for the 1995 "The Scale". Please accept my apology; demands have been a little too intense to keep up with everything. Therefore, there will be no "The Scale" for 1995. This will give a little breathing room for the 1997 edition.

Many people have returned the completed form and will be included on the new "The Scale" mailing list. However, quite a few have not responded; in order to give them one last chance, I have decided to send this edition to everyone. If your name is not on the enclosed "The Scale mailing list", it is imperative that you fill out the form on the front page of the 1994 scale and return it to me. Those who do not respond will be removed from the next mailing.

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ain Shams, Soubra

Interests: Systematics/Ecology/Biology/Biological Control/Integrated Pest Management

Other Information: Additional address: P.O. Box 68, Hadayek Shobra, 11241 Cairo, Egypt.

Interests: Systematics/Pseudococcidae/Biology/Tropical Regions/Mealybugs/Parasitoids

Plant Protection, Plant Quarantine Division, Freiburgerstrasse 93, D-79576 Weil am Rhein, GERMANY

School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, AUSTRALIA

Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries, P.O. Box 41, Lynfield, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND

Other Information: Interest in developing biochemical methods to assess egg viability.

INSUE - Facultad Ciencias Naturales Inst. Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Miguel Lillo 205 (4000), S. M. de Tucuman, ARGENTINA

Department of Entomology, Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,NC 27695-7613

Centro de Zoologia, Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Rua da Junqueira 14

Biological Resources Division, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research

Dipartimento di Entomologia & Zoologia agraria, Facoltà di Agraria, Via Università

Interests: Systematics/Pseudococcidae/Eriococcidae/Diaspididae/Coccidae and others

Gonzalez, Patricia

INSUE - Facultad Ciencias Naturales Inst. Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Miguel Lillo 205 (4000), S. M. de Tucuman, ARGENTINA

Interests: Pseudococcidae/Ecology/Chemical Control/Biological Control/Mechanical Control

Granara de Willink, M. Cristina

Other Information:Second address:INSUE, Univ. Nac. de Tucuman, Miguel Lillo 250, 4000 San M. de Tucuman, Argentina.

Interests:Systematics/Biology/Eriococcidae/Margarodidae/Coccidae/Pseudococcidae/Ant Associations

Interests: Biology/Ecology/Natural Enemies/Chemical Control/Biological Control/Mechanical Control/Economic Importance

Other Information: Regional interest - southeastern US and Caribbean.

Haro Barbas, Maria Elisabeth de

Other Information: Since the breakup of DSIR into ten Crown Research Institutes in N.Z., the Systematics collections are held by Landcare Research, N.Z.

Hendricks, Harlan J.

Interests: Mealybugs/Systematics/Armored Scales/Ecology/Natural Enemies

Hippe, Carsten

Interests: Growth Regulators/Pheromone Traps/Biological Control/Chemical Control/Behavior

Department of Biological Sciences, Wye College (Univ. of London), Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH

Dept. of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Fernald Hall, Amherst, MA 01003-2440

Tel: 007-3272 481762; Tel: 007-3272 284029; Fax: 007-3272 481924; 007-3272 481958

Other Information: This name has also been transliterated as Yashenko and Yashchenko.

Kawai, Shozo

Dept. of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuraoka 1-1-1 Setagaya-ku

Dept. of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University,Blacksburg, VA 24061-0319

Other Information: Also home address: 614 Woodland Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060-3235

Interests:Ecology/Biology/Systematics/BiologicalControl/Natural Enemies/Diaspididae/ Pseudococcidae/Coccidae

Kumashiro, Bernarr

Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, ul, K. Leszczynskiego 7, 20-069

Other Information: Scale insects associated with ornamentals, fruit trees and shrubs; temperature and host plant effect on morphology and biology.

Lambdin, Paris L.

Other Information: Drosicha stebbingi,Drosichiella tamarindus,Heterococcus graminicola

Div. of Botany & Zool., Australian National Univ., Canberra, ACT 0200, AUSTRALIA

Interests: Systematics/Biology/Ant Associations/Chromosomes/ Pseudococcidae/ Diaspididae/ Kerriidae

Southwest Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida P.O. Box 5127, Immokalee, FL 33934

Interests: Systematics/Pseudococcidae/Eriococcidae/Diaspididae

Longo, Santi

Department of Agriculture, Institute for Horticultural Development, Private Bag 15

Interests: Population Biology/Ecology/Herbivore-Plant Relationships/Competition/Biological Control/Chemical Control

Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, SOUTH AFRICA

Systematic Entomology Lab., Agricultural Research Service, Plant Sci. Inst., USDA

Interests: Catalogs/Systematics/Collection Curator/Eriococcidae/Pseudococcidae /Diaspididae

Servicio Agricola y Ganadero, Subdepto Laboratorios Agricola, Alonso Ovalle 1329

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, PPQ, United States Department of Agriculture

Other Information: Provides many service identifications of scale insects for US quarantine

Oncuer, Cezmi

Laboratoire de Biologie des Invertebres, INRA, 14 Avenue Schubert, 83440 Montauroux

Interests: Ecology/Armored Scales/Mealybugs/Biological Control/Soft Scales/Parasitoids

Perrot-Minnot, Marie Jeanne

Laboratory of Zoology ENSA-M/INRA, Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Agronomie, 2 Place Viala F-34060, Montpellier, Cedex 1., FRANCE

Other Information: Pests of vineyards and orchards; evolution of the reproductive and mating systems in coccids.

Interests: Biology/Behavior/Biological Control/Chemical Control/Mechanical Control

Richard, Claude

Interests: Biological Control/Integrated Pest Management/Systematics/Biology/Ecology/Natural Enemies/Parasitoids

Russo, Agatino

Documents Department-The Libraries, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-109 USA

Tel: 970-491-1881; Fax: 970-491-1195; Email: Fschmidt@vines.colostate.edu

Smith, John F.

Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies (CPPS)

Institute of Plant Protection, 380062 Tbilisi Chavchavadze 82, REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA

Tel: 540-951-3028; Fax: 540-231-9131; Email: veilleux@vt.edu

Watson, Gillian W.

Interests: Systematics/Economic Importance/Biological Control/Integrated Pest Management

Other Information: Regional interest southern Asia; retired.

Williams, Michael L.

Department of Entomology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, AL 36849

Interests: Biology/Natural Enemies/Phenology/Biological Control/Mechanical Control/Chemical Control

Yasnosh, Valentina A.

Institute of Plant Protection, 380062 Tbilisi Chavchavadze 82, REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA

Interests: Biology/Natural Enemies/Biodiversity/Natural Enemies/Biological Control

Sadao Takagi writes "I have almost completed a manuscript entitled "an approach to the Rugaspidiotini-problem". In this manuscript I have tried to show that the tribe as characterized by various authors is an assemblage of unrelated forms. I am much inclined to believe thatRugaspidiotinus (with 4 described species in N. America) is referable to the Lepidosaphedini. I am starting to study a new species of Beesonia from Singapore. This species was mentioned by Dr. Beardsley and also by Mrs. Anthony, but has not yet been described. I think that it is polymorphic in the 1st and 2nd instar. A series of specimens collected over one generation of the speicies may be necessary for a complete description. The available specimens are limited, and I am still puzzled how to interpret instars and forms. I have finished mounting further material ofConchaspis from Malaysia. I believe that I collected C. socialis Green in Sarawak - probably a second record of the species. I hope to have enough time to finishing my work on the newly prepared specimens in the current year.

Imre is working on the systematics and phylogeny of the Margarodidae of the World. For this work he would be most happy to receive unidentified margarodid specimens preserved in alcohol. Simultaneously, he is finishing a catalogue of the Margarodidae of the World and would appreciate receiving reprints from others working on this family.

Carsten has written asking if anyone is looking for a postdoc. with his qualifications. "After finishing my Ph.D. on the San Jose scale and its parasitoid Encarsia perniciosi I am looking for a postdoctoral research project beginning in the second half of 1996. I have worked with differentQuadraspidiotus spp., Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Planococcus citri and aphelinid parasitoids. My special interests are host-plant-parasitoid-interactions (e.g., the role of kairomones, host acceptance, defense mechanisms), the behavior of male scale insects and applied aspects of coccidology (e.g., biological and chemical control, side effects of insecticides on beneficials, resistance problems, the use of pheromone traps.)" Anyone with a possibility of having Carsten work with them at a university or research institute can contact him at the following: Carsten Hippe, Swiss Federal Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Horticulture, CH-8820 Waedenswil, Switzerland. voice-- +41-1-7836297; fax-- +41-1-7806341; email-- carsten.hippe@wae.faw.admin.ch.

My name is Ekatherina C. Tabatadze. I work at the Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia. I completed a post-graduate studentship under the guidance of Dr. V.A. Yasnosh and in 1994 finished a thesis on "Japanese scale, Lopholeucaspis japonica Cockerell and its control through integrated citrus pest management in Georgia." I studied the phenology, biology, behavior, destructiveness, and natural enemies of the pest. It is a serious problem on many hosts, but it is most widely known as a pest on citrus, tea, and tung. On the Black Sea coast of Georgia, the Japanese scale was accidentally introduced, apparently from Japan and was first discovered by Borchsenius in 1931 in the region of the Batumi botanical Garden on magnolia. Since 1951, it also has become a pest of popular. Although the pest occurs in many countries (Danzig 1993), there is very little data on its harmfulness except in Georgia. Over the last several years, the scale has become less of a pest on citrus in my country. It is generally agreed that this situation is caused by the impact of biological agents such as non-specialized entomophages like coccinellids and a fungus in the genus Aschersonia that was discovered by us.

If anyone has data on this scale, I would be grateful to hear from them. My interests are in the further study of the Japanese scale, and other scales on citrus and other fruit crops. My address is: Ekatherina C. Tabatadze, 380062 Tbilisi, Chavchavadze av. 82, Institute of Plant Protection, Republic of Georgia.

Department of Biological Sciences, Wye College, Univ. of London, Wye, Ashford, Kent, UK Chris asked that the following note be incorporated in this "The Scale" concerning some changes in his recent book (The scale insect Family Coccidae: An identification manual to genera). Two quite important errors have been noted.1). Figs. 108 and 109 have been switched. Fig. 113 is the 2nd-instar male and Fig. 114 is the 2nd-instar female. 2). Figs. 108 and 109 have been swithched. Fig. 108 is an adult female Paractenochiton sutapensis and Fig. 109 is an adult femaleParacerosteigia floridensis. Another minor error is the spelling of Ceroplastes on the back cover! Should anyone notice other errors, I would be grateful if they could let me know so that I can warn others should the errors seem to warrant this.

The most recent volume by Professor Tang was published in 1995. It is entitled: " The Margarodidae and others of China" and consists of 4 families, the Margarodidae, Monophlebidiae, Asterolecaniidae, and Eriococcidae. The volume treats 37 genera and 176 species that occur in China, and 36 additional genera and 262 species that occur in neighboring countries. This is the 6th volume in a series of by Tang Fang-teh. They are written in Chinese with English synopses. Those interested in purchasing copies should write to Tang Fang-teh,Research Center of Scale Insects, Agricultural University of Shanxi, 030801 P. R. China.

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, USA

We managed to publish the paper on Micrococcus (with Doug Williams) and now have a paper on Trabutina (with Evelyna Danzig) in press. We finally have completed the paper on thePseudococcus maritimus complex (with Bill Gimpel) and it currently is submitted. John Davidson and I are actively working on the book on economic armored scales of the US and hope to complete it in the next several years. A database of the species in the collection is complete, but Debra Creel(the Beltsville technician) is finishing some refinements. We (Karen Veilleux and I) have completed a database on the scale insects that occur in North America, a Systematic Entomology Laboratory project for all of the insects. The big project is with Yair Ben-Dov to develop a catalog of the scales of the world. The database system that we are using is one developed by Gary Gibson from Agriculuture Canada called BASIS. It is a FoxPro database and was developed to produce catalogs of any arthropod group. The plan is to convert Yair's databases on the soft scales and mealybugs into BASIS and begin to add new families. During the past year, we have entered about half of the published bibliographies and are now capturing the rest of the literature from 1985 to the present; this has been entered into a ProCite database by Karen Veilleux. A contractor (Diane Houston) has entered the data from the original bibliography and the 1st supplement and Karen Veilleux is working on the 2nd and 3rd supplements. We hope to have all of the scale references in the BASIS database by the end of the year. In the interim, Gary Gibson and Jennifer Read in Canada have converted the old soft scale database into BASIS and Yair is in the process of fine tuning it (no small task). He also will begin on the Conchaspididae. In Beltsville, we (Maren Gimpel who is a contractor) are entering the Eriococcidae. This effort is funded by a Binational Agricultural Research and Development (BARD) grant for the year 1995-1996. We have put in a second BARD proposal for 3 additional years. The database will be published in hard copy, be available on the World Wide Web, and be produced on CD-ROM. Wish us luck.

The manuscript for The Scale Insects of Northeastern North America (NENA) was published in January 1996. The 660-page book describes approximately 340 taxa and includes almost 300 figures (36 in color) for families, genera, and species. Since my retirement 3-1/2 years ago I have been able to devote almost full time to this task. The book is available from the Virginia Museum of Natural History, 1001 Douglas Ave., Martinsville, VA 24112; Fax: 540-362-6487. Our earlier research bulletins are also available through the Virginia Museum of Natural History.

Currently, Penny Gullan and I are writing an article entitled Adaptations in Scale Insects for the Annual Review of Entomology (1997). We hope that our revelations of exciting and unique adaptations will encourage more young entomologists to consider work on scale insects.

Besides working on manuscripts, I travelled with my wife, Matilda, to Turkey in April to visit Istanbul and lecture/consult at the University and Plant Protection Research Institute in Adana. We also stopped in Budapest for two weeks in May to visit relatives and my old office there.

Visitors this year included Dr. Gyula Saringer, Rector and Professor of Entomology at Pannon Agricultural University in Keszthely, Hungary, in May, and Dr. Paris L. Lambdin, Professor at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, in December.

Karen Veilleux continues her cataloging work with USDA-Systematic Entomology Laboratory assistance. Her latest "Recent Literature" section is included in this issue. She thanks those of you who send us reprints and copies of your papers hot off the presses.

Please note that our telephone area code has changed from 703 to 540 (Tel: 540-231-6773; Fax: 540-231-9131).

Yair is pleased to inform the participants of ISSIS-VII that the proceedings of the Symposium have now been published as volume 29 of the Israel Journal of Entomology (1995). This journal usually is published in soft cover, however, each participant will receive a hard bound volume. [ed. at the writing of this newsletter, I have received my copy of this publication.] Yair also indicates that reprints of the articles in the volume also are in the mail.

Yair also has asked that two other items be included in this newsletter. The first is a corrected map of the photograph of the individuals attending ISSIS-VII; the earlier version did not provide a name for number 54 Dr. Uzi Nur, Rochester, New York, USA. He also asked that I include a copy of the information on natural enemies and scale insect cultures that are maintained at various laboratories around the world. Actually I have received two versions of this table, one from Yair and the other from Lerzan Erkilic, Plant Protection Research Institute, Adana, Turkey.

Agricola, U. 1993. Behaviour of the fruit-tree mealybug Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) at high temperatures in Togo. (Verhalten des Obstbaumschmierlaus Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) bei hohen Temperaturen in Togo.) Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 8(4-6): 771-774; ill. (In German, English abstract)

This mealybug was accidentally introduced in Togo, West Africa and developed as a pest species on mango and citrus; all instars of the mealybug have been found to stretch out their abdomen from the leaf surface in a right angle, if the leaves were exposed to bright sunlight; in the laboratory, the degree of lifting of the abdomen was found to be related to temperature; the reaction started at about 34 degrees C and reached a maximum at 37 degrees C; the reaction of this mealybug to high temperatures may be interpreted as a heat regulating mechanism of the mealybug by means of active behaviour.

Akalach, M., Fernandez-Garcia, E. & Moore, D. 1992. Interaction between Rastrococcus invadens(Hom.: Pseudococcidae) and two natural enemies. Entomophaga 37(1):99-106. (In English, French abstract)

Parasitoid Gyranussoidea tebygi and pathogen Hirsutella cryptosclerotium were tested; levels of parasitism by the parasitoid were reduced by the pathogen but overall mortality of the mealybug was greater when both agents were acting together.

Allsopp, P.G. 1991. Quarantine survey of all sugarcane pests and diseases on the Torres Strait Islands 1989. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, edited by Editor B.T. Egan. Bundaberg, Queensland: May 14 - May 17, 1989. (13th Conference.) Australia: 83-87.

13 pests reviewed, including four scale species; four diseases mentioned; effect of nutritional disorders.

Amitai, S. 1992. The wax shield of Ceroplastes floridensis as a barrier to insecticides. (Israel) Alon Hanotea 46(9):607-611; ill. (In Hebrew, English abstract)

During scale maturation and before oviposition production of the wax layers occurs mainly on the margin of the ventral side of the body, resulting in attachment of the margin of the shield to the leaf or twig surface; therefore, the scale is protected from penetration of insecticides at later stages of adult female.

Argov, Y., Schneider, B. & Rosen, D. 1992. Parasitism of Florida wax scale, Ceroplastesfloridensis Comstock, on citrus in Israel. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 55(1):21-31.

Population censuses of this scale species (Coccidae), and parasites attacking it were made over a 4-year period; two annual generations were produced; most abundant parasite was Tetrastichus ceroplastae; peak numbers of parasites were synchronized with peak numbers of hosts susceptible to parasitism; parasites had a significant effect on the host population on one grove, as determined by life-table analysis; the key stage mortalities occurred at the first and second larval instars and the young female stage; additional parasites were imported and released during the study; one was not recovered, and the recovery rate for others was very low; two species were recovered in the study plots and one in home gardens.

Arulraj, S. 1990. Biological control of sugarcane scale insect using parasites. (India) Newsletter -- Sugarcane Breeding Institute 9(1):6 pp.

Black sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis glomerata has become a major pest in India; promising parasites for biological control include Adelencyrtus mayurae, Botryoideclavabharatiya, Neastimachus delhiensis, Tetrastichus sp., Cheiloneurus sp., and Azotusfumipennis.

Avasthi, R.K. 1993. Three new genera of Coccidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). (India) Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 90(1):73-77; ill.

Sharanococcus, Prococcus and Varshneococcus described; key to genera of Coccidae.

Baker, J.R.,.Ed. 1994. Insect and Related Pests of Flowers and Foliage Plants: some important, common, and potential pests in the southeastern United States. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University. 106 pp.; ill.

Management of insect and related pests in greenhouses, commercial and residential landscapes, commercial field grown flowers; discussions of chemical, integrated pest management (IPM) and organic control; keys to orders and groups of pests; descriptions, common names; biology; control; mealybug species (Planococcus citri, Pseudococcuslongispinus, Phenacoccus gossypii and Rhizoecus falcifer) and scale species (Diaspisboisduvali, Coccus hesperidum, Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Saissetia coffeae, and Eucalymnatustessellatus); photographs and drawings provided.

Balakrishnan, M.M., Sreedharan, K., Venkatesha, K. & Krishnamoorthy, A. 1991. Observations on Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) and its natural enemies on coffee, with new records of predators and host plants. (India) Journal of Coffee Research 21(1):11-19.

This scale species was found feeding on Coffea arabica, Erythrina lithosperma,Euphorbia pulcherima and Leucaena leucocephala for the first time in India; three species of encyrtid parasitoids, Aenasius advena, Anagyrus qadrii and Blepyrus insularis caused 0.4%, 1.4% and 25.1% parasitism, respectively; other predators recorded include Scymnus spp.,Allograpta javana, Leucopis sp., Gitona sp., Triommata coccidivora and Mallada sp.

Baldanza, F., Odierna, G. & Viggiani, G. 1991. A new method for studying chromosomes of parasitic Hymenoptera, used on Encarsia berlesei (Howard) (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agr Filippo Silvestri (48):29. (In English, Italian abstract)

A scraping and air drying method used successfully on this parasite of Pseudaulacaspispentagona, white peach scale.

Baroffio, C. 1993. Description of the developmental stages of Encarsia perniciosi (Tower) using different techniques. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomol. Gesellschaft 66(3-4):371-378; ill. (In French, English abstract)

Barrass, I.C. 1993. Integrated control of the longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus(Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Australian pear orchards. Acta Horticulturae 347:303-306.

Importance to pear crop; biology; pest status; population monitoring; chemical control; parasitized by Tetracnemous sydneyensis.

Barrass, I.C. 1993. Integrated control and cost reduction in pear orchards of the Goulburn Valley, Australia. Acta Horticulturae 347:307-313.

Pseudococcus longispinus is among the four most important pests of Australia's pear crop; brief review of chemical control and control by parasite, Tetracnemous sydneyensis.

Baxendale, F.P., Johnson-Cicalese, J.M. & Riordan, T.P. 1994. Tridiscus sporoboli andTrionymus sp. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae): potential new mealybug pests of buffalograss turf. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 67(2):169-172.

These species collected from heavily damaged buffalograss, feeding within leaf sheaths just below collar or behind leaf axils enclosing the the pistillate spikelets; description of damage; variability of damage probably due to buffalograss resistance.

Beardsley, J.W. 1993. The pineapple mealybug complex; taxonomy, distribution and host relationships. Acta Horticulturae 334:383-386.

Review of Dysmicoccus brevipes and D. neobrevipes; description of damage, including responsibility for mealybug wilt disease; taxonomic history; distribution; comparisons to other species.

Bedford, E.C.G. & Cilliers, C.J. 1994. The role of Aphytis in the biological control of armored scale insects on citrus in South Africa. In Advances in the Study of Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Rosen, D., Ed. Andover, U.K.: Intercept Limited. 143-179; ill.

Detailed review of control efforts of Aonidiella aurantii, Chrysomphalus aonidium andLepidosaphes beckii, the major pests of citrus in South Africa; discussion of IPM and the conservation of natural enemies; mass rearing and liberation of Aphytis spp.; pests resulting from the withdrawal of parathion; impact of pesticides on Aphytis.

Bedford, E.C.G., Vegoes-Houwens, G., Kok, I.B. & Vercueil, S.W. 1992. Impact of 46 pesticides on non-target pests under biological control in citrus orchards. Pretoria, South Africa: Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institute. 112 pp.; ill. (In English, Afrikaans abstract)

Repercussions of non-target insect pests were monitored, including red scale, Aonidiellaaurantii, which were especially sensitive to many types of sprays due to the destruction of their natural enemies; 23 insecticides and two acaracides were not safe for IPM; 15 caused repercussions of red scale; list of insecticides considered suitable for IPM provided.

Beingolea G., O. 1994. Role of Aphytis roseni De Bach & Gordh in the biological control of the rufous scale, Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan). In Advances in the Study of Aphytis(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Rosen, D., Ed. Andover, U.K.: Intercept Limited. 105-118; ill.

History of occurrence of this scale species in Peru; hosts include Cocos nucifera, Hevea,Swietemia macrophylla, Citrus, Olea europea, Persea gratissima, Tamarindus indicus, Ficusbenjamini and Nerium oleander; biology of the parasite; natural control before introduction of A. roseni; detailed review of the effect of the introduction.

Belli, G., Fortusini, A., Casati, P., Belli, L., Bianco, P.A. & Prati, S. 1994. Transmission of a grapevine leafroll associated closterovirus by the scale insect Pulvinaria vitis L. Rivista de Patologia Vegetale 4(3):105-108. Transmission tests from grape to grape with the leafroll associated closterovirus GLRaV-III were carried out using scale insects of the species Parthenolecanium corni and Pulvinaria vitis; four months after inoculation feeding of two out of the five vines inoculated by P.vitis began to show a slight reddening and rolling of some leaves; hybridisation and PCR tests performed with nucleic acids extracted from the two vines showing symptoms confirmed the presence of GLRaV-III; this report may be the first of an experimental virus transmission by scale insects.

Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel in Israel. (Israel) Alon Hanotea 47(4):271-272; ill. (In Hebrew, English abstract)

Previously called Pseudococcus citriculus; common pest of citrus in Israel; also infests avocado, Pistacia palestina and Nerium oleander.

Bennett, F.D. 1994. Biological control of miscellaneous pests: Rhodesgrass mealybug. In Pest Management in the Subtropics: Biological Control: A Florida Perspective. Rosen, D., F. D. Bennett and J. L. Capinera (Eds.) Andover, England, UK: Intercept Ltd. 128-133; ill.

Antonina graminis is a widespread pest of pasture grasses in Texas; also occurs throughout neotropics and subtropics; biology; three parasites introduced into Florida for biological control: Anagyrus antoninae, Pseudectroma europaea and Neodusmetia sangwani.

Bhagat, R.C., Farhan, N. & Ramzan, A. 1992. Natural enemies of scale insects in Kashmir Valley, India. Journal of Biological Control 6(1):38-39.

Biche, M. & Bourahla, M. 1993. Observations on the bio-ecology of Lepidosaphes destefaniiLeonardi, a pest of olive groves in the Cap-Djinet region (Algeria) (Homoptera, Diaspididae). (Observations sur la bioecologie de Lepidosaphes destefanii Leonardi ravageur de l'olivier dans la region du Cap-djinet.) (Algeria) Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 98(1): 23-27. (In French, English abstract)

Study of the biology of this species during one of its annual cycles in an olive plantation; recorded on leaves of Phillyrea media, Oleaceae and Olea europaea.

Bielenin, I. & Bialczyk, E. 1993. Filter chamber of Homoptera with particular reference to Coccoidea. (Komora filtracyjna pluskwiakow rownoskrzydlych (Homoptera), ze szczegolnym uwzglednieniem czerwcow (Coccoidea).) (Poland) Przeglad Zoologiczny 37(3-4):181-186; ill. (In Polish, English abstract)

Biography and scientific achievements of Janusz Domaniewski in the fields of ornithology, zoogeography, environmental protection; head of the National Museum of Zoology in Warsaw.

Bishop, B.D. 1994. Scale insects of Christmas trees. Extension Bulletin (Michigan State University) March:4 pp.; ill.

Toumeyella parvicornis and Chionaspis pinifoliae reviewed; common names; brief descriptions; biology; description of damage; cultural, biological and chemical control.

Blanche, K.R. 1994. Insect induced galls on Australian vegetation. In The Ecology and Evolution of Gall-forming insects. Krasnoyarsk, Siberia: August 9-13, 1993. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station; pp. 49-54.

Diverse types of gall-forming insects reviewed; field comparisons of gall-forming insect species asssemblages on vegetation of infertile and fertile soils showed a much higher diversity of gall-forming insects species on infertile soil; some evidence suggests that some gall-forming coccoids inhabit their complex galls for at least two years.

Blank, R.H., Gill, G.S.C. & Olson, M.H. 1994. Relationship between armoured scale infestations on kiwifruit leaves and fruit. In Proceedings of the Forty Seventh New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, edited by A. J. ,. Ed Popay. Waitangi Hotel, New Zealand: Aug. 9-11, 1994. Rotorua, New Zealand: New Zealand Plant Protection Society; 304-309.

Scales included Hemiberlesia rapax and H. lataniae; at high scale levels, an exponential model derived from data pooled from all insecticide trials predicted ratios of 8:1 and 2.5:1 scale infested leaves to fruit at 40 and 80% infested leaves respectively; at lower scale levels a linear model for the pooled data predicted a ratio of 17:1 scale infested leaves to fruit; however, the 95% predictive intervals show that the model has little value for the prediction of individual observations; the choice of spray threshold cannot be more precisely determined until the precision of packhouse scale grading procedures is quantified.

Blank, R.H., Olson, M. & Gill, G. 1994. Latania scale establish on avocados during pollination. Orchardist of New Zealand 67(4):28-30.

This species, Hemiberlesia lataniae is an important quarantine pest with up to 34% of fruit shown to be infested; long pollination period, as well as extended harvesting time; bee-safe and highly selective materials to prevent scale settlement on mature fruit evaluated.

Blommers, L.H.M. 1994. Integrated pest management in European apple orchards. Annual Review of Entomology 39:213-241.

Two species of scale are mentioned as important in European orchards: San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) and mussel scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi); parasites and chemical control mentioned.

Botrel, N. & Siqueira, D.L.d. 1993. Control of pineapple mealybug. (Controle da cochonilha-do-abacaxizeiro.) (Brazil) Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 28(2):223-227. (In Portuguese, English abstract)

Chemical control measures tested against Dysmicoccus brevipes, a serious pest ofAnanas comosus.

Brink, T. 1992. Control of the white powdery scale on citrus. (South Africa) Ingligtingsbulletin -- Instituut vir Tropiese en Subtropiese Gewasse (239): 20-22.

Five insecticides evaluated for control of Cribrolecanium andersoni, a soft scale pest of citrus in South Africa; this scale secretes honeydew on which sooty mould develops; phenthoate and methomyl are the only two insecticides that gave effective control.

Brown, C.V. 1995. Insect herbivores and gaseous air pollutants -- current knowledge and predictions. In Insects in a Changing Environment. Harrington, Richard and Stork, Nigel E., Eds. London & San Diego: Academic Press Ltd. pp. 229-249. [Proceedings of the 17th Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society held 7-10 September 1993 at Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden.]

Insect populations are known to increase in moderately polluted environments and decrease at highly polluted sites; a field observation of changes in incidence of scale insects on Fagus sylvatica in a polluted location shows the effect of complex modifications of development of infestation in relation to SO2.

Browning, H.W. 1994. Classical biological control of citrus scale insects. In Pest Management in the Subtropics: Biological Control: A Florida Perspective. Rosen, D., Bennett, F. D. and Capinera, J. L., (Eds.) Andover, England, UK: Intercept Ltd. pp. 49-78; ill.

Reviews pest status of scale insects; natural enemies of scales are found among thrips, coccinellids, neuropterans, predatory mites, etc.; case histories of Lepidosaphes beckii, L.gloverii, L. pergandii, Unaspis citri, Aonidiella aurantii, A. citrina, Coccus hesperidumetc.; discussion of future challenges to biological control of scales.

Browning, H.W. 1994. Early classical biological control on citrus. In Pest Management in the Subtropics: Biological Control: A Florida Perspective. Rosen, D., Bennett, F. D. and Capinera, J. L., (Eds.) Andover, England, UK: Intercept Ltd. pp. 27-49; ill.

Successful biological control efforts of scale insects include control of Lepidosaphesbeckii, L. gloverii, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Parlatoria pergandii, Icerya purchasi,Planococcus citri, and Aonidiella citrina.

Browning, H.W. 1994. Biological control of the citrus snow scale, Unaspis citri, in Florida: evaluation of Aphytis and other natural enemy species. In Advances in the Study of Aphytis(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Rosen, D., Ed. Andover, U.K.: Intercept Limited. 119-142; ill.

History of introduction of Aphytis lingnanensis; review of other parasite introductions; current status of natural enemies of U. citri; discussion of the complications involved in evaluating effectiveness of biological control efforts.

CAB International Institute of Entomology. 1993. Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead. Distribution Maps of Pests Map no. 540:2 pp.; ill. (Series A, Agricultural.)

Map showing distribution of this sp. worldwide; countries listed with references to records; common name Mango scale; hosts include mango, coconut and Cinnamomumzeylanicum.

CAB International Institute of Entomology. 1992. Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell). Distribution Maps of Pests Map no. 534:2 pp.; ill. (Series A, Agricultural.)

Map showing distribution of this sp. worldwide; countries listed with references to records; common name Citrophilus mealybug; hosts include Citrus, sugarcane, cocoa, grape, apple; vector of cocoa swollen shoot disease; synonymy.

CAB International Institute of Entomology. 1994. Pulvinaria psidii Maskell. Distribution Maps of Pests Map no. 59:2 pp.; ill. (Series A, Agricultural.)

Map showing distribution of this sp. worldwide; countries listed with references to records; common names Green shield scale and guava mealy scale; hosts include Citrus, guava, coffee, mango, and many other trees and shrubs.

Calatayud, P.A., Rahbe, Y., Tjallingii, W.F., Tertuliano, M. & Le Ru, B. 1994. Electrically recorded feeding behaviour of cassava mealybug on host and non-host plants. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 72(3):219-232. (In English, French abstract)

Feeding behaviour of Phenacoccus manihoti was analysed by the electrical penetration graph technique (DPG, DC-system) and by light microscopy; this study confirmed a typical phloem-feeding behaviour with an aphid-like predominance of extracellular pathways of stylets; main differences with aphid EPGs consisted of fewer but longer intracellular punctures (pd duration of 20 s vs 5-7 s for aphids), longer times to the first phloem-ingestion period and a lower motility of stylets within the phloem searching process; other comparisons made.

Calatayud, P.A., Rahbe, Y., Delobel, B., Khuong-Huu, F., Tertuliano, M. & Le Ru, B. 1994. Influence of secondary compounds in the phloem sap of cassava on expression of antibiosis towards the mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. (Congo) Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 72:47-57. (In English, French abstract)

Identification and assay of cyanogenic and phenolic compounds in phloem sap of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and in honeydew of the cassava mealybug; cyanogenic glucosides and three flavonoid glycosides (rutin, kaempferol glycoside-1 and kaempferol glycoside-2) were found to be translocated in cassava phloem sap and consumed by the mealybug; differences in profiles of secondary compounds of phloem sap and honeydew samples, characterised mainly by the appearance of free cyanide and a free flavonoid, suggest the metabolic processing of at least some of the ingested compounds.

Campbell, B.C., Steffen-Campbell, J.D. & Gill, R.J. 1994. Evolutionary origin of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: (Aleyrodidae) inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Insect Molecular Biology 3(2):73-88.

Phylogenetic analysis of 188 rDNA nucleotide sequences of hemipteran examplars shows Sternorrhyncha (psyllids, whiteflies, aphids and scales) is monophyletic and forms a sister group to all other hemipterans (Euhemiptera); whiteflies form a sister group to aphids and scales; psyllids form a sister group to all other Sternorrhyncha; relevance of findings to the fossil record, feeding strategies, reproductive biologies, and geoclimatic distribution is discussed.

Camporese, P. & Pellizzari-Scaltriti, G. 1994. Description of the immature stage of Ceroplastesjaponicus Green (Homoptera Coccoidea). (Italy) Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura 26(1):49-58; ill. (In English, Italian abstract)

Description and illustration of previously undescribed female stages of C. japonicus; key to stages provided; morphological characters discussed; hosts include Acer sp., Citrustrifoliata, Hedera helix, Ilex aquifolium, Laurus nobilis, Liquidambar styraciflua and Salixbabylonica; comparison with immature stages of C. floridensis.

Canard, P.M. 1994. A cottony scale, Pulvinaria horii Kuwana, 1902 (Homoptera: Coccidae) new to the fauna of continental Europe. (Une cochenille floconneuse Pulvinaria horii Kuwana, 1902 (Homoptera: Coccidae) nouvelle pour la faune d'Europe continentale.) (France) Biologia Gallo- hellenica 21(1):35-40; ill. (In French, English abstract)

Specimens of this unusual cottony scale were collected on fig tree Ficus carica in Attiki (Greece) and on horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum in Provence (France) for the first time; previously found in England on Quercus glandulifera imported from Japan; common in Japan.

Carneiro, R.M.D.G., Soria, S.J., Kulczynki, S.M. & Silva, J.B.d. 1994. Pathogenicity ofPaecilomyces fumosoroseus isolate cg 259 to Eurhizococcus brasiliensis Hempel (Hemiptera: Margarodidae). (Patogenicidade de Paecilomyces fumosoroseus isolado cg 259 a Eurhizococcus brasiliensis Hempel (Hemiptera: Margarodidae).) Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil 23(2):345-348. (In Portuguese, English abstract)

Isolate CG 259 of P. fumosoroseus was highly pathogenic to E. brasiliensis, through bioassays in the lab; lethal concentrations caused dehydration and internal colonization of the cysts, with no evolution to adult stage.

Cesnik, R. & Medina, C.L. 1995. High pressure water spray to control chaff scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in citrus. (Brazil) Journal of Entomological Science 30(1):93-94.

Parlatoria pergandii and P. cinerea are pests of citrus in Brazil and other citrus growing countries; description of damage; high pressure water spray found to be effective and inexpensive alternative to chemical control.

Chakupurakal, J., Markham, R.H., Neuenschwander, M.S., Malambo, C., Mulwanda, D., Banda, E., Chalabesa, A., Bird, T. & Haug, T. 1994. Biological control of the cassava mealybug,Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Biological Control 4(3):254-262.

Exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi and some exotic coccinellid predators released 54 times; E. lopezi became established, but not the coccinellids; declining populations of P.manihoti measured; multiple regresssion analysis performed involving meteorological, agronomic, plant and entomological variables from a total of 4804 cassava fields; duration of E. lopezi's presence in an area was the most important factor; condition of plant, its age, rainfall and water retention capacity of the soil were also important; where populations of the cassava mealybug were lower, damage by the cassava green mite, Mononychellustanajoa appeared more severe; frequency of ants increased with the cassava mealybug population density.

Charles, J.G. 1993. A survey of mealybugs and their natural enemies in horticultural crops in North Island, New Zealand, with implications for biological control. Biocontrol Science and Technology 3(4):405-418.

Pseudococcus longispinus, P. calceolariae and P. affinis accounted for more than 99% of the mealybugs collected from six crops (apples, pears, nashi, citrus, persimmon and grapes) at 91 sites; attacked by 14 species of natural enemies; six species of Encyrtidae were reared for biological control possibilities; recommendations made.

Cibrian Tovar, D., Mendez Montiel, J.T., Campos Bolanos, R., Yates, H.O. & Flores Lara, J.E. 1995. Insectos Forestales de Mexico/Forest Insects of Mexico. Comision Forestal de America del Norte/North American Forestry Commission, FAO. pp. 222-239; ill. (In Spanish & English)

Ten scale species reviewed in detail, others mentioned; brief descriptions; hosts; distribution in North America; life cycles and habits; description of damages; economic importance; control.

Clarke, S.R., Debarr, G.L. & Berisford, C.W. 1990. Life history of Oracella acuta (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in loblolly pine seed orchards in Georgia, USA. Environmental Entomology 19(1):99-103.

This mealybug had four to five generations per year in Pinus taeda; crawlers overwintered between needles in the fascicles or under resin cells made by females of previous generations; males of overwintering generation were usually apterous, whereas males of subsequent generations were alate; fluctuating populations usually caused in part by adverse effects of aerial insecticide applications on natural enemies, a major factor in mealybug population declines; two most abundant parasitoids were an encyrtid,Acerophagus coccois and a platygastrid, Allotropa sp.

Cobanoglu, S. 1993. A new species of Eulecanium Ckll. (Homoptera: Coccidae) for the fauna of Turkey. (Turkiye faunasi icin yeni bir Eulecanium Ckll. (Homoptera: Coccidae) Turu.) (Turkey) Doga Turk Tarim ve Ormancilik Dergisi 17(4):997-1003; ill. (In English, Turkish abstract)

A new species of Coccidae (Homoptera: Coccidae), Eulecanium transvittatum, is reported from Ankara, Turkey, in the central part of Anatolia, on Acer negundo and Rosacanina; brief description; biological observations; compared to Parthenolecanium corni.

Cobb, N.S. & Whitham, T.G. 1993. Herbivore deme formation on individual trees: a test case. Oecologia 94(4):496-502.

Examination of hypothesis that sessile herbivores on long-lived hosts become locally adapted to the defensive phenotypes of individual trees; five-fold increase in resistance by individual pinyon pines (Pinus edulis) to the pinyon pine needle scale (Matsucoccusacalyptus) demonstrated; however, no significant differences in mortality among scale populations in a reciprocal transfer experiment; furthermore, a seven-year experiment showed that mortality of newly founded, incipient scale populations was similar to established scale populations.

Cobb, P.P. 1994. Controlling mealybugs on ornamentals. Circular ANR (Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University) (190):2 pp.

Brief descriptions of long-tailed mealybugs; brief description of damage; hosts include coleus, fern, begonia and geraniums; control techniques for indoor and outdoor plants.

Cobb, P.P. & Williams, M.L. 1992. Controlling scale insects: Euonymus scale and tea scale. Circular Anr (Alabama Cooperative Extension Service) (274):2 pp.; ill.

Review of Fiorinia theae on camellias and Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) on euonymus, boxwood, holly, ligustrum and pachysandra; brief field descriptions and chemical control.

Cohen, E., Podoler, H. & El-Hamlauwi, M. 1994. Delayed effects of malathion on hymenopteran parasites: the role of the scale cover of diaspidid insects. In Advances in the Study ofAphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Rosen, D., Ed. Andover, U.K.: Intercept Limited. 183-190.

Protective properties of diaspidid scale covers; how such properties may affect survival of natural enemies; insect resistance; lab and field studies; ramifications for IPM programs; diaspidids considered include Chrysomphalus aonidum and Aonidiella aurantii.

Collier, T.R. 1995. Host feeding, egg maturation, resorption, and longevity in the parasitoidAphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 88(2):206-214.

This parasitoid was introduced from Pakistan and India to California for biological control of the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii on citrus (lemon); culture maintained at 25 degrees C and a photoperiod of 14: 10 (L:D) h.; in this experiment females feeding on host and honey ad libitum produced more eggs and lived longer than a control group given no host meal.

Collins, P.J., Lambkin, T.M. & Bodnaruk, K.P. 1994. Suspected resistance to Methidathion inAonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) from Queensland. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 33(4):325-326.

The first indication of resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in red scale; analysis of variance revealed that two populations contained significant numbers of first instars surviving the insecticide treatment; presence of resistance to methidathion in red scale populations would limit its usefulness in pest management programs and may indicate cross-resistance to other organophosphates.

Colombo, M. & Parma, D. 1992. Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley) (Homoptera Coccoidea) on Beaucarnea recurvata (Lem.). (Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley) (Homoptera Coccoidea) su Beaucarnea recurvata (Lem.).) Notiziario sulle Malattie delle Piante 113(40 series 3):30-35; ill. (In Italian, English abstract)

Favorable conditions are created for exotic pests such as this scale species by the increasing international traffic of vegetable species and by the cultivation of tropical plants in greenhouses simulating the habitat of their country of origin; distribution; host plants; description; description of damage.

Cordo, H.A. & Deloach, C.J. 1995. Natural enemies of the rangeland weed whitebrush (Aloysiagratissima: Verbenaceae) in South America: potential for biological control in the United States. Biological Control 5(2):218-230.

The scale insects included in this review are Ceroplastes sp. poss. novaesi,Lecanodiaspis dentrobii and Orthezia sp.

Covassi, M. & Binazzi, A. 1992. New records of Matsucoccus feytaudi Ducasse from eastern Liguria (Homoptera Margarodidae). (Primi focolai di Matsucoccus feytaudi Ducasse nella Liguria orientale (Homoptera Margarodidae).) Redia 75(2):453-466; ill. (In Italian, English abstract)

First records of the maritime pine bast scale in this region on pine stands; life cycle; ecology; prevention and control techniques.

Cross, A.E. & Moore, D. 1992. Developmental studies on Anagyrus mangicola (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the mealybug Rastrococcus invadens (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 82: 307-312.

Cruz, C. & Segarra, A. 1991. Recent biological control experiences in Puerto Rico. In Caribbean Meetings on Biological Control, edited by C. and A. Kermarrec (Ed ). Pavis. Guadeloupe, France: November 5-7, 1990. (Colloques de l'INRA.) Paris, France: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); No. 58. (In English, French abstract)

Among the pests discussed is Parlatoria ziziphi, the black parlatoria scale; heavy infestations of citrus trees reported in west and south of island; two parasitoids,Aspidiotiphagus sp. and Aphytis sp. are being evaluated for biological control.

Daane, K.M., Barzman, M.S., Kennett, C.E. & Caltagirone, L.E. 1991. Parasitoids of black scale in California: establishment of Prococcophagus probus Annecke & Mynhardt andCoccophagus rusti Compere (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in olive orchards. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 67(2):99-106.

A survey of the parasitoid species of Saissetia oleae; history of releases; host plants include oleander (Nerium oleander), pepper tree (Schinus molle), coyote brush (Baccharispilularis), toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), olive (Olea europaea) and citrus.

Dahms, E.C. & Smith, D. 1994. The Aphytis fauna of Australia. In Advances in the Study ofAphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Rosen, D., Ed. Andover, U.K.: Intercept Limited. 245-255; ill.

History of Alexandre Girault, an American entomologist working in Australia in the early part of this century, and his efforts on the taxonomy of Aphytis; discussion of important diaspid hosts Aonidiella aurantii, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Lepidosaphes beckii,Unaspis citri, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Aonidiella orientalis, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus,Aulacaspis tubercularis and Diaspis bromeliae; relatively unimportant hosts includeAspidiotus nerii, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Hemiberlesia rapax, Pseudaulacaspispentagona and Parlatoria pergandii.

Danzig, E.M. & Matile-Ferrero, D. 1990. Neopulvinaria innumerabilis, a pest of vine in Europe (Homoptera: Coccinea: Coccidae). In Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium, Scale Insect Studies, Part 2. Cracow, Poland: August 6-12, 1990. Cracow, Poland: Agricultural University Press; 131-132.

This pest appeared to be a junior synonym of Neopulvinaria innumerabilis, well known in the New World, and probably introduced to Europe from America; this cottony scale has no efficient natural enemies in Europe but is quickly suppressed in America by Atropatescollinsi and Eunotus lividus.

Darvas, B., Kareim, A.I.A., Camporese, P., Farag, A.I., Matolcsy, G. & Ujvary, I. 1994. Effects of some new proinsecticide type fenoxycarb derivatives and related compounds on some scale insects and their hymenopterous parasitoids. Journal of Applied Entomology 118(1):51-58.

Effects of these chemical insecticides on Carulaspis juniperi, Lepidosaphes beckii andCeroplastes japonicus.

Davidson, J.A. 1992. Insect pests of holly and their control. Holly Society Journal 10(1):16-19; ill.

This nontechnical review of holly pests includes a brief general discussion of scale insects; the only scale mentioned by species is Ceroplastes ceriferus; brief field descriptons; suggestions for chemical control.

De Barro, P.J. 1990. Natural enemies and other species associated with Saccharicoccus sacchari(Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Bundaberg area, southeast Queensland. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 29:87-88.

Natural enemies reviewed here include pathogenic fungus Aspergillus parasiticus,Cacoxenus perspicax, Anagyrus saccharicola, Chrysopa innota, Elaunon bipartitus, Nalalividipes, Halmus ovalis, Isauria aphidovora, Metarhizium anisopliae, Penicillium sp.,Cordyseps sp., C. perspicax, Chartocerus (Xana), sp.; associated ants include Pheidolemegacephala, Paratrechina obscura and Iridomyrmex sp.

Debnath, S. & Handique, R. 1991. Hedera helix L., a new host (colateral host) for Chrysomphalusaonidium (=ficus) Ashmead -- a scale insect pest of tea. (India) Two and a Bud 38(1-2):39-40; ill.

Black scale insect has previously been recorded on young tea plants, causing extensive damage; recently it has been found to inhabit Hedera helix, English ivy, as an alternate host; recomendation for chemical treatment.

DeJean, A. & Mony, R. 1991. Attacks on tropical fruit trees by ants of the genus Melissotarsus(Emery) associated with the homopteran Diaspididae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). (Attaques d'arbres fruitiers tropicaux par les fourmis du genre Melissotarsus (Emery) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) associees aux Homopteres Diaspididae.) Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux 7:179-187. (In French, French & English abstract)

Description of damage to Dacryodes edulis caused by association of Melissotarsusbeccarii with Diaspis sp.; impact of M. weissi and Morganella pseudospinigera on mango (Mangifera indica); factors influencing high population size are polygyny of the societies and the physogastry of the queens in the two species.

Del Estal, P., Soria, S. & Vinuela, E. 1994. Distribution and biology of Nuculaspis regnieriBalachw (Homoptera Diaspididae) in Central Spain. (Localizacion y ciclo biologico deNuculaspis regnieri Balachw 1928 (Homoptera Diaspididae) en la zona centro de Espana.) (Spain) Bol. Sanid. Veg. Plagas 20(2):477-486; ill. (In Spanish, Xe, English abstract)

Widely distributed throughout central Spain; serious pest of Cedrus spp.; predator:Chilocorus bipustualtus; parasitoid: Aphytis sp.

Denno, R.F., McClure, M.S. & Ott, J.R. 1995. Interspecific interactions in phytophagous insects: competition reexamined and resurrected. Annual Review of Entomology 40:297-331.

An examination of 193 pair-wise species interactions, representing all major feeding guilds; provided information on the occurrence, frequency, symmetry, consequences, and mechanisms of competition; short-term induced changes in host-plant nutrition and allelochemistry mediate interactions between scale insects, for example, contemporaneous feeding by nymphs of Fiorinia externa significantly reduced the nitrogen available in young hemlock foliage, which in turn dramatically decreases the survival of the scale Nuculaspistsugae.

Dreistadt, S.H. 1994. European elm scale (Homoptera: Eriococcidae) abundance and parasitism in northern California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 70(3):240- 252.

Gossyparia spuria infests elms (Ulmus spp.); more abundant on U. procera (English elm) than on U. pumila (Siberian elm); scale density and defoliation by elm leaf beetle,Xanthogaleruca (=Pyrrhalta) luteola were apparently associated; only one species out of five tested here, Coccophagus insidiator, has previously been reported on European elm scale in California; Trichomasthus coeruleus recovered at two locations.

Dreistadt, S.H. & Flint, M.L. 1995. Landscape pest monitoring methods and training managers to use them. Journal of Arboriculture 21(1):1-6.

Monitoring is the systematic collection and recording of information on pests and damage; scale insects can be efficiently monitored using sticky tape traps; monitoring techniques presented using example of Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (citricola scale) infesting silver maple (Acer saccharum).

Dutta, S. & Baghel, C.L. 1991. On the morphology of mature female Aonidiella orientalis(Newstead). (India) Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology 11(1):31-35; ill.

Detailed morphological description of this species; an important pest of various trees and plants; Dalbergia sissoo is main host.

Dziedzicka, A. 1990. The characteristic of scale insects (Coccinea) occurring in Polish greenhouses. Part II. Coccidae. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia; Series: Zoologia 32:17-27; ill.

Six Coccidae and one Asterolecaniidae species reviewed: Saissetia coffeae, S. oleae, S.nigra, Coccus hesperidum, Eucalymnatus tesselatus, Chloropulvinaria floccifera andAsterolecanium epidendri; descriptions; economic importance; damage; origins; host plants.

Eisner, T., Ziegler, R., McCormick, J.L., Eisner, M., Hoebeke, E.R. & Meinwald, J. 1994. Defensive use of an acquired substance (carminic acid) by predaceous insect larvae. (Switzerland) Experientia 50(6):610-615; ill.

Larvae of two insects, a coccinellid beetle (Hyperaspis trifurcata) and a chamaemyiid fly (Leucopis sp.) feed on cochineal insects (Dactylopius confusus) and appropriate their prey's defensive chemical, carminic acid, at concentrations of 0.2 -- 6.2%) for protective purposes of their own; H. trifurcata discharges the chemical with droplets of blood (hemolymph) that it emits when disturbed; Leucopis sp. ejects the compound with rectal fluid; ants are thwarted by these defenses, which are compared with the previously- described defense of a pyralid caterpillar (Laetilia coccidivora) that disgorges carminic acid-laden crop fluid; insects that acquire defensive chemicals from animal sources may be relatively rare compared to those using plants for this purpose.

El-Borollosy, F.M., Elbolok, M.M., Ezz, A.I. & Assem, S.M. 1990. Ecological studies (in Egypt) on the ornamental palm mealybug, Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) (Margarodidae, Homoptera) on a Cycus (Cycas?) revoluta Thumb (Cycadaceae). (Egypt) Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Eqypte 69:257- 265.

Results indicate that this insect population fluctuated during the growing season; three generations occurred in every season; relationship between the combined effect of the tested weather factors and insect activity was significant in the first season, and even more significant during the second season.

El-Borollosy, F.M., Elbolok, M.M., Ezz, A.I. & Assem, S.M. 1990. Ecological studies on the soft scale insect, Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) (Coccidae, Homoptera) on the rice paper ornamental plant Aralla (Aralia?) papyrifera (Hook) (Arallaceae). (Egypt) Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Eqypte 69:265-275.

Green shield scale; common pest of ornamental plants such as Pittosporum, Croton,Cycas, Duranta, Ficus, Euphorbia, Jasmine, rose, citrus, guava, plum, coffee and tea; original habitat was New Zealand, Formosa, Sri Lanka, China, Japan and California (US); description of damage; relationship with black sooty-mould fungus; population density.

Etienne, J. & Matile-Ferrero, D. 1993. Scale insect fauna of Casamance (Senegal) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). (Les cochenilles de Casamance (Senegal) (Hemiptera, Coccoidea).) Journal of African Zoology 107(3):253-267. (In French, English abstract)

Survey indicates the presence of 57 species from seven families; brief biological notes; regions where recorded; Paracoccus djibelor, new species, described; checklist of host plants with their scales provided.

Evans, H.C. 1994. Spore germination in the entomopathogenic genus Aschersonia. Mycological Research 98((pt. 2)):165-168; ill.

In vitro studies of collections of Aschersonia from forest insects (Homoptera) in Brazil and Madagascar have revealed an unusual type of spore germination; pathogens of Coccidae.

Fazeli, M.J. & Farzneh, A. 1993. Biology of Ceroplastes rusci L. on figs in Fars Province. (Iran) Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 60(1 & 2):1993. (In Arabic, English abstract)

This species overwintered as second instar larvae on young fig branches; two generations per year; parasite Testrastichus sp. being tested for biological control.

Ferguson, A.M. & Fletcher, J.D. 1991. Greedy scale and the fungus Fusarium stilboides. InProceedings of the Forty Fourth New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference. Palmerston North, New Zealand: (Fruit Crops II.) pp. 260-261.

This fungus was frequently found at five survey sites associated with death ofHemiberlesia rapax; other fungi evaluated as pathogens for this scale, H. lataniae,Aspidiotus destructor, and Quadraspidiotus perniciosus include Penicillium sp.,Cladosporium sp., Trichoderma sp., Glomerella sp., Phomopsis sp., Alternaria sp.,Beauvaria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis and various Fusarium spp.

Fernandes, I.M. 1992. The first record of Pseudococcus obscurus Essig (Homoptera - Coccoidea) for Portugal. (Pseudococcus obscuros Essig (Homoptera -- Coccoidea) primeira citacao para Portugal.) Actas do Congresso Iberico de Entomologia 5(2):91-96. (In Portuguese, Portuguese and English abstract)

P. obscurus compared to P. longispinus; synonymy; detailed description; hosts includeCitrus, Nerium, Pinus, Pittosporum and Quercus.

Fernandes, I.M. 1991 (1993). New data on the knowledge of scale species from the islands of S. Tome and Principe. (Novos dados para o conhecimento da quermofauna das ilhas de S. Tome e Principe.) Garcia de Orta, Ser. Zool. 18(1-2):111-113. (In Portuguese, English abstract)

Brief review of 13 species from Coccidae, Diaspididae, Ortheziidae and Pseudococcidae families.

Foldi, I. & Lambdin, P.L. 1995. Ultrastructural and phylogenetic assessment of wax glands in pit scales (Homoptera: Coccoidea). International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology 24(1):35-49; ill.

TEM/SEM and computerized images of 5 wax glands for 3 type species of Coccoidea (Homoptera): Asterodiaspis variolosa, Cerococcus quercus and Lecanodiaspis sardoa; significant morphological differences discussed.

Franco, J.C. & Pereira, R.C. 1992. A method to study the reproductive biology in oviparous species of the Pseudoccidae family (Homoptera; Coccoidea). (Metodo para o estudo da biologia reprodutiva de especies oviparas da familia Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea).) Actas do Congresso Iberico de Entomologia 5(2 (Suppl. 3)):291-298; ill. (In Portuguese, Portuguese and English abstract)

This method studies the fecundity, fertility and dynamics of oviposition and eclosion inPlanococcus citri, Pseudococcus calceolariae and P. affinis.

Galliano, A. & Vittone, G. 1993. Application experience of the mating disruption method on a territorial scale. Bulletin OILB/SROP 16(4):22-24. [Compte-rendu de la Reunion du Sous-groupe de Travail "Pecher", Rimini (Italy), 4-5 September 1992.]

Results of applications of mating disruption against Cydia molesta and Anarsia lineatellain peach orchards in Piemonte; presence of insects judged to be of minor importance under a phytoiatric profile; Pseudaulacaspis pentagona is one of the species discussed.

Garonna, A.P. 1992 (1994). On the occurrence in Italy of Aphytis acrenulatus Rosen & DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitic on Rhizaspidiotus donacis Leonardi (Homoptera: Diaspididae). (Italy) Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agr Filippo Silvestri 49:53-59; ill. (In English, English & Italian abstract)

Garonna, A.P. & Viggiani, G. 1991 (1993). Further laboratory morphological observations onComperiella lemniscata Compere & Annecke (Hym.: Encyrtidae), endophagous parasitoid of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) (Hom.: Diaspididae). (Ulteriori osservazioni morfo-biologiche di laboratorio du Comperiella lemniscata Compere & Annecke (Hym.: Encyrtidae), parassitoide endofago di Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) (Hom.: Diaspididae).) (Italy) Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agr Filippo Silvestri 48: 117-124; ill. (In Italian, English abstract)

Description and review of development, adult longevity, mating and ovipositional behavior of parasitoid; importance in biological control.

Giga, D.P. 1994. First record of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), from Zimbabwe. African Entomology 2(2):184-185.

In 1989 this mealybug was distributed in 31 of the 35 countries in the African cassava belt; all life stages of the pest have now been collected in Zimbabwe.

Goergen, G. & Neuenschwander, P. 1994. Charocerus hyalipennis (Hayat) (Hym.: Signiphoridae), a gregarious hyperparasitoid on mealybugs (Hom.: Pseudococcidae): biology and host range in West Africa. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomol. Gesellschaft 67(3-4):297-308; ill.

Golino, D.A., Sim, S.T., Gill, R.J. & Rowhani, A. 1994. Evidence that California mealybug species can transmit grapevine leafroll-associated viruses. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 45(3):356. [Abstracts of the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Enology and Viticulture, Anaheim, CA, June 1994]

Previously, it was believed that leafroll viruses were spread only through graft inoculation and propagating materials; this research finds that long-tailed mealybugPseudococcus longispinus and obscure mealybug P. affinis can also transmit these viruses.

Gomez de Picho, H. 1991 (1993). Neozygites sp. (Zygomycotina: Neozygitaceae) pathogenic fungus of Coccus viridis Green (Homoptera: Diaspididae). (Neozygites sp. (Zygomycotina: Neozygitaceae) hongo patogeno de Coccus viridis Green (Homoptera: Diaspididae).) (Peru) Revista Peruana de Entomologia 34:71-73; ill. (In Spanish, English abstract)

Natural presence of this fungus on this green scale of coffee species established; 80% control achieved under experimental conditions in small plots.

Gomez de Picho, H. 1991 (1993). Verticillium lecanii (Hyphomycetes: Miniliales) pathogenic fungus of Ceroplastes floridensis (Homoptera: Coccidae). (Verticillium lecanii(Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) hongo patogeno de Ceroplastes floridensis (Homoptera: Coccidae).) (Peru) Revista Peruana de Entomologia 34:74-75; ill. (In Spanish, English abstract)

Gonzalez, C., Etienne, J., Hernandez, D. & Sibat, R. 1991. Biological control of Toumeyellacubensis Heidel & Kohler (Homoptera: Coccidae) on citrus in Cuba. (Biorreguladores deToumeyella cubensis Heidel & Kohler (Homoptera: Coccidae) en citricos de Cuba.) Colloques de l'INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) 58:429-432; ill. (In Spanish, English abstract)

This scale pest develops on trunk, branches and roots of Citrus sinensis, C. aurantifolia,C. aurantium, C. medica and C. limon; natural enemies include Mesopettita truncatipennis,Metaphycus, Lecanobius, Trichomasthus and Coccophagus.

Gonzalez, C., Hernandez, D., Sibat, R. & Rodriguez, J.L. 1990. Citrus mealybugs and their natural enemies in Cuba. (Las cochinillas de los citricos y sus enemigos naturales en Cuba.) Colloques de l'INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) 58:433-441; ill. (In Spanish, English abstract)

The most common coccid species in Citrus sinensis plantations were Insulaspis gloverii,Selenaspidus articulatus, Chrysomphalus adonidum and Toumeyella cubensis; natural enemies included Aphytis, Aspidiotiphagus, Verticillium lecanii, Sphaerostilbe sp. andPodonectria sp.

Goux, L. 1993. Description of three new species of Eriococcus belonging to the French fauna (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Eriococcidae). (Description de trois especes nouvelles d'Eriococcus appartenant a la faune Francaise (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Eriococcidae).) Bulletin de la Societe Linnea de Provence 44:65- 69; ill. (In French, English, Esperanto, French abstract) [53rd Note on the Coccids of France]

Eriococcus brevenniae, E. targassonensis and E. sanguinairensis are new species described here; hosts; habitat.

Grafton-Cardwell, B. 1994. Resistance of California red and yellow scale in the San Joaquin valley of California. Resistant Pest Management 6(1):7-9.

Discussion of insecticide resistance of two pests of citrus: Aonidiella aurantii and A.citrina, particularly Chlorpyrifos, Methidathion and Carbaryl.

Gravena, S., Yamamoto, P.T. & Fernandes, O.D. 1993. Biology of Parlatoria cinerea (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and predation by Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). (Biologia deParlatoria cinerea (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) e predacao por Chrysoperla externa(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).) (Brazil) Cientifica (Sao Paulo) 21(1):149-156; ill. (In Portuguese, English abstract)

Biology of this scale under lab conditions; predator was successful for all larval instars and for biological control of eggs, but not successful in controlling adults.

Greaves, A.J., Davys, J.W., Dow, B.W., Tomkins, A.R., Thomson, C. & Wilson, D.J. 1994. Seasonal temperatures and the phenology of greedy scale populations (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on kiwifruit vines in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 22:7-16.

Development rate response to temperature of greedy scale, Hemiberlesia rapax, instars was determined from development times over a range of constant temperatures; this information can lead to an improvement in the design of monitoring and control programs.

Greenberg, R., Caballero, C.M. & Bichier, P. 1993. Defense of homopteran honeydew by birds in the Mexican highlands and other warm temperate forests. Oikos 68(3):519-524; ill.

Nearctic migrants aggressively compete for the honeydew of scale insects (Margarodidae, Xylococcini) throughout the winter in oak forests; yellow-rumped warblers (Dendroica coronata defend territories around 3-7 infested oak trees; aggression is directed primarily against adult male Townsend's warblers (D. townsendi), which in turn defend the territory against conspecifics and other migrant warblers when the dominant yellow- rumped warbler is off territory; the white-eared hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis) is the only resident species to commonly feed on honeydew; birds have only rarely been reported to feed on honeydew, mostly restricted to moist, equable temperate forests in Australia, New Zealand, the Brizilian highlands, the Andes, and the mountains of Mesoamerica; we suggest this is a case of ecological convergence under similar climatic regimes; one possible factor promoting this phenomenon in cool and relatively aseasonal habitats is the lack of ants, which are usually the primary consumers of honeydew.

Gupta, V.K. 1994. Systematics and biological control. In Pest Management in the Subtropics: Biological Control: A Florida Perspective. Rosen, D., F. D. Bennett and J. L. Capinera (Eds.) Andover, England, UK: Intercept Ltd. 605- 618; ill.

Discussions include taxonomy, the parasitic Hymenoptera, role of taxonomy in the biological control of cassava mealybug, ancestral home of the pest, identifying parasitoids, biotypes, voucher specimens, and citrus pests.

Gut, L.J. & Brunner, J.F. 1994. Implementation of pheromone-based pest management programs in pear in Washington USA. Bulletin OILB/SROP (Sect. Reg. Ouest Palearctique) 17(2):67-75. (In English, French & Italian abstract)

Evaluation of technique of dispersing sex pheromone into orchards in quantities sufficient to interfere with normal process of mate location; among the pest management programs evaluated was one for grape mealybug, Pseudococcus citri.

Gutierrez, A.P., Mills, N.J., Schreiber, S.J. & Ellis, C.K. 1994. A physiologically based tritrophic perspective on bottom-up-top-down regulation of populations. Ecology 75(8):2227-2242.

This model shows that bottom-up regulation sets the upper limit for trophic-level growth and top-down regulation determines the level of realized growth; the model explains the paradoxes of enrichment and of biological control that arise from the standard Lotka-Volterra models, and its predictions are compared to the tritrophic system surrounding biological control of the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti).

Haig, D. 1993. The evolution of unusual chromosomal systems in coccoids: extraordinary sex ratios revisited. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 6(1):69- 77; ill.

Coccoids exhibit a wide variety of chromosomal systems; in many species, paternal chromosomes are eliminated from the male germline such that all of a male's sperm transmit an identical set of maternal chromosomes; in such species, an offspring's sex is determined by whether or not paternal chromosomes are inactivated in the egg's cytoplasm after fertilization; this paper presents a model of the evolution of paternal genome loss in coccoids from an ancestral system of XX-XO sex determination; the model is based on Hamilton's (1967) theory that different genetic elements within the genome have different unbeatable sex ratios; in this model (1) meiotic drive by the X chromosome in XO males causes female-biased sex ratios; (2) the maternal set of autosomes in males evolves effective sex linkage to exploit X-drive; and (3) genes expressed in mothers are selected to convert some of their XX daughters into sons; a similar model may explain the evolution of haplodiploidy.

Hall, D.G. & Bennett, F.D. 1994. Biological control and IPM of sugarcane pests in Florida. InPest Management in the Subtropics: Biological Control: A Florida Perspective. Rosen, D., F. D. Bennett and J. L. Capinera (Eds.) Andover, England, UK: Intercept Ltd. 297-326; ill.

Review of pests of sugarcane in Florida including arthropods Pulvinaria elongata,Dysmicoccus boninsis and D. brevipes; discussion of general IPM practices.

Hallman, G.J. 1994. Controlled atmospheres. In Insect Pests and Fresh Horticultural Products: Treatments and Responses. Paull, R. E. and J. W. Armstrong (Eds.) Wallingford, England, UK: CAB International. 121-136.

Modified atmosphere treatments for pests of fresh horticultural products consist of altering the normal atmospheric gas composition to one that will kill insects; among other insects discussed are Quadraspidiotus perniciosus and Pseudococcus longispinus.

Hanks, L.M. & Denno, R.F. 1994. Local adaptation in the armored scale insect Pseudaulacaspispentagona (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Ecology 75(8):2301-2310. Investigation of this scale species to mulberry (Morus alba); eggs transferred within and between trees and subsequent survival of developing scales measured; survival significantly higher when raised on their natal host tree; some evidence for differences in local adaptation of scale populations only between populations on distantly separated mulberry trees; no evidence for genetic differentiation of scale populations on neighboring trees, suggesting that gene flow inhibited local adaptation; while local adaptation may fine tune herbivore populations to individual host phenotypes, it is unlikely to play a general role in explaining the patchy distribution of herbivorous insects on their host plants.

Hanks, L.M. & Denno, R.F. 1993. The role of demic adaptation in colonization and spread of scale insect populations. In Evolution of Insect Pests: Patterns of Variation. Kim, K. C. and McPheron, B. A., Eds. New York: Wiley. pp. 393-422.

Natural history of scale insects; empirical evidence for demic adaptation in scale insects; factors limiting demic adaptation; polymorphisms, trade-offs, and polyphagy; contagious distribution of scale insects; demic adaptation and the introduction of scale pests.

Hara, A.H., Hata, T., Hu, B.K.S., Kaneko, R.T. & Tenbrink, V.L. 1994. Hot- water immersion of Cape Jasmine cuttings for disinfection of green scale (Homoptera: Coccidae). (Hawaii) Journal of Economic Entomology 87(6):1569- 1573.

Efficacy of hot-water immersion at 49 degrees from 0 to 10 min at 1- min intervals was determined for crawler, nymph, and adult stages of the green scale, Coccus viridis on propagative cuttings of Gardenia jasminoides; this treatment successfully disinfests jasmine cuttings of green scale, increases shoot development, and does not negatively affect root development; can be used for quarantine security.

Hayat, M. 1993. The Malthusi-group of Coccophagus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), with descriptions of three new species from India. (India) Oriental Insects 27:175-184; ill.

Three new species of this group are described based on the material collected from Assam, India and some known species are reported; key provided for nine Indian species; indeterminate coccids mentioned as hosts for three Coccophagus species: C. assamensis, C.candidus and C. sudhiri.

Hayat, M. 1992. The Zebratus and Ochraceus groups of Coccophagus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), with a new generic synonymy. (India) Oriental Insects 26:111-117; ill.

Taxonomic discussion of these parasites of scales such as Bambusaspis sp., Odonaspissecreta and Aclerda distorta.

Heimpel, G.E. & Rosenheim, J.A. 1995. Dynamic host feeding by the parasitoid Aphytis melinus: the balance between current and future reproduction. Journal of Animal Ecology 64(2):153-167.

Investigation of influences of egg load, diet, age, experience and host size on host-feeding behaviour in the aphelnid parasitoid Aphytis melinus attacking oleander scale,Aspidiotus nerii (family: Diaspididae); hosts were either rejected, used exclusively for host feeding, used for both oviposition and host feeding concurrently, or used exclusively for oviposition; when hosts were used for both oviposition and host feeding, parasitoid progeny did not develop to adulthood.

Henry, R.J. 1995. Chilocorus kuwanae, a scale predator established in Pennsylvania. Regulatory Horticulture 21:2-3.

Euonymus scale (Unaspis euonymi) is a frequently quarantined pest of nurseries; causes extensive aesthetic value loss in landscape plantings; hosts include Euonymus, Celastrus,Pachysandra and Ilex; biology; IPM pest management attempts have involved lady beetle (Chilocorus kuwanae) introduced from Korea.

Herren, H.R. & Neuenschwander, P. 1991. Biological control of cassava pests in Africa. Annual Review of Entomology 36:257-283.

Cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) and cassava green mite have posed a major threat to the staple diet of 200 million people; history of the spread of these pests; foreign exploration, taxonomic studies and quarantine; biological and ecological studies; natural enemies; monitoring for establishment and spread; impact assessment; 8-page bibliography.

Hickel, E.R. 1994. Recognition, collection, transport and deposition of nymphs of the ground-pearlEurhizococcus brasiliensis (Hempel) by the Argentine ant Linephithema humile (Mayr). (Reconhecimento, coleta, transporte e deposito de ninfas da perola-da-terra, Eurhizococcusbrasiliensis (Hempel), pela formiga Argentina Linepithema humile (Mayr).) (Brazil) Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil 23(2):285-290. (In Portuguese, English abstract)

Linepithema humile maintain a mutualistic association with the cysts of Eurhizococcusbrasiliensis to obtain honeydew, which increases pest dispersion in vineyards.

Hodgson, C.J. 1994. Eriochiton and a new genus of the scale insect family Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 24(2):171-208; ill.

Adult females of E. hispidus and E. spinosus are redescribed, and the crawler and second-instar males and females are described for the first time; three new species are described: Neoriochiton clareae, Eriochiton propespinosus and E. hoheriae; importance of the structure of immature stages in the taxonomy of scale insects, features considered to be diagnostic for the Coccidae and the segmentation of the abdomen.

Hodgson, C.J. 1994. The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International. 639 pp.; ill.

This book redescribes and illustrates the adult females of the type species of about 160 soft-scale genera -- about 15 percent of all known species in this family; extensive review of anatomical terminology and taxonomic significance of the structures; keys to subfamilies and genera; hosts of specimens; distributions; 17-page reference list.

Honda, J.Y. & Luck, R.F. 1995. Scale morphology effects on feeding behavior and biological control potential of Rhyzobius lophanthae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 88(4):441- 450; ill.

Morphological characteristics of scale covers and bodies of Aonidiella aurantii andAspidiotus nerii were compared to determine their protective value against R. lophanthae; a higher percentage of R. lophanthae larvae survived when they fed on second and third instarA. aurantii and all stages of A. nerii than when they fed on gravid and parturient A.aurantii; predator preference for scale stage and species reflected the ease with which it was able to penetrate the scale cover and body of its prey; results indicate that R. lophanthae is unlikely to suppress A. aurantii populations below those of economic concern when it is the sole biological control agent present; in contrast, the entire life span of A. nerii is vulnerable to predation, and this species appears to be suppressed to low densities by R.lophanthae.

Howell, J.O. 1995. Primaspis: a new genus of Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from the southwestern United States. Journal of Entomological Science 30(2):202-207; ill.

Description of this new genus and P. tippinsi, new sp.; recorded on unidentified grass in New Mexico.

Huang, J., Xu, Z. & Li, X. 1991. A list of parasitic wasps on citrus scale from Fujian Province, with notes of two newly recorded species from China (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). (China) Journal of Fujian Agricultural College 20(1):54-62; ill. (In Chinese, English abstract)

47 parasitic wasps belonging to 21 genera of 5 famlies; two recorded for the first time in Fujian province; distributions; scale hosts.

Hywel-Jones, N.L. 1995. Torrubiella iriomoteana from scale insects in Thailand and a new related species Torrubiella siamensis with notes on their respective anamorphs. Mycological Research 99(3):330-332; ill.

Study of insect-pathogenic fungi on living leaves of forest herbs and saplings; descriptions; scale hosts not identified.

Ibarra-Nunez, G. 1990. Arthropods associated with coffee trees in a mixed plantation in Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico. I. Variety and abundance. (Mexico) Folia Entomologica Mexicana (79):207-231. (In Spanish, English abstract)

Biweekly sampling of coffee plants from a mixed coffee plantation revealed specimens from 21 arthropod orders from 258 families and 609 species; Diaspididae are among the most abundant at 9.4%; among the abundant scale species recorded are Saissetia coffeae,Selenaspidus articulatus and Ischnaspis longirostris.

Ibrahim, Y.B., Lim, T.K., Tang, M.K. & Teng, H.M. 1993. Influence of temperature, pH and selected growth media on germination, growth and sporulation of Aschersonia placenta andHypocrella raciborskii. (Malaysia) Biocontrol Science and Technology 3(1):55-61.

The entomogenous fungus, A. placenta is highly infectious under high humidity against the pitted scale, Asterolecanium ungulata on durian, and the green scale, Coccus viridis on guava; the main limitation on the use of this fungus as a microbial insecticide has been the lack of basic information on its biology and production, especially as it relates to its potential in the tropics.

Izraylevich, S., Hasson, O. & Gerson, U. 1995. Frequency-dependent host selection by parasitic mites: a model and a case study. (Israel) Oecologia 102(2):138-145.

This report investigates the mite Hemisarcoptes coccophagus, an obligate parasite of armoured scale insects (Homoptera: Diaspididae), with respect to its likelihood to change food preferences in response to changes in relative food abundance; models predict that host rejection, but not differential survival, can create frequency-dependent parasitism (FDP); four species of armoured scale insects were sampled: Parlatoria pergandii, P. cinerea,Hemiberlesia lataniae and Aspidiotus nerii.

Jactel, H., Menassieu, P., Lettere, M., Mori, K. & Einhorn, J. 1994. Field response of maritime pine scale, Matsucoccus feytaudi Duc. (Homoptera: Margarodidae), to synthetic sex pheromone stereoisomers. Journal of Chemical Ecology 20(9):2159-2170.

The absolute configuration of the primary component of the maritime pine scale (Matsucoccus feytaudi) pheromone (i.e., (8E, 10E)-3,7,9- trimethyl-8,10-dodecadien-6-one) was determined as 3S,7R by field-trapping experiments using synthetic stereoisomers and according to previous NMR considerations. The 3R,7R isomer showed similar activity to 3S,7R, whereas M. feytaudi males responded very weakly to the two other candidates (3R,7S and 3S,7S). Further studies were conducted to optimize scale trapping for monitoring scale populations. Results of these studies showed that the trapping efficiency was related to pheromone dose, trap area, and wind speed but not to trap height.

Jahn, G.C. & Beardsley, J.W. 1994. Big-headed ants, Pheidole megacephala: interference with the biological control of gray pineapple mealybugs. In Exotic ants: Biology, Impact, and Control of Introduced Species. Williams, D. F. (Ed.) Oxford, England: Westview Press. Chapter 17: pp. 199-205. (In English, Spanish abstract)

Description of the interaction between ants and Dysmicoccus neobrevipes; review of ant protection of other Homopterans, such as Coccus viridis; model proposed to describe choice of prey.

Jefferson, D.K., Schultz, P.B. & Bryan, M.D. 1995. Distribution of natural enemies of Euonymus scale, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), in Virginia. Journal of Entomological Science 30(2):273-278.

Colonization of Chilocorus kuwanae and Cybocephalus nipponicus, introduced predators of Unaspis euonymus, was evaluated on Euonymus japonica by regional and statewide surveying; this study determined the statewide distribution of the native parasites of euonymus scale, Aspidiotiphagus spp. and Encarsia spp.

Jeyarani, S. & Velusamy, R. 1994. Resistance to rice mealybug in whitebacked planthopper-resistant rice varieties. (India) International Rice Research Newsletter 19(2):13.

Karaca, I. & Uygun, N. 1992. Population development of Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on different citrus species and varieties. In Proceedings of the Second Turkish National Congress of Entomology. Izmir, Turkey: 9-19. (In Turkish, English abstract)

This important pest of citrus showed varying population densities on different citrus species and varieties.

Kathiresan, K. 1993. Dangerous pest on nursery seedlings of Rhizopora. Indian Forester 119(12):1026.

Aspidiotus destructor identified as the pest found on R. mucronata; description of damage; chemical treatments recommended.

Kennedy, G.G. 1993. Impact of intraspecific variation on insect pest management. In Evolution of Insect Pests: Patterns of Variation. Kim, K. C. and McPheron, B. A., Eds. New York: Wiley. pp. 425-451.

Two scales (Aondidiella aurantii and A. citrina) mentioned as examples of the significance of intraspecific variation related to biological control.

Kenya, Coffee Research Foundation. 1993. Coffee insect pests control. Kenya Coffee 58(681):1577-1578.

Description of damage caused; techniques for control include cultural, physically killing the pest, chemical, biological and integrated pest management; among the pests discussed are "star scales" and "green scales".

Khalaf, J. & Sokhansanj, M. 1993. Bioecological studies on Orientalis yellow scale (Aonidiellaorientalis New.) and its control by integrated methods in Fars Province. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 60(1/2):11-12.

Brief review of biology; natural enemies include Chilochorus bipustulatus,Cybocephalus sp., and Encarsia aurantii; cultural control recommendations.

Kim, K.C.C. & McPheron, B.A. 1993. Evolution of Insect Pests: Patterns of Variation. New York: Wiley. XII + 479 pp.

Among the 23 chapters in this book are two that discuss scale insects: The Role of Demic Adaptation in Colonization and Spread of Scale Insect Populations, and Impact of Intraspecific Variation on Insect Pest management.

Kim, K.C. 1993. Natural enemy on the Black Pine Bast Scale (Matsucoccus thunbergiane) Homoptera; Coccoidea in southwest coastal region, Korea. Korean Arachnology 9(1-2):89-97; ill. (, Serial Number 16.)(In Korean, English abstract)

This survey of natural enemies revealed 24 species from 7 families; most common insects species were Coccinella septempunctata, Chilocorus rubidus, Velinus nodipes,Sphedanolestes impressicollis, Camponotus obscuripes, Formica fusca japonica andBrachyponera chinensis.

Kitayama, K. 1993. Occurrence of Pulvinaria flavescens Brethes 1918 (Homoptera: Coccidae) onCitrus reticulata Blanco in Brasilia, DF. (Ocorrencia de Pulvinaria flavescens Brethes, 1918 (Homoptera: Coccidae) em Citrus reticulata Blanco em, Brasilia, DF.) (Brazil) Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 28(8):889-895; ill. (In Portuguese, English abstract)

This species is a pest of citrus in Brazil; hosts include Citrus reticulata, C. paradisi andC. limonia; at least one rootstock (CV), based on proportion and on the average number of attacked leaves, could be considered resistant to this species; predators and parasitoids caused populations to be reduced up to 65%.

Kocsis, Z. & Ordogh, G. 1994. Scales of acicular and squamifoliate evergreen ornamentals in the parks of Budapest. Novenyvedelem 30(10):477-481. (In Hungarian, English abstract)

Study of scale fauna of Budapest, mostly in botanical gardens, with special interest in needle- and squamate-leaved evergreens; distribution of species; biology; degree of infestation; surveys revealed 8 established scale species found on 10 genera of 4 plant families; most common species found were Carulaspis juniperi and Leucaspis pini.

Kozar, F., Brown, M.W. & Lightner, G. 1994. Spatial distribution of homopteran pests and beneficial insects in an orchard and its connection with ecological plant protection. Journal of Applied Entomology 117(5):519- 529.

It was established that Parthenolecanium corni and Quadraspidiotus perniciosus had stable infestation patterns in the orchard over time; other species (not scale) had stable distributions during part of the year and random re-distribution at other times; distribution pattern of insect species was determined variously by surrounding habitat, or by host plant susceptibility, which, in part, was a result of different size trees; distribution pattern of predators was not always determined by the distribution of apple pests, but by alternate prey on weeds or in surrounding vegetation; analysis techniques included graphical methods, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and chi-square.

Kozar, F., Guignard, E., Bachmann, F., Mani, E. & Hippe, C. 1994. The scale insect and whitefly species of Switzerland (Homoptera: Coccoidea and Aleyrodoidea). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft/Bulletin of the Societe Entomologique Suisse 67(1-2):151-161.

87 scale species belonging to 9 families found; 34 new for Switzerland; one new for Europe; six important pests found to have substantially increased populations:Quadraspidiotus marani, Q. ostraeaeformis, Q. pyri, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Carulaspisjuniperi and Eupulvinaria hydrangeae; distribution within Switzerland; host plants; preferred parts of plants; developmental stages; populations densities.

Krishnamoorthy, A. 1990. Evaluation of permanent establishment of Leptomastix dactylopii How. against Planococcus citri (Risso) in Citrus orchards in India. Fruits 45(1):29-32. (In English, French & Spanish abstract)

An overall mean of 2.33 adults of L. dactylopii was recovered round the year from each mealybug infested fruit; status of P. citri and effect of pesticides used in the orchard (Citrussinensis) on the activity of the parasitoid are also discussed.

Krnjajic, S., Injac, M., Peric, P., Dulic, K., Stamenov, M. & Graora, D. 1993. Monitoring the flight of apple pests with pheromones. (Pracenje leta stetocina jabuke feremonima.) (Former Yugoslavia) Zastita bilja 44(1):63-71. (In Serbo-Croatian, English abstract)

Effectiveness of several new pheromones available in the market were tested for monitoring presence of eight apple pests, including one scale species, Aspidiotusperniciosus.

Labuschagne, T. 1991. Control of mango scale. Inligtingsbulletin -- Navorsingsinstituut vir Sitrus en Subtroiese Vrugte (228):15. (In Afrikaans, English abstract)

Increased exports of mangoes makes the effective control of mango scale, Aulacaspistubercularis essential; natural enemies unable to control this pest; Elsan was found to be the most effective pesticide; recommendations for use.

Le Ru, B., Diangana, J.P. & Beringar, N. 1994. Effects of nitrogen and calcium on the level of resistance of cassava to the mealybug P. manihoti. Insect Science and its Application 15(1):87-96. (In English, French abstract)

The effects of various levels of cow manure or ground limestone on the expression of resistance of cassava, Manihot esculenta to the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihotiwere investigated under semi-controlled conditions in the laboratory. The antibiotic resistance of two varieties was reduced by both fertilizers, however, the reduction was only significant at levels of 10 and 20 kg N/ha. and 1 and 1.5 t Ca/ha. for Moudouma and MM79, respectively. In both varieties, tolerance was increased by the addition of nitrogen and not modified by the addition of lime. Discussion of the integration of these results into traditional cassava crops systems.

Liang, G. & Chen, Z. 1990. A preliminary survey of parasitoid wasps of Hemiberlesia pitysophila. Natural Enemies of Insects 12(1):1-6; ill. (In Chinese, English abstract)

Survey indicates the existence of 12 species of parasitic wasps that attack Hemiberlesiapitysophila in 15 counties of Guangdong province, including Encarsia citrina, E. amiculaand Marietta carnesi; not present in great enough numbers to effectively control this species.

Lit, I.L. & Rimando, L.C. 1993. A review of Velasquez's works on Philippine Diaspididae (Coccoidea, Hemiptera). Philippine Entomology 9(2):163-167.

This review credits Velasquez for his contributions to the study of Philippine Diaspididae and corrects some errors; Acutaspis tingi is excluded from the Philippine fauna; notes on Chrysomphalus propsimus and Aspidiotus philippinensis.

Liu, T. 1994. Pest control in loquat. In Techniques of Loquat Production, edited by J. H. and L. -R Chang, Eds Lin. Changhua, Taiwan: October 20-21, 1993. (Taichung District Agricultural Improvement Station Special Publication, No. 34.) 197-203; ill. (In Chinese, English abstract)

Among the many pests found on loquats are the latania scale insect (Hemiberlesialataniae) and Planococcus citri; control techniques.

Liu, Y. & Shi, Y. 1993. Discussion on the systematic status of the genus Asterodiaspis(Homoptera: Coccinea: Asterolecaniidae) with a description of a new species. Entomotaxonomia 15(3):181-188; ill. (In Chinese, English abstract)

Review of rich fauna of scale insects occuring on oak; more than 150 species in 50 genera from 10 families have been reported from Fagaceae in China; morphology of adult female and first instar nymph of new species Asterodiaspis biformis; host Castanopsisdelavayi.

Lockhart, B.E. 1994. Banana: banana streak. In Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases. Ploetz, R. C. et al. (Ed.) St. Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society (APS). VIII + 88 pp.

Originally described from Ivory Coast under name mosaique a tirets; transmitted by mealybug, Planococcus citri; also occurs in Morocco, Jordan, Rwanda, Mauritius, Tanzania and Zanzibar; description of damage.

Lohr, B., Santos, B. & Varela, A.M. 1990. Exploration for natural enemies of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in South America for the biological control of this introduced pest in Africa. Bulletin of Entomological Research 80:417-425.

Areas in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay were searched for this pest; mealybug populations extremely low in the areas in which they were found, except for one seasonal period of increase; eighteen species of natural enemies were found attacking P. manihoti; the most abundant and important were Epidinocarsis lopezi, Hyperaspis notata, Diomusspp., and Ocyptamus spp.; Phenacoccus herreni, a closely related mealybug, was attacked by Epidinocarsis diversicornis and Aenasius sp. nr vexans, but they did not survive on P.manihoti.

Luhanga, W.W. & Gwinner, J. 1993. Mango mealybug (Rastrococcus iceryoides) on Mangiferaindica in Malawi. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 41(2):125-126.

This species has previously been recorded as a pest in India; was found to transmit cacao virus into Tanzania; infestation of this mealybug is now reported to be causing severe damage to mango trees in Malawi; mangoes are widely grown in Malawi and are the most common and important fruits in their season; high potential prospect for export to Europe.

Mani, M. & Krishnamoorthy, A. 1990. Outbreak of mealybugs and record of their natural enemies on pomegranate. (India) Journal of Biological Control 4:61-62.

Among the approximately 45 insect species known to attack pomegranate (Punicagranatum) in India are three mealybug species: Planococcus citri, P. lilacinus andNipaecoccus viridis; failure to control these species by insecticides discussed; natural enemies.

Marin L., R. 1991 (1993). Survival of Dactylopius coccus during periods of artificial infestation on the Peruvian coast. (Sobrevivencia de Dactylopius coccus segun epocas de infestacion artificial en la costa Peruana.) (Peru) Revista Peruana de Entomologia 34:77-80; ill. (In Spanish, English abstract) Survival of this species was studied on Opuntia ficus indicaduring four seasons; survival ranged from around 50% during summer to only 10-15% in spring and winter.

Marotta, S. 1992. Bio-ethological observations on Puto superbus (Leonardi) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) on Arrhenatherum elatius Mert. E. K. in Abruzzo. (Osservazioni bio-etologiche su Puto superbus (Leonardi) (Homoptera Coccoidea Pseudoccidae) su Arrhenatherum elatius Mert. E. K. in Aruzzo.) Redia 75(2):485-499; ill. (In Italian, English abstract)

This species is a typical Mediterranean giant mealybug; description; life history, trophic and reproductive behavior discussed; no evident damage caused to plants; geographical distribution in Italy; distributed in Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Cyprus, Greece, former Yugoslavia, and France; hosts include Dactylis glomerata, Bromus mollis, B. sterilis,Festuca ovina, Avena fatua, Agrostis vulgaris, Gladiolus communis and Dianthuscaryophillus.

Marotta, S., Spicciarelli, R. & Tranfaglia, A. 1995. Diagnosis of Micrococcus Leonardi, redescription of type species with discussion of the status of the family Micrococcidae (Homoptera Coccoidea). (Italy) Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agr Filippo Silvestri 50 (1993):175-198; ill. (In English, Italian abstract)

Lists six species of genus Micrococcus; descriptions and illustrations of adult female and male, first, second and third female instar of Micrococcus silvestrii, type-species; recorded in nest of Tapinoma erraticum; other specimens collected on roots of Rubus; discussion of validity of family Micrococcidae.

Marotta, S. & Spicciarelli, R. 1995. New mealybugs for the Italian fauna, with description of a new species. (Nuovi pseudoccidi per la fauna italiana, con descrizione di una nuova specie.) (Italy) Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agr Filippo Silvestri, Genova 126(3):269-276; ill. (In Italian, English abstract)

Description of new species of hypogeic mealybug, Ripersiella vidanoi; Heliococcusdanzigae, Spinococcus multispinus and Trionymus newsteadi reported for the first time for the Italian fauna.

Marotta, S. & Spicciarelli, R. 1995. Redescription of Trabutina leonardii Silvestri, 1920 (Homoptera Coccoidea Pseudococcidae). (Ridescrizione di Trabutina leonardii Silvestri, 1920 (Homoptera Coccoidea Pseudococcidae).) (Italy) Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agr Filippo Silvestri 50 (1993):249-259; ill. (In Italian, English abstract)

Description of adult female and first instar; data on intraspecific variability in some morphological characters; compared to T. mannipara; recorded on Tamarix articulata andT. africana.

Marotta, S. & Tranfaglia, A. 1991 (1993). Species of the genus Puto Signoret (Homoptera Coccoidea Pseudococcidae) from central Europe and the Mediterranean basin. (Le specie del genere Puto Signoret (Homoptera Coccoidea Pseudococcidae) dell 'Europa centrale e del bacino del Mediterraneo.) Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agr Filippo Silvestri 48:171-205; ill. (In Italian, English abstract)

The genus Puto contains about 50 species, distributed primarily in the Holarctic region; about 25 species reported for the Palearctic region; redescriptions of P. janetscheki, P.peyerimhoffi, P. subericola, P. superbus, P. tauricus, P. antennatus, P. pilosellae and new species P. palinuri and P. marsicanus; synonymy; distributions; host plants; key to species.

Matile-Ferrero, D. & Couturier, G. 1993. Mealybugs of Myrtaceae in the Peruvian Amazon. I. Description of two new pests of Myrciaria dubia (Homoptera, Coccidae and Kerriidae). (Les cochenilles des Myrtaceae en Amazonie peruvienne. I. Description de deux nouveaux ravageurs de Myrciaria dubia (Homoptera, Coccidae et Kerriidae).) Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 98(5):441-448; ill. (In French, English abstract)

Descriptions and illustrations of Ceroplastes flosculoides and Austrotachardiellasexcordata, two pests of Myrciaria dubia; Austrotachardiella trilobata, new comb., is transferred fom Tachardiella.

Matokot, L., Reyd, G., Malonga, P. & Le Ru, B. 1992. Population dynamics of Rastrococcusinvadens (Hom.: Pseudococcidae) in the Congo: influence of accidental introduction of the Asiatic parasitoid Gyranusoidea tebygi (Hym.: Encyrtidae). (Dynamique des populations deRastrococcus invadens [Hom.: Pseudococcidae] au Congo; influence de l'introduction accidentelle du parasitoide Asiatique Gyranusoidea tebygi [Hym.: Encyrtidae].) Entomophaga 37(1):123-140. (In French, English abstract)

The study of the population dynamics of fruit-tree mealybugs, before and after accidental introduction of the Indo-Pakistani primary parasitoid Gyranusoidea tebygi [Hym.: Encyrtidae]; investigated on two of its host- plants: mango (Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae) and frangipani (Plumeria alba, Apocynaceae); population dynamics seems more linked to the physiological and phenological characteristics of the plant than to climatic factors; three to four months after its introduction G. tebygi developed 50 to 90% of parasitism that significantly affects mealybug population dynamics.

McCullough, D.W., Bhupathy, M., Piccolino, E. & Cohen, T. 1991. Highly efficient terpenoid pheromone syntheses via regio- and stereocontrolled processing of allyllithiums generated by reductive lithiation of alyl phenyl thioethers. Tetrahedron 47(47):9727-9736.

Previous work had shown that reductive lithiation of allyl phenyl thioethers, followed by transmetallation, pr