The Scale March 2000

Editor:
Dug Miller
Systematic Entomol. Lab.
Plant Sciences Institute
Agric. Res. Service, USDA
Building 005, Room 137
BARC-West, Beltsville, MD
20705-2350 USA
FAX 01 301-504-6482
dmiller@sel.barc.usda.gov

Just a reminder that this website is available for use of individuals wishing to communicate about scale insects. If you want more information or have suggestions you can contact Francesco Porcelli at scaleinfo@iea8.uniba.it. You can view the site at http://193.204.185.103/scaleinfo/scale.htm and see what it has to offer.

A note from Giuseppina Pellizzari: As you may know, the first Circular for the next ISSIS was sent in September 1999 by surface mail. It is possible that some interested individuals have yet to received the circular (our colleagues from New Zealand got theirs in January!) or that it has been lost. So I propose inclusion of the First Circular of the Symposium in the next edition of The Scale. [ed. A copy is included; if more are need, feel free to copy the attached form.]

Editors Note: If you have news that you would like to have appear in the next edition I would be most happy to receive it. E-mails are especially appreciated.

Valentina Yasnosh, Institute of Plant Protection, Georgia: I took part in the XIV International Plant Protection Congress in Jerusalem, Israel 25-30 July, 1999 together with my colleagues B. Seci. D., Ekaterine Tabatadze. Our Poster was: Biocontrol and IPM strategy in citrus orchards in Georgia, by Yasnosh, Chkhaidze and Tabatadze. About 20 coccid species are pests in citrus groves. The large complex of natural enemies (introduced and native) is able to suppress most of the noxious species. Results of 18 years of monitoring pests and natural enemies, and the introduction of biological control agents in Georgia were presented. A review of some mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) on arbor plants and their natural enemies in Georgia will be published in Proceedings of ISSIS VIII . An article on Japanese Wax Scale and its natural enemies in Tbilisi was published with my postgraduate student G. Japoshvili. In this article we discuss observations on Ceroplastes japonicus Green, a pest of many subtropical plants and its introduced parasitoid Microterys clauseni Compere. Further work is underway with B. Sei. D. and G. Japoshvili. Japanese wax scale and later its effective parasitoid Microterys clauseniComp. (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) have accidently spread and acclimatized in Tbilisi. Best wishes for a happy New Year 2000!

Ekaterina Tabatadze, Institute of Plant Protection, Georgia.: My research is on the scale insects and their natural enemies in citrus orchards on the Black Sea coast of Georgia. My principal interest is in the Japanese scale -Lopholeucaspis japonica Ckll, a pest of citrus and many other subtropical plants (see "The Scale", Vol. XX, February, 1996, p. 11). In the past this pest was a very serious problem, but it presently is far less significant, because it is suppressed by a complex of natural enemies, predominantly the fungus Aschesonia sp., which was previously unknown in the Caucuses. I also took part in the XIV International Plant Protection Congress in Jerusalem, Israel 25-30 July, 1999. My poster "New pathogen of armored scales in Georgia" was devoted to Aschersonia sp., the new entomopathogen of Japanese and other scales in Georgia. I was also one of the coauthors of the Poster byYasnosh, Chkhaidze, and Tabatadze mentioned above. An article on the population dynamics and biocontrol of the Japanese scale in Georgia (authors: E. Tabatadze, V. Yasnosh) will be publish in the proceedings of ISSIS VIII and a second article on a new entomopathogen of coccids-Aschersonia will be publish in Quarantine and Plant Protection Journal, Moscow. Best wishes for the New Year 2000.

Gillian Watson continues to work for CAB INTERNATIONAL as part of the Biosystematics and Molecular Biology section of CABI Bioscience. She is based in the Entomology Department of The Natural History Museum, London, and has regular contact with Doug Williams when he visits there each week. Her main effort over the next 2.5 years will be on producing an electronic identification aid to economically important species of Diaspididae on

CD-ROM, in collaboration with ETI (University of Amsterdam). Gillian also provides identifications; individual training, and workshops on preparation and identification; of scale insects, whiteflies and aphids, either in the UK or in other countries. She will be staging a Mealybug Identification Workshop in Belize in March. Please note her NEW contact details: Dr. Gillian W. Watson, Taxonomist, Sternorrhyncha, CABI BIOSCIENCE, c/o Entomology Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road London, SW7 5BD, UK.

Ferenc Kozár, Plant Protection Institute, Budapest, Hungary: I am continuing my work on a world revision of Ortheziidae. I am now studying the material in the Paris museum, which has several undescribed species. Best wishes to all.

Roberto Gonzalez, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago: Some items that might be of interest are: l. Catalog of the exotic Diaspididae from Argentina, Brasil and Chile, by Claps (Instituto Lillo, Tucuman, Argentine), Wolf (Instituto de Biociencias, Porto Alegre, Brasil) and Gonzalez is ready for submission. Information on host plants, distribution, synonyms, and relevant bibliography is presented for each of the 88 species dealt with in the catalog. 2. Native Diaspididae from the southern cone of the Neotropical Region are being studied by the same authors. It is noted that studies in that part of the continent were undertaken by Cockerell in the very late 1800, who in 1902 listed 195 species of coccids of which, 135 pertained to the Brazilian fauna. 3.The mealybugs of Chile, with particular emphasis on the species occurring on fruit trees, is being studied by Dr. Roberto H. Gonzalez. The collection is being augmented with new material collected on deciduous fruit trees and berries. Apart from their quarantine importance, this group of insects is becoming an important group of economic pests on pome fruits.

Jan Koteja, Institute of Applied Zoology, Krakow, Poland: As you know, my main work is gathering information, and cataloguing, coccid fossils in all public and private collections worldwide. By the end of 1999 the number of registered specimens increased to 1087, and in March 2000, I assume that I will get an additional 200 specimens (amber inclusions). Obviously, the majority is Baltic amber material. I mentioned March because at its beginning the world largest amber fair (AMBERIF) will be held in Gdansk (Poland). I hope to attend. Considering paleontology, the older the material is, the more valuable the information that it contains. So far, pre-Cretaceous coccid fossils are few and obscure, but there are well preserved and numerous Cretaceous fossils. Among impressions, in addition to the already published fossils from Lower Cretaceous Siberian deposits, another Lower Cretaceous matsucoccid wing impression has been described from southern England (reprints not received yet). Inclusions in various fossil resins are much more abundant. In 1999, I completed a monograph of the New Jersey amber coccids (ca 70 specimens, 8 families, to be published by the American Museum of Natural History), and recently a single inclusion in Alaskan amber (coauthored by George Poinar). Currently, the oldest known fossiliferous amber from Lebanon is being studied, and another sample of Burmese amber believed to be of Cretaceous age, too. Information that a fossil, even the best preserved amber inclusion, can provide is always sparse. Thus the more specimens of the same form, the better. Several years ago I described a wingless male believed to be a relative of eriococcids. Dug Miller suggested that it might be a pityococcid. Now I have a number of both males and females (even in copula) on my desk, and their pityococcid relationship became evident. I am quoting this case to explain why so many fossils are needed and why studies on fossil material proceed so slowly. And conclusions? Collecting nice Baltic or Dominican amber inclusions may be a hobby; these forms are similar to those we know today. But information provided by Cretaceous and older forms is something more, it constitutes a basis of paleontology and science. Most of them became extinct and have been replaced by new genera and families. Scale insects do evolve, believe it or not. Some other comment on another subject are as follows: The metathoracic wings in scale insects - halteres or hamulohalteres - are believed to cooperate with the mesothoracic wings in that they hook at the anal margin of the forewings by means of curved setae (hamuli). As I am aware, nobody observed this mechanism in action. In the ground pearls (Margarodidae s. str.), hamuli are absent, but the apex of halteres abruptly taper forming a strong hook that is inserted (we believe) in the pouch of the anal lobe in flight, like the hamuli in other coccids. However, I have directly observed that margarodid males attach the halteres at the costal(!) margin and 'help' the forwings to assume a resting position after flight. This was really an exciting observation. It thus means that margarodid halteres play a double function - in flight and rest. Another evident autapomorphy of the ground pearls. The paper on this phenomenon will soon be published, I hope. My best wishes to all.

Penny Gullan, Department of Entomology, Davis, California: Penny is in the process of moving from Australia to the United States and really didn't have time to give an update on her Laboratory's progress. She did send the following note: Our flight to Davis is on 2 March. Perhaps you could put a note in the next issue of the Scale to say that from early March my address will be: Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

I won't have email until after I buy a computer and I'm not sure how long it will take for the order to go through the UCD system, but I'll send my new email address as soon as I have one. I'll keep this ANU address active for a few months so that messages can be sent on. [ed. Her new email is pjgullan@ucdavis.edu]

Evelyna Danzig, Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia: I am continuing the revision of the Pseudococcidae of the former USSR. My current project is the genus Phenacoccus Sign. A large group with a high level of intraspecific variation. The work is especially difficult because some species were described based on one small series and I have no additional material to decide if we have several different species or one variable species. In a separate project, I described a new species of gall-forming Diaspidiotus on the leaves of Nitraria retusa from Israel. In the beginning of the last century Diaspidiotus nitraria (Marchal) was described from Tunisia. It also forms gall onNitraria but the new species has many morphological differences. The discovery of two gall-forming diaspidid species on the same host plant is remarkable. The genus Nitraria consists of 10 species that are widespread in the deserts of the Palaearctic, but the diaspidids are only recorded from N. retusa, the most primitive member of the genus (opinion of botanists). I am grateful to Dr. D. Gerling, Dr. Y. Ben-Dov and Dr. Kravchenko (Israel) and to Dr. E. Sugonyaev (Russia) for their help with this work. The publication in Zoosystematica Rossica will appear next month. I also am continuing to identify scale insects that are collected in Mexico by my colleagues, who are specialists on parasitic Hymenoptera: Prof. V. Trjapitzin with his wife and Dr. S. Myartseva. They are interested in the scale insects since they are the hosts of parasites. I thank Dug Miller for his help in this work. In June last year I, with my friend Valentina Kuznetetova, were fortunate to visit southern Italy. This was possible because of the kind invitation of Francesco Porcelli (see Scale Insect Forum, N 3, 1999). Best regards.

Imre Foldi, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Entomology, Paris: My primary project is a generic revision of the Margarodidae. However, at present, I am working on a smaller study on the Mediterranean margarodids. Currently, there are 34 species belonging to 14 genera. I plan to publish this work in 2001 or 2002. Another paper is in press on the diversity of scale insect communities in the HyFres islands in natural and man-made environments. An additional work was published in 1999 on two remarkable margarodid male scale insects that have antennae unique in structure for scale insects. It was great having Ferenc Kozar visit here for two months. The discussions about coccidology were without end.

Agatino Russo, Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Catania, Italy: In Catania we (Santi Longo, Gaetana Mazzeo, Pompeo Suma and myself) are working on the taxonomy and faunistics of the Sicilian scale insects. In this regard several projects are underway: 1) Population monitoring and integrated control of Aonidiella aurantii and Aonidiella citrina; 2) Management of Planococcus citri using synthetic pheromones (monitoring, mass trapping etc.) This is an international project with Israeli, Portugal and France partners; 3) Biology of Ceroplastes japonicus.

Michael Kosztarab and Karen Veilleux, Virginia Polythechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia: The work on cataloging the world aphid and scale literature and enlarging the ScaleNet database continued with Karen Veilleux's able work. Doug Pfeiffer joined the project last fall as co-PI. I bought a new computer for home use in March and a printer last fall. My grandson Matthew installed the printer software and made the computer Y2K compliant. Now we can also take messages with attachments. Matilda and I visited Hungary in May and flew to France in June to enjoy a 16-day tour in Paris, Brittany, Normandy, and the Loire Valley. I stopped at the Natural History Museum in Paris and donated my scales collected in France to Danielle Matile-Ferrero. While in Paris, we had a good time with Yair and Yehudith Ben-Dov. Last spring, Harlan J. Hendricks' PhD. dissertation on the Revision of Serrolecaniini was printed in a hard cover book in Germany by de Gruyter & Co. The Hungarian text for my "Transylvanian Roots" book was printed in December. This was my fourth book since retirement. The second installment of my library on scale insects was given to Paris Lambdin and his graduate students, hoping that it will help them complete the book on scales of the southeastern United States. After four years of waiting, the joint article with Mary Rhoades on the disjunct distribution and endemism in the Appalachian scale insect fauna was printed last fall. The year ended with two invited talks given at the Entomological Society of America meeting in Atlanta last December. One of the talks dealt with Coccidology in Hungary and is included in the "Notes of Interest" section.

Francesco Porcelli, Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Università di Bari, Italy: There have been some administrative problems in finalizing the Proceedings of ISSIS VIII, but progress is rapid now. I expect that it will be printed and available in the next several months. It is a very nice volume!!!

Chris Hodgson, The National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, UK: I have now retired from Wye College and my new contact address is: Department of Biodiversity and Biological Systematics, The National Museum of Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff,CF10 3NP. Tel. No. 029 20573224. Fax. No. 029 20359829 or 029 20239009. Email address: hodgsoncj@cardiff.ac.uk. As the above address implies, I am still working hard on scales. I completed editing the Proceedings of the last International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies late last summer and the m/s have been with Entomologica since then. It is expected that they should be published in the next few months. In addition, Rosa Henderson and I have now completed our revision of the adult female soft scales of New Zealand and this has been published in the Fauna of New Zealand series. It includes some beautiful colour plates taken by Rosa. There are now 43 indigenous species known from New Zealand - and we have concluded that none have been recorded outside New Zealand. Indeed, there is only one record of an indigenous species on a non-indigenous plant and that was in a mixed hedge! It seems unlikely that they will become important pests elsewhere! The revision also includes illustrations and brief descriptions of the adventive, cosmopolitan species which have been recorded to date from NZ. Because Rosa Henderson is such an efficient collector, we also have many other stages of these indigenous species and so are planning to produce two other volumes in the Fauna of New Zealand Series, one on the prepupae, pupae and adult males (this is nearing completion and should be finished this summer) and the other is on the female immature stages and 2nd-instar males (this is about half complete). In addition to the above, I am also currently cooperating with Ian Millar in Pretoria on an interesting coccid/aclerdid; with Dug Miller in Washington on an eriococcid from Chile and with Penny Gullan in Davis. The latter will be a revision of the soft scales of Australia and I am hoping that we shall be starting on this in earnest later this Spring. In addition, Christina Granara de Willink and I are also hoping to start on the Argentinian soft scales - but this may have to wait until next year!! Looking forward to hearing from you all.

Maren Gimpel, Gary Miller, and Dug Miller, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland: Many things have been going on at Beltsville including visits from Elzbieta Podsialdo and Gillian Watson. ScaleNet continues to progress at a pace that is much too slow for our needs. Unfortunately, the Diaspididae is a very large group and has extensive literature. We are currently working on the Diaspidinae and related groups. Our strategy has been to enter most of the data from the Borchsenius catalog and then develop information one genus at a time beginning with those that start with the letter "A." Maren informed me yesterday that she was finally working on the "D"s. The manuscript catalog on the eriococcids is with the publisher and we are hopeful that it will be available soon. Dug will be going to Davis again this year to do more work on the collection there. Doug Williams will again participate as will Penny Gullan who now calls Davis "home." This past year Dug has taken up a new area of scale biology by traveling to Mexico twice to explore for parasites of Paracoccus marginatus the so called papaya mealybug. He and his colleagues Juan Antonio Villanueva, Hector Gonzalez, and Michael Schauff have managed to collect at least three different encyrtid parasites that currently are in culture in Newark, Delaware. Since this mealybug is becoming an increasingly important pest in Florida and the Caribbean, it is hoped that one or all of the Mexican parasites will control this new pest. We are fortunate to have Gary Miller again helping with scale insect research. We already are working on several joint research papers and are hoping to have a scale insect web page that will provide online information on the holdings of the collection, recent research, and copies of "the Scale" We may also have a historical photo gallery of some of the more prominent coccidologists. The event that occupied most of our time for much of the year was moving our offices and collections to a different building. It took a huge amount of time, but we now are in much nicer facilities and are all together in one area. Please note the new address: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Room 137, Building 005, BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. The telephone, fax, and email are the same.

NECROLOGY

A sad note from Ray Gill. "For those of you who might remember him, John Steinweden, formerly an Entomologist with the California Department of Food and Agriculture for 35 years, passed away Saturday May 15, 1999 in Salinas, California. He was 94 years old." Two of his most important publications were: Steinweden, J.B. 1929. Bases for the generic classification of the coccoid family Coccidae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 22: 197-245. and Steinweden, J.B. 1946. The identity of certain common American species of Pulvinaria (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). (Contribution no. 49). Microentomology 11: 1-28.

I thought that the coccidology community would be interested in learning that additional specimens of Gladys Hoke Lobdell's scale insects have been discovered. The new material was found in the attic of Lobdell's son who passed away last year. His widow has donated the specimens to the Mississippi Entomological Museum. Included in the material are paratypes of most of the species she described as well as two holotypes. Specimens of several species of interest are present including the holotype of Trionymus mori, a specimen of Pseudococcus obesus labeled "part of type", and two paratypes of Trionymus rostellum. I've attempted to make an accounting of Lobdell's type material that we have in the MEM; a copy is enclosed. I've listed the "type" information given in her publications and give a list of our "old" and "newly discovered" specimens. In many cases the status of the specimen being a "type" is only given on the slide envelope and not on the slide itself. Also many of the "type" slides lack the name of the new species although it is on the envelope. I've indicated in my list where this is the case. I should also note that in addition to the "type" slides that I have listed, we have other non-type material of Lobdell's species, some slides of which are from the type locality. The whereabouts of the majority of Lobdell's holotypes remains a mystery. Of the 24 species she described, the type depository was given in her papers as follows: not indicated (3 species); USNM (1 species); author's collection (1 species); Mississippi State Plant Board (19 species). Only three holotypes are definitely accounted for. The holotype of Trionymus setosus has always been in the MEM collection. The holotype deposited in the Hoke Lobdell's collection, Lepidosaphes ilicis was with the newly discovered material, as was the Mississippi State Plant Board holotype of Trionymus mori. The later species was wrapped in a paper with hand written descriptive notes possibly indicating that Lobdell had this holotype on hand because she was "actively" working with it. It may never be known whether the rest of the Mississippi State Plant Board types were transferred to another collection, borrowed by a researcher and not returned, or put in a "safe place" and still awaiting discovery. Please let me know if you learn the location of these types.

1) Lepidosaphes camelliae Hoke 1921. Type: not designated. Specimen depository: not indicated. Host: Camellia joponica. Localities, dates, and collectors: Big Point, MS, 29 June 1917, R.L. Eberhard/ 25 June 1918, J.C. Roberts; Laurel Hill, MS, 19 Oct. 1918, J.S. McGhee; Magnolia, MS, 1 Sep. 1920, W.M. Lampton; Moss Point, MS, 27 Dec. 1918, G.B. Brown; South Pascagoula, Jan. 1921, R.P. Barnhart, E.K. Bynum; Woodville, 1920, J.C. Hamilton. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Part of type"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope & slide: Lepidosaphes camelliae. Slide 2) "Part of type" Same as in slide 1. Slide 3) "Part of type" Same as in slide 1. Slide 3) "Part of type" Same as in slide 1. Slide 4) "Part of type" Same as in slide 1. Slide 5) "Part of type" Same as in slide 1. Slide 6) "Part of type" Same as in slide 1. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Part of type"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope & slide: Lepidosaphes camelliae. Slide was mixed in with miscellaneous other slides.

2) Scobinaspis dentata Hoke 1921. = Velataspis dentata (Hoke). Type: not designated. Specimen depository: not indicated. Localities, dates, collectors, and hosts: Vicksburg, MS, April 1920, Luther Brown on Maple (Acer) leaves; Cat Island, MS, 8 Sept. 1920, R.P. Barnhart, on black haw (Bumelia lanuginosa). Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "Paratype" ID on envelope: Lepidosaphes (Scobinaspis) dentata n.sp.; ID on slide: Scobinaspis dentata n.sp. Slide was mixed in with miscellaneous other slides.

3) Mytiella sexspina Hoke 1921. Synonym. = Lepidosaphes gloverrii (Packard). Type: not designated. Specimen depository: not indicated. Localities, dates, collectors, and hosts: Logtown, MS, 22 Aug. 1916, E.C. Lindsey, on Citrus leaves and twigs; Fort Pierce, FL, 7 Jan. 1920, Gladys Hoke, on Satsuma oranges; Laurel, MS, August, 1920, H.L.Dozier, L.E. Miles, R.C. Price, J.V. Vernon, on Euonymus japonica, leaves and twigs; Yazoo City, MS, February 1921, R.N. Lobdell, G.D. Dorroh. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "from type lot" ID on envelope: Mytiella sexspina and Lepidosaphes gloverii Pack. ID on slide: Mytiella sexspina n.sp. Only data on slide is lot no. 5654. Host on envelope is listed as Cassia. Slide was mixed in with miscellaneous other slide.

4) Leucaspis knemion Hoke 1925. Valid name. Types: USNM. Host: Pinus pinea. Locality: Beirut, Syria. Date: 18 Apr. 1923. Note: Described from two larval shed skins, one nymph, five nymphal shed skins, and five adult females. MEM type material: none.

5) Aspidiotus socialis Hoke 1927. = Quadraspidiotus socialis (Hoke). Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Paratypes: USNM, & collection of Author. Host: Water-oak (Quercus sp.). Locality: Aberdeen, MS. Date: 4 May 1921. Collector: H.L. Dozier. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled both "Paratype" & "Cotype"; slide labeled "Cotype". ID on envelope: Aspidiotus socialis n.sp.; ID on slide: Diaspidiotus pseudoforbsi. Notes on new MEM material:

Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "Paratype". ID on envelope & slide: Aspidiotus socialis n.sp. Slide was in section of box labeled "Some Type Material".

6) Crypthemichionaspis ulmi Hoke 1927. = Fissuraspis ulmi (Hoke). Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Paratypes: USNM, & collection of Author. Host: Elm (Ulmus americana). Locality: A. & M. College, MS. Date: 15 Oct. 1926. Collector: J.N. Roney. Notes on old MEM material:

Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope: Crypthemichionaspis ulmin.sp.; ID on slide: none. Cover slip off slide. Slide 2) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on slide & envelope: Crypthemichionaspis ulmi n.sp. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope: Crypthemichionaspis ulmi n.sp.; ID on slide: Xerophilaspis n.sp.? In section of box labeled "Some Type Material". Slide 2) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope & slide: Crypthemichionaspis ulmi n.sp. Slide was mixed in with miscellaneous other slides(males?).

7) Lepidosaphes ilicis Hoke 1927. = Niveaspis ilicis (Hoke). Holotype: Collection of Author. Paratype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Host: Holly (Ilex opaca). Locality: Horse Shoe Lake, Tallahatchie River bottom near Como, MS. Date: 29 Oct. 1921. Collector: the Author (Lobdell Hoke). Note: Drawing of 2nd stage female from Flint Creek Swamp, Wiggins, MS, Dec. 1920. Described from 2 adult females, 2 second stage females, 1 male, and the scales. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Type material"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope & slide: Lepidosaphes ilicis n.sp. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "Type of male"; ID on envelope & slide: Lepidosaphes ilicis n.sp. Slide was mixed in with miscellaneous other slides (males?). Slide 2) Envelope & slide labeled "Holotype"; ID on envelope & slide:Lepidosaphes ilicis n. sp. Slide was mixed in with miscellaneous other slides. Slide 3) Envelope labeled "Type material"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope & slide: Lepidosaphes ilicis n.sp. Slide was mixed in with miscellaneous other slides.

8) Lepidosaphes solidaginis Hoke 1927. = Aonidomytilus solidaginis (Hoke). Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Paratype: Collection of Author. Specimens from the type material: USNM. Host: Golden Rod (Solidagosp.). Locality: Pickens Co., AL. Date: 8 Sep. 1925. Collector: George F. Arnold. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope & slide: Lepidosaphes solidaginis n.sp. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope: Lepidosaphes solidaginis n.sp.; ID on slide: Lepidosaphes n.sp. ? Slide was in section of box labeled "Some Type Material".

9) Diaspis dignus Hoke 1928. Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Paratypes: USNM, & collection of Author. Host: Button Snakeroot (Eryngium aquaticum). Locality: Round Island, MS. Date: 30 Sep. 1927. Collector: Troy Thompson. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "Paratype". ID on envelope & slide: Diaspis dignus n.sp. Slide 2) "Paratype". Same as in slide 1. Slide 3) "Paratype". Same as in slide 1. Slide 4) "Paratype". Same as in slide 1. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "Paratype". ID on envelope & slide: Diaspis dignus n.sp. Slide was mixed in with miscellaneous other slides.

10) Protodiaspis varus Hoke 1928. Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Paratypes: Mississippi State Plant Board, & Collection of Author. Host: Laurel Oak (Quercus laurifolia). Locality: Meridian, MS. Date: 11 Jun. 1928. Collector: M.L. Grimes. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "Paratype". ID on envelope & slide: Protodiaspis varus. Slide 2) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope & slide same as in slide 1. Slide 3) Envelope labeled "Type"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope & slide same as in slide 1. Slide 4) Envelope labeled "Type"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope: Protodiaspis varus n.sp.; ID on slide: Protodiaspis. Slide 5) "Type". Same as in slide 4.

11) Eriococcus pilosus Lobdell 1929. Synonym. = Acanthococcus missourii (Hollinger). Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Host: Thistle (Cirsium sp.). Locality: A. & M. College, MS. Date: 14 Feb. 1927. Collector: M.R.Smith. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope: Eriococcus pilosus n.sp.; ID on slide: Eriococcus. Slide was in section of box labeled "Some Type Material". Date is "15 Feb."

12) Eriococcus smithi Lobdell 1929. Acanthococcus smithii (Lobdell). Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Paratypes: Mississippi State Plant Board, USNM. Host: Broom Sedge (Andrpogon virginicus). Locality: Meridian, MS. Date: 14 Nov. 1927. Collector: M.R. Smith. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "Paratype". ID on envelope & slide: Eriococcus smithi n.sp. Slide 2) "Paratype". Same as in slide 1. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & Slide labeled "Paratype". ID on envelope & slide: Eriococcus smithi n.sp. Slide was in section of box labeled "Some Type Material".

13) Phenacoccus insignis Lobdell 1930. = Heliococcus insignis (Lobdell). Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Paratypes: Mississippi State Plant Board, USNM. Host: Elm Bark (Ulmus sp.). Locality: Columbus, MS. Date: 30 Nov. 1926. Collector: M.R. Smith, J.N. Roney. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "Cotype". ID on envelope & slide: Phenacoccus insignis n.sp. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Cotype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope: Phenacoccus insignis n.sp.; ID on slide:Phenacoccus sp. Slide was in section of box labeled "Some Type Material".

14) Pseudantonina giganticoxa Lobdell 1930. Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. A paratype: Collection of E.E. Green. Host: Apparently Cyperus ovularis or echinatus. Locality: A. & M. College, MS. Date: 9 & 10 Jan. 1929. Collector: M.R. Smith. Notes on old MEM material: Three "Paratype" slides on loan. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope and slide:Pseudantonina giganticoxa n.sp. Slide was in section of box labeled "Some Type Material" Date on slide is "1928"

15) Pseudantonina spirapuncta Lobdell 1930. = Syrmococcus spirapuncta (Lobdell). Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Some of the material: Collection of E.E. Green. Host: Grass roots. Locality: A. & M. College, MS. Date: 28 Nov. 1927. Collector: M.R. Smith, W.A. Douglass. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "Paratype"; ID on envelope & slide: Pseudantonina spirapuncta n.sp. Slide was in section of box labeled "Some Type Material".

16) Pseudococcus acutus Lobdell 1930. = Oracella acutus (Lobdell). Types: Mississippi State Plant Board. Host: Pine twigs (Pinus sp.). Locality: Ocean Springs, MS. Date: 28 March 1927. Collector: J.P. Kislanko. Note: Similar specimens from A. & M. College, MS, 3 Aug. 1927, J.M. Langston. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope: Pseudococcus acutus n.sp.; ID on slide: none. Slide was in section of box labeled "Some Type Material".

17) Pseudococcus dentatus Lobdell 1930. Types: Mississippi State Plant Board. Host: Ragweed (Ambrosia sp.) roots. Locality: A. & M. College, MS. Date: 28 Nov. 1927. Collector: M.R. Smith. MEM type material: none.

18) Pseudococcus difficilis Lobdell 1930. = Dysmicoccus difficilis (Lobdell). Types: Mississippi State Plant Board. Host: Ash (Fraxinus sp.). Locality: A. & M. College, MS. Date: 28 Aug. 1926

Collector: J.M. Langston. Note: Description of larva & adult females from Mayhew, MS, 11 Nov. 1926, M.R. Smith. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Type m"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope & slide: Pseudococcus difficilis n.sp. Cover slip off slide. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Type"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope: Pseudococcus difficilis; ID on slide:Pseudococcus near trifoliae Forbes. Slide was in section of box labeled "Some Type Material". Host listed on envelope and slide is "Pecan".

19) Pseudococcus obesus Lobdell 1930. = Dysmicoccus obesus (Lobdell). Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Paratypes: Mississippi State Plant Board, USNM. Host: Pine (Pinus sp.) trunk. Locality: Meridian, MS. Date: 14 & 23 Nov. 1927. Collector: M.R. Smith. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "Paratype". ID on envelope & slide: Pseudococcus obesus. Slide 2) "Paratype". Same as in slide 1. Slide 3) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope & slide same as in slide 1. Slide 4) Envelope & slide labeled "Part of Type". ID on envelope & slide same as in slide 1. Notes on new MEM material:Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Part of Type"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope: Pseudococcus obesusn.sp.; ID on slide Pseudococcus sp. X. Slide was in section of box labeled "Some Type Material".

20) Trionymus claviseta Lobdell 1930. = Ferrisia claviseta (Lobdell). Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Paratype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Host: Hackberry (Celtis mississippiensis) bark. Locality: Mayhew, MS. 12 Nov. 1926. Collector: M.R. Smith. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope & slide: Trionymus claviseta n.sp. Slide 2) "Paratype". Same as in slide 1.

Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope: Trionymus claviseta n.sp.; ID on slide: Trionymus sp. Slide was in section of box labeled "Some Type Material".

21) Trionymus mori Lobdell 1930. Types: Mississippi State Plant Board. Host: Mulberry (Morus sp.). Locality: West Point, MS. 7 July 1928. Collector: G.L. Bond. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Holotype"; slide labeled "Type". ID on envelope and slide: Trionymus mori n.sp. Slide was wrapped together with slide of Pseudococus eriogoni (Ehrh.) in piece of paper with notes comparing the two species.

22) Trionymus rostellum Lobdell 1930. = Chorizococcus rostellum (Lobdell). Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Paratypes: Mississippi State Plant Board. Host: Crab grass (?), nut grass. Locality: Houston, MS. Date: 23 Oct. 1929. Collector: M.R. Smith. Note: Also collected on wire grass at Eupora, MS, 19 Oct. 1929, M.R. Smith. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "Paratype". ID on envelope & slide: Trionymus rostellum n.sp. Slide 2) "Paratype". Same as in slide 1. Slide 3) "Paratype". Same as in slide 1. Slide 4) "Paratype". Same as in slide 1. Slide 5) Envelope & slide labeled "Type material". ID on envelope & slide:Trionymus rostellum. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & Slide labeled "Paratype." ID on envelope & slide: Trionymus rostellum n. sp. Slide was in section of box labeled "Some Type Material". Slide 2) "Paratype". Same as in slide 1.

23) Trionymus setosus Lobdell 1930. Homonym. = Ferrisia lobdellae Varshey. Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Paratypes: Mississippi State Plant Board, USNM. Host: Sweet Gum near roots. Locality: Durant, MS. Date: 18 Sep., 1926. Collector: G.R. Williams. Note: Description of larvae & adult female from material collected 28 September. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Holotype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope & slide: Trionymus setosus n.sp. Slide broken in two. Slide 2) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope & slide: Trionymus setosus n.sp. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope labeled "Paratype"; slide without type designation. ID on envelope: Trionymus setosus n.sp.?; ID on slide: none. Slide was in section of box labeled "SomeType Material".

24) Trionymus varus Lobdell 1930. Synonym. = Eurycoccus jessica (Hollinger). Holotype: Mississippi State Plant Board. Paratypes: Mississippi State Plant Board. Host: Oak (Quercus sp.). Locality: West Point, MS. Date: 30 Aug. 1927. Collector: M.R. Smith. Note: Description of 3rd(?) stage female from specimen collected on oak at Adaton, MS, 5 April 1927, M.R. Smith. Notes on old MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "Paratype". ID on envelope & slide: Trionymus varus n.sp. Slide 2) "Paratyp"e. Same as in slide 1. Notes on new MEM material: Slide 1) Envelope & slide labeled "Paratype". ID on envelope & slide: Trionymus varus n.sp. Slide was in section of box labeled "Some Type Material".

Some doubtful distributional records of Ceroplastes destructor Newstead (Coccidae: Ceroplastinae)

Ting-Kui Qin

GPO Box 858, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Ceroplastes destructor Newstead has been reliably recorded from Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and some South Pacific countries. However, there are some unreliable and doubtful records in the literature or databases; and this short note aims to clarify these records.

India: C. destructor Newstead was recorded as occurring in India by Avasthi and Shafee (1986) (as Gascardia destructor). This record was then repeated in Ben-Dov's (1993) catalogue. No specimens were examined by Avasthi and Shafee (1986) who based their record on an earlier paper and stated that "Subba Rao (1965) reported this species from India as host of an encyrtid parasite Anicetus parvus Compere". I think that Avasthi and Shafee misinterpreted the data of Subba Rao (1965). Subba Rao provided a key to species of Anicetus worldwide and described two new species from India. Subba Rao also included a "Host-parasite Index" at the end of the paper (p. 75) and listed parasites and their hosts. C. destructor was listed as a host of A. parvus Compere, which was mentioned as occurring in Africa earlier in the key (p. 72). I believe that C. destructor probably does not occur in India.

Florida and Mexico: Distribution Maps of Pests No. 117 published by CIE (1960) included this species in Florida and Mexico based on the record of Ebeling (1959). This probably was a misidentification of Ceroplastes dugesiiLichtenstein which is similar in external appearance and occurs in both Florida and Mexico among other areas (D. R. Miller & A.B. Hamon, personal communication 1999).

Colombia: C. destructor has also been recorded from Colombia (CABI Crop Protection Compendium, 1999) based on the EPPO PQR database, Paris, France. This record seems doubtful (D. R. Miller, personal communication 1999).

References

Avasthi R.K. & Shafee S.A. 1986. Species of Ceroplastinae (Homoptera: Coccidae) from India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 83: 327-338.

Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Flora and Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press, Inc., Gainesville, Florida. 536 pp.

Commonwealth Institute of Entomology. 1960. Distribution Maps of Pests. Series A (Agricultural), Map. No. 117.

Ebeling, W. 1959. Subtropical fruit pests. Division of Agricultural Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles. 436 pp.

Subba Rao, B.R. 1965. A key to species of Anicetus Howard, 1896 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and descriptions of new species from India. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 34: 71-75.

Three major publications have been invaluable for the preparation of this report: L.O. Howard's 1930 book on the History of Applied Entomology which contained a 5-page discussion on early Hungarian entomologists; a 25 page historical review on research in horticultural entomology by G. Balás and G. Sáringer (1982); and the 1994 book by S. Bognár on the "History of Hungarian Plant Protection from 1030 to 1980."

Considering the size of the Hungarian population compared to many other larger countries, Hungarian workers have contributed substantially to scale insect studies. Here I will discuss the major workers in chronological sequence according to the date of their first publication on scale insects. Publication dates are given to assist identification of their articles in the four bibliographies or, for recent publications in The Scale, or ScaleNet.

Although G. Horváth (1847-1937) was trained as a physician, his heart was in entomology. His reputation as a world renowned hemipterist-homopterist brought him the directorship of the newly established National Phylloxera Research Station in Budapest during 1880. In a few years, with his leadership, the Phylloxera problem was solved, so the Institute could concentrate on other entomological tasks. Among his more than 350 publications, besides his numerous papers on homopterans, such as psyllids, Phylloxera, and aphids we find a number of records on scale insects in his periodical station reports (1882-1896) on pest outbreaks in Hungary. He also provided (1894) notes on scales collected from Russia. In 1896 he co-authored a book on the "Black locust scale" or European fruit lecanium, (Parthenolecanium corni Bouché) and its natural enemies in Hungary. Among the predators discussed was the beetle,Anthribus nebulosus Forst, which I introduced into North America in the late 1970s, and which has subsequently become established on spruce bud scales, especially in the northeastern states.

Among the descriptions of a number of new species of Hemiptera in 1897 he also synonymized one species of scale insects and proposed new names for two others. In 1900 Horváth published records on 55 scale insects from Hungary and in 1908 listed several scale insect genera in a discussion on the relationship between the Hemiptera-Homoptera fauna of Europe and North America.

K. Sajó (1851-1939) was a coworker of G. Horváth from 1880, but in 1895 he retired due to hearing problems. He published twice as many papers in retirement than before. Between 1896 and 1903 he prepared four papers on the San José scale and in 1896 discussed in detail the life history and morphology of the European fruit lecanium infesting black locust trees in Hungary. He is recognized as the first scientist in the world to have discussed, prior to 1896, the effect of climatic conditions on insects and the phenomenon of summer diapause. His observations were cited by B.P. Uvarov in 1931 in his book on "Insects and Climate", published in London. Sajó served as a good role model for many Hungarian entomologists, who after retirement from their profession, continued with entomological work as a hobby. Also, many Hungarians working in a number of professions, such as medical doctors, attorneys, engineers, teachers, priests and others, became amateur entomologists, who regularly contribute to the knowledge of Hungarian entomology and make up about 50% of the membership in the Hungarian Entomological Society.

J. Jablonowski (1863-1943) started his entomological career as assistant to Director G. Horváth at the National Phylloxera Research Station in Budapest in 1890. He became the director of the renamed institute: The Hungarian State Entomological Station in 1896, and served in that position until his retirement in 1928. His numerous books and research bulletins on the pests of sugar beets, hops, fruit trees and grapes, as well as on the scale insects of grapes and other cultivated plants in 1916 are still excellent references on the biology of many crop pests.

At the 4th International Congress of Entomology, in Ithaca, New York, in 1928, he discussed biological parallels between the European fruit lecanium and the European corn borer. In his talk, he emphasized the need for applied entomologists to master the classification and biology of the insects they study, as well as of cultivated plants, and to learn production methods of agricultural crops.

In addition, he provided detailed descriptions and life histories for the mealybug Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell) in 1916 and in 1917 on the coccid Eucalymnatus tesselatus (Signoret). L.O. Howard in 1930, complimented him with such notes as: "To us in Washington he has always been one of the most helpful of the European workers", and maintained a personal friendship with Jablonowski.

A. Jeszenszky (1896-1988) initiated the first biological control initiatives in Hungary with the introduction ofEncarsia (Prospaltella) berlesei (How.) against Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) in 1926. He also published three articles on the San José scale (1931-1933).

G. Szelényi (1904-1982), served as Director of the Zoological Department in the Research Institute of Plant Protection during my tenure as a budding entomologist. He specialized on proctotrupid wasps. Besides producing two bulletins on the control of scale insects (1943, 1951), he published a detailed study on the development and epidemiology of Quadraspidiotus pyri (Licht.) (1936), on the chalcidoid parasite of the San José scale (1934), and on other chalcidoid parasites of a number of scale species (1941).

Szelényi was also admired for some of his unconventional activities. For example, every morning he took a strenuous walk in the nearby hilly forests of Buda, where he enjoyed observing the food webs of insects and their interactions with plants. Such observations lead him to initiate studies on "Insect Population Dynamics in Agricultural Systems."

At the time of my indoctrination to scale insect studies he was the only entomologist nearby with an interest in this group. He found time from his busy work schedule to introduce me to the complicated process of mounting scales on microscope slides. In addition to his expertise in entomology and botany, he became an excellent linguist and learned several foreign languages. For our benefit, he translated Borchsenius' 1950 book on scale insects of the USSR from Russian. He also trained as a Lutheran pastor and even during the years of Communism, he quietly assisted his church with Sunday sermons.

J. Erdös (1900-1972), as a Roman Catholic priest, was isolated in the small village of Tompa in southern Hungary, but worked for decades in his free time, 8 to 12 hours daily, on chalcidoid wasp parasites including natural enemies of scale insects. His doctoral degree in entomology made his parishioners proud to have a scientist-priest with worldwide recognition and correspondence. He described many species and genera new to science in Latin. Erdös encouraged me to rear the chalcidoid parasites from my live scale insect samples, which was the reason for a fruitful collaboration that resulted in four publications between 1956 and 1959.

My own work on scale insects of Hungary started during my senior year in college, after some encouragement from G. Balás, head of the Department of Entomology at the College of Horticulture and Viticulture of the University of Agricultural Sciences in Budapest. He introduced me to collecting scale insect samples that soon resulted in the discovery of five new species to the Hungarian fauna in 1950. This event inspired me to select scale insects for a lifetime study. By 1959 I had prepared more than 1000 microscope slides from the 800+ samples collected, and published six papers on the Hungarian scale fauna. After my immigration to the United States I wrote four additional papers and two books on scale insects of Hungary and Central Europe, most co-authored with F. Kozár. More details on my work with scale insects of Hungary are provided in the 1997 and 1999 books, "Transylvanian Roots", therefore, are not repeated here.

Not too many people in the west realize the difficulties faced by scientists in Socialist and/or developing countries. Even if there were no page charges when publishing our papers, because of foreign currency shortages, we could not purchase books printed in the western countries. For my work on scale insects I badly needed the series of books published by Balachowsky and Ferris. But I could not obtain foreign currency allotments for such a purchase. With my motto, "Never give up!", I searched Budapest for people who had relatives in Paris and/or in the United States. I asked them to have their western relatives purchase the books and mail them as gifts to Budapest. Simultaneously, I placed book orders from my university with the state owned book dealership for the Ferris and Balachowsky volumes, assuring the shop that they would soon show up. The books arrived and were sold to the State Antiquariat, and to my University for Hungarian currency. This was just one example, of how we as scientists learned to survive the hardships that still exist in a number of countries.

F. Kozár is now the most prolific scale worker, not only in Hungary but in Central Europe. I have worked with him on several major projects since 1975. In 1978 we co-authored a book on the scale insects of Hungary and in 1988 on the scale insects of Central Europe. He also co-authored a book in 1992 on the population dynamics of animals. His fourth book published in 1998 is the catalogue of the Palaearctic Coccoidea. Instead of citing his many papers, I will summarize some of his major projects. Among these was our collaboration in 1983 to organize the Fourth International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies in Budapest. Another time-consuming project dealt with an assessment of scale insects on fruit trees from East Central Europe to the Far East provinces of the former USSR. He also completed scale faunistic studies in national parks and nature reserves in Hungary and in more than thirty countries including most of Europe as well as Canada, South Africa and the United States.

In a number of papers he discussed the possibilities of integrated control against scale insects and the operational regularities of agro-ecosystems. During the past decade he reported on the effect of global warming on scale insects. He also organized a workshop on this topic at the last International Entomological Congress in Florence. Kozár is currently revising the family Ortheziidae and apparently will double the number of species in the family.

G. Balás collaborated with G. Sáringer in the book "Pests of Horticulture" (1982) in which 24 pages are devoted to 26 species of scale insects of economic importance for Hungarian horticulture. He published on three new scales for Hungary (1942), and was instrumental in introducing this author to scale insects.

G. Ördögh published numerous papers between 1976 and 1995 on scale insects of greenhouses and those infesting horticultural plants. She retired in 1996, but still writes for Hungarian journals. G. Vinis published six papers, half in collaboration with others between 1977 and 1981, but changed jobs and gave up her work on scales.

L. Varjas collaborated with F. Kozár in 1976 on a paper on juvenile hormone analysis of the San José scale. Similarly, F. Szentkirályi and F. Kozár, published on climatic variables affecting the swarming of male San José scales. A group of scientists at the Hungarian Plant Protection Research Institute lead by B. Darvas studied insect growth regulators in a number of scale insect species and published a series of articles between 1984 and 1997. B. Darvas and L. Varjas provided a comprehensive review in 1990 on growth regulators in scale insects.

B. Nagy and F. Kozár reported on a new scale species for the Hungarian fauna in 1948. Both R.A. Viktorin and J. Walter (Drozdják) were assistants to F. Kozár when collaborating with him on a number of papers on scale insects.

Various scientists from outside of Hungary contributed to our knowedge of the Hungarian scale insect fauna. B. Zak-Ogaza published some new records for the scale fauna of Hungary in 1966. E. Danzig collaborated with F. Kozár in publishing a number of papers between 1973 and 1976, based on the scale insect fauna of Hungary. J. Koteja and F. Kozár described a new species of scale from Hungary in 1979. G.M. Konstantinova collaborated with others between 1979 and 1987 and published on scales infesting orchard trees in the region that included Hungary. D. Matile-Ferrero and F. Kozár described two new species from Hungary in 1983.

In my 1955 article on additions to the Hungarian scale fauna, I listed 82 literature sources. Most of the early papers dealt with pest scale insects but for completeness a few are also listed here, with their topics and the approximate years of their activities.

M. Aczél (1906-1958). Besides publishing new records for the Hungarian scale fauna (1930), most of his work (around 1938) dealt with scale parasitoids, Leucopis spp. (Diptera). G. Bakó (1871-1948) published on pest scale insects after 1931. Fogarasi E. Urfiné listed a few scale insects new to Hungary (1977). J. Györffy, (1882-1970), produced a series of papers between 1928 and 1942 on pest scales, but his specialization was Apioninae beetles. J. Györfi (1905-1965) included many records of scale insects in his publications and a book (1957) on forest pests and their natural enemies. F. Homonnay reported on his control experiments against San José scale crawlers in 1961. L. Huzián published on San José scale (1947, 1949, 1951). Gy. Kadocsa (1880-1962) treated scales of economic importance in about ten articles between 1921-1953. K. Ratkovszky published a series of papers from 1921 to1953 on the Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) outbreaks and the Kermesidae complex on oaks in Hungary.

In addition to the above, other colleagues included records on Hungarian scales in monographs and species catalogs covering larger geographic areas, including Hungary. A number of non-coccidologists, including graduate students from foreign countries, authored or co-authored papers in Hungary dealing especially with scale insects of economic importance. Therefore, I would like to express my thanks to all coccidologists who contributed over a period of many years to our general knowledge of the scale insects in Hungary.

Compiled by Karen Veilleux

Aartrijk, J. van, Os, G. van, Bruggen, A.S. van, Ende, J.E. van den, Bastiaansen, K., Lans, A. van der, Koster, A.J., Pennock, I. & Duineveld, T.L.J. 1999. [Plant protection research at the experimental research station for ornamental bulbs and cut flowers.] Gewasbeschermingsonderzoek op het Praktijkonderzoek bloembollen en bolbloemen (PBB). (In Dutch) Gewasbescherming 30: 2, 42-47.

Notes: Plant protection research at the experimental research stations for ornamental bulbs and cut flowers at Lisse and Sint Maartensbrug, Netherlands, is described, including fungal diseases (Botrytis spp., Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium oxysporum), nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans, Aphelenchoides spp., and Ditylenchus spp.), plant viruses, insect and mite pests (Rhizoglyphus robini, Taeniothrips simplex [Thrips simplex], Phenacoccus spp.,Aceria tulipae, and Lilioceris lilii), bacterial diseases (Xanthomonas hyacinthi, Erwinia carotovora, E. chrysanthemi, and Rhodococcus fascians), and weeds.

Abbas, M.S.T. 1999. Studies on Dicrodiplosis manihoti Harris (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), a common predator of mealybugs,. Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde 72(5): 133-134.

Notes: Biweekly samples of four species of mealybug infesting fruit and ornamentals in Salalh, Sultanate of Oman, revealed that Dicrodiplosis manihoti Harr. was found to associate with the Phenacoccus manihoti, the long-tailed mealybug, and Nipaecoccus vastator, citrus mealybug. The predator occurred almost all the year round and preyed on nymphs and adult females. Biological studies showed that the incubating period of the predator-egg averaged 2.8 days. The larval stage lasted 11.4 days and consumed an average of 5.6. adult females of the long-tailed mealybug. The pupal stage lasted 10.1 days. The total number of eggs deposited/female averaged 36 during her very short life span which averaged 2.3 days.

Abd Rabou, S. 1998a. Inundative releases of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) for the control of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on outdoor crops. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 33: 3-4, 389-394.

Notes: E. formosa, a parasitoid of the cotton whitefly, B. tabaci, was introduced from Italy and the UK and mass reared on Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Weekly inundative releases of E. formosa occurred between August and November, 1996, to control B. tabaci on cabbage, cucumber, cotton, sweet potato, yellow sage (Lantana camara), tomato, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and eggplant [aubergine] crops in 5 locations in Egypt. The rate of release was 5-8 adult females per plant. E. formosa established rapidly and spread over the release locations. The highest rate of parasitism (83%) was observed 11 weeks after release, on L. camara in Giza.

Abdelkhalek, L., Afellah, M. & Smaili, C. 1998. [Biology and biological control of Planococcus citri R. (Hom., Pseudococcidae) on citrus in the Loukos region of Morocco.] Bioecologie et lutte biologique contre Planococcus citriR. (Pseudococcidae) sur agrumes dans la region du Loukos au Maroc. (In French with summary in English.)Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent 63: 2b, 483-488.

Notes: In the Loukos area in the north of Morocco, Planococcus citri is a major pest of citrus orchards. A two-year study was undertaken on Maroc Late citrus cultivar to study the bioecology of P. citri. It was found that P. citri has 6 to 8 overlapping generations annually. High population levels occurred during June-December. The predatorCryptolaemus montrouzieri and the parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii were released for control of the pest.

Abo, M.E. & Sy, A.A. 1998. Rice virus diseases: Epidemiology and management strategies. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 11(2-3): 113-134.

Notes: There are now over 30 viruses reported to infect rice through experimental tests and in nature. However, only 25 are of any direct economic impact to rice production. While most of them are transmitted by either plant or leaf hoppers, rice chlorotic streak virus (RCSV) is transmitted by the rice mealybug. The underlying causes and management strategies are discussed.

Acheche, H., Fattouch, S., M'Hirsi, S., Marzouki, N. & Marrakchi, M. 1999. Use of optimised PCR methods for the detection of GLRaV3: A closterovirus associated with grapevine leafroll in Tunisian grapevine plants. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 17(1): 31-42.

Notes: A report of a modification and optimisation of a previously published procedure for the detection of GLRaV3 in infected grapevine plants. GLRaV3 RNA was successfully detected not only in total crude nucleic acid extracts of infected grapevine tissues but also in viruliferous mealybug extracts by IC-RT-PCR. This detection was rapid, sensitive and specific without occurrence of any background. A comparative ELISA, RT-PCR and IC-RT-PCR assays were carried out and revealed the greater sensitivity and specificity of PCR techniques. GLRaV3 is normally transmitted by Planococcus ficus, P. citri, Pseudococcus longispinus, P. calceolariae, Ceroplastes rusci andPulvinaria vitis.

Alvarez, J.M., Van Driesche, R. & Cornell, J. 1999. Effect of Encarsia sp. nr. diaspidicola (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) parasitism on Cybocephalus sp. nr. nipponicus (Coleoptera : Cybocephalidae) egg laying choices.Biological Control 15(1): 57-63.

Notes: The beetle Cybocephalus sp. nr. nipponicus Endrody-Younga (Coleoptera: Cybocephalidae) and the waspEncarsia sp. nr. diaspidicola (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were introduced from Korea and China into the United States as part of a biological co ntrol project of euonymus scale Unaspis euonymi (Comstock). The ability ofC. sp. nr. nipponicus to discriminate between parasitized and unparasitized scales in choosing scales for oviposition is reported. Beetles avoided ovipositing in previously parasitized scales as soon as two days after parasitism. The effects of host age, density, and sex on parasitism levels by E. sp. nr. diaspidicola were also measured.

Ambe, J.T., Ntonifor, N.N., Awah, E.T. & Yaninek, J.S. 1999. The effect of planting dates on the incidence and population dynamics of the cassava root scale, Stictococcus vayssierei, in Cameroon. International Journal of Pest Management 45(2): 125-130.

Notes: A study on the influence of planting dates on the incidence of the cassava root scale, Stictococcus vayssierei, was conducted using an improved and a popular local cassava variety from each of two participating villages in the rain forest of Cameroon. Monthly planting of each variety from April to October of 1995 and S. vayssierei sampling from one month after each planting until 12 months after planting was done. S. vayssierei attacked both cassava varieties in each village. The pest usually occurred in clusters or aggregations on the subterranean parts of the plants. The highest root scale densities were ca 75 and 51 individuals per plant during the long dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Generally, higher S. vayssierei densities were recorded during the dry season irrespective of the village. Planting in August-September predisposes the early bulking stages of the crop to high root scale pressures in the dry season which can have serious repercussions on cassava storage root yield. The onset of the main rainy season (April/May) was the most appropriate period for planting cassava to enable the more susceptible early growth stages of the crop to avoid the period of high root scale infestations. These results highlight the possibility of using cultural practices in managing S. vayssierei.

Anitha, B., Arivalagan, M., Sundari, M.S.N. & Durairaj, G. 1999. Effect of alkaloid abrine, isolated from Abrus precatorius Linn. seeds on mealy bug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 37: 4, 415-417.

Notes: Dose-dependent depletion of free and bound sugars in M. hirsutus was observed due to action of abrine, a major constituent of A. precatorius seeds. A significant reduction in protein content (53.57%) was also observed. However, lipid contents increased in the initial concentrations and with increased dosages the contents decreased. This increase in lipid content in the initial concentrations of 5 and 10 ppm may be an adaptation to overcome toxic stress. The observed reduction in free sugars, bound sugars and protein and also lipid in higher concentrations suggests that abrine could have a drastic effect on the population density of this insect.

Annecke, D.P. 1998. Soft brown scale: Coccus hesperidum L. Pages 125-128. in Bedford, E.C.G., Van den Berg, M.A. & De Villiers, E.A., Eds., Citrus Pests in the Republic of South Africa. 2nd ed. Nelspruit: Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. 288 pp.

Notes: Historical review, host plants, economic importance, life history, habits and behaviour, seasonal history, biological control, control measures and integrated control.

Annecke, D.P. 1998a. Soft green scale: Pulvinaria aethiopica (De Lotto) (9=Coccus aethiopicus De Lotto). Pages 128-129. in Bedford, E.C.G., Van den Berg, M.A. & De Villiers, E.A., Eds., Citrus Pests in the Republic of South Africa. 2nd ed. Nelspruit: Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. 288 pp.

Notes: Brief field description, distribution, natural enemies, chemical control.

Arlian, L.G., Morgan, M.S. & Houck, M.A. 1999. Allergenicity of the mite Hemisarcoptes corremani. Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology 83(6, pt.1): 529-532.

Notes: A researcher experienced allergic symptoms while working with the astigmatid mite Hemisarcoptes cooremani cultured on scale insects, a predator of scale insects that often parasitize perennial vascular plants in orchards, gardens, and ornamental nurseries worldwide. We investigated the possible allergenicity of H. cooremnniand the cross-reactivity between it and other allergy-causing astigmatid mites. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting of proteins in an H. cooremani extract showed the reference serum contained IgE directed at 16-kD and 19-kD proteins. Results indicated that an extract of the mite H. cooremani contained at least two prominent IgE binding proteins that were not present in the other astigmatid mites. Thus, H. cooremani is the source of unique allergenic proteins and allergy to this mite may develop in orchard and ornamental nursery workers and gardeners.

Asplanato, G. & Garcia Mari, F. 1998. [Distribution of California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in orange trees.] Distribución del piojo rojo de California Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) en árboles de naranjo. (In Spanish with summary in English.) Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas 24: 3, 637-646.

Notes: California Red Scale, A. aurantii, population density was studied in different parts of the tree canopy in a Navel orange [Citrus sinensis] orchard at Montevideo, Uruguay. Six trees were sampled in May 1997, and 4 strata were considered: wood, green branches, leaves and fruits. In each strata, the surface area was measured and A. aurantii population density and parasitism were estimated. The total surface area of a single tree was approximately 160 m2, leaves forming 75% of that area. Green branches formed 17% of the remaining surface, whereas wood and fruits formed only 6% and 3%, respectively. The greatest population density of A. aurantii per surface unit was found on fruits and leaves, followed by thin wood branches. The mean total number of live A. aurantii per tree was >400,000. Leaves harboured >85% of the A. aurantii population within a tree, fruits contained 9% and wood represented 2% of the total. Aphytis chrysomphali mainly parasitized Aonidiella aurantii located on fruits and leaves. The parasite Encarsia perniciosi was found in all strata, although preferentially on fruits and green branches. It was concluded that the main A. aurantii population reserve was found on the leaves. Lignified thin branches formed a secondary, and less abundant, population reserve.

Bahlmann, C. & Lunderstadt, J. 1998. [Faunal and silvicultural survey of a natural canopy gap in a mixed beech forest.] Faunistische und waldbauliche Momentaufnahme in einer naturlich entstandenen Bestandeslucke in einem Kalkbuchenwald. (In German with summary in English.) Forstarchiv 69: 4, 129-135.

Notes: In the southern Weser hills, Germany, a survey was carried out in a 135-year-old mixed beech (Fagus sylvatica) stand which originated from storm damage following beech scale [Cryptococcus fagisuga] infestation and successive pathogens. The survey aimed to evaluate the processes of biomass decomposition (decomposition of woody biomass) and of biomass accumulation (through natural regeneration) as related to space, time, and material. The state of a dead tree stem (of about 3.5 m height) was classified in sections by visual and mechanical means and related to colonizing fauna. The position, height and collar diameter of natural regeneration was recorded on 2-m wide strips arranged in N-S and E-W directions through the gap. A distinct mosaic structure was observed both for accumulation and for decomposition processes. Promoted by high relative humidity, the dead beech stem was in a progressive state of decomposition which was highly differentiated on a small scale. The stem was colonized by members of 10 animal orders, especially Coleoptera (35%), Isopoda (18%) and Oligochaeta (17%). Only slightly specialized forest soil decomposers had migrated into the stem. Forest natural regeneration was dominated by maple [Acer sp.] and ash [Fraxinus sp.]; only a small proportion was beech. On a small scale, a differentiated vertical and horizontal structure had been formed, light being the decisive stand factor. The results showed clearly that seven years after the storm, natural stand regeneration was already in the logarithmic phase of growth, whilst decomposition of the beech stem was already slowing down. Both processes were interlinked - e.g., a cool humid microclimate, which had been generated by the shading of the natural regeneration, promoted the decomposition processes of the dead stem.

Baldanza, F., Gaudio, L. & Viggiani, G. 1999. Cytotaxonomic studies of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 89(3): 209-215.

Notes: A cytotaxonomic study was carried out on 13 species of Encarsia Förster, known to parasitize aleyrodids and diaspidids. Diaspid hosts include Aonidia lauri, Aspidiotus nerii, Dynasidiotus britannicus, Leucaspis pusilla, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona and Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi.

Baskaran, R.K.M., Lakshmi, L.G. & Uthamasamy, S. 1999. Comparative biology and predatory potential of Australian ladybird beetle (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) on Planococcus citri and Dactylopius tomentosus. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 69(8): 605-606.

Bedford, E.C.G. 1998. Family Diaspididae: Armoured scale insects: Red scale: Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell). Pages 132-144. in Bedford, E.C.G., Van den Berg, M.A. & De Villiers, E.A., Eds., Citrus pests in the Republic of South Africa. 2nd ed. Nelspruit: Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. 288 pp.

Notes: Historical review, distribution, host plants, economic importance, life history, seasonal history, dispersion and resident populations, biological control, natural enemies introduced for biological control, chemical control and integrated control.

Bedford, E.C.G. 1998a. Other scale insects of minor importance. Pages 158-160. in Bedford, E.C.G., Van den Berg, M.A. & De Villiers, E.A., Eds., Citrus Pests in the Republic of South Africa. 2nd ed. Nelspruit: Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. 288 pp.

Notes: Brief reviews of Icerya seychellarum, Saissetia oleae, S. somereni, Saissetia spp., Coccus celatus, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Parlatoria ziziphi, Parlatoria pergandii, Aspidiotus nerii, Chrysomphalus pinnulifer, Chrysomphalus diversicolor and Ischnaspis longirostris.

Bedford, E.C.G., Van den Berg, M.A. & De Villiers, E.A. 1998. Citrus Pests in the Republic of South Africa 2nd ed. Nelspruit: Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. 288 pp.

Notes: Reviews literature on citrus pests, pioneers of citrus entomology, the citrus industry and citrus areas in South Africa, the pest status in different citrus areas, losses due to insect pests, pesticides and new approaches to pest control, emphasizing IPM. Extensive review of pest species includes Margarodidae (Icerya purchasi), Pseudococcidae (Planococcus citri, Paracoccus burnerae, Nipaecoccus viridis, Pseudococcus longispinus, Ferrisia virgata), Coccidae (Cribrolecanium andersoni, Coccus hesperidum, Pulvinaria aethiopica, Ceroplastes (=Gascardia) brevicauda, C. (=G.) destructor), Diaspididae (Aonidiella aurantii, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Lepidosaphes beckii, L. gloverii), and minor pests (Icerya seychellarum, Saissetia oleae, Saissetia somereni, Coccus celatus, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Parlatoria ziziphi, Parlatoria pergandii, Aspidiotus nerii, Chrysomphalus diversicolor, C. pinnulifer, Ischnaspis longirostris).

Bellotti, A.C., Smith, L. & Lapointe, S.L. 1999. Recent advances in cassava pest management. Annual Review of Entomology 44: 343-370.

Notes: Cassava (Manihot esculenta) occupies a uniquely important position as a food security crop for smallholder farmers in areas of the tropics where climate, soils, or societal stresses constrain production. Given its reliability and productivity, cassava is the most important locally produced food in a third of the world's low-income, food-deficit countries. It is the fourth most important source of carbohydrates for human consumption in the tropics, after rice, sugar, and maize. World production of cassava from 1994-1996 averaged 166 million tons/year grown on 16.6 million hectares (ha), for an average yield of 9.9 tons/ha. Approximately 57% is used for human consumption, 32% for animal feed and industrial purposes, and 11% is waste. Africa accounts for 51.3% of the production; Asia, 29.4%; and Latin America, 19.3%. The area planted to cassava in Africa, Asia, and Latin America is 10.3, 3.7, and 2.6 million ha, respectively. Mealybugs discussed, among other pests.

Ben-Dov, Y. 1999. A note on Ferrisicoccus Ezzat & McConnell (Hem., Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 104(4): 380.

Ben-Dov, Y. & Matile-Ferrero, D. 1999. Nomenclature of the oleander scale (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae). (In English with summary in French.) Revue Française d'Entomologie 21(1): 5-8.

Notes: Discussion of the nomenclatural inconsistency of Aspidiotus hederae as a result of the formation of nomenclatural artifacts involving the binomens A. hederae, Chermes hederae, A capparis and A. osmanthi.

Bento, J.M.S., de Moraes, G.J., C. Bellotti, A., Castillo, J.A., Warumby, J.F. & Lapointe, S.L. 1999. Introduction of parasitoids for the control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus herreni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in northeastern Brazil. Bulletin of Entomological Research 89(5): 403-410.

Notes: The mealybug Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams causes considerable damage to cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz. Field surveys conducted between 1988 and 1994 indicated the mealybug was present in 57 municipalities in six States in north-eastern Brazil, in some places reaching high levels of infestation. Several native natural enemy species were found associated with the pest in Brazil. Exotic encyrtid parasitoids were imported and released in fields in the States of Bahia and Pernambuco. Apoanagyrus diversicornis (Howard) was introduced from Colombia, and Acerophagus coccois Smith, and Aenasius vexans (Kerrich) were introduced from Venezuela. By the end of 1996, a total of 35,930 parasitoids had been released. In Bahia, Apoanagyrus diversicornis was recovered 130, 234, 304 and 550 km from its release site after 6, 14, 21 and 33 months, respectively. Acerophagus coccois was recovered at 80 km from its release site nine months after release. Aenasius vexans, however, did not disperse at all despite being consistently recovered at its release site. In Pernambuco, 9010 parasitoids were released from October, 1995 onwards. Acerophagus coccois and Aenasius vexans were recovered up to 40 km from the release sites after three and five months of their initial releases, respectively. The establishment and dispersal of these parasitoids are discussed.

Berdysh, Y.I., Zhidovkin, A.M. & Shishkov, S.N. 1998. [Preparation No. 30 makes a comeback.]. (In Russian.)Zashchita i Karantin Rastenii No. 6, 29.

Notes: Preparation No. 30, a mineral oil, was shown to be effective against the California scale [Quadraspidiotus perniciosus], a dangerous quarantine pest, on apple in the northern Caucasus, Russia, in experiments carried out from 1993. The preparation has been used in orchards in the region for more than 35 years.

Berlinger, M.J., Segre, L., Podoler, H. & Taylor, R.A.J. 1999. Distribution and abundance of the oleander scale (Homoptera : Diaspididae) on jojoba. Journal of Economic Entomology 92(5): 1113-1119.

Notes: The oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii, is a polyphagous, cosmopolitan species almost always present on jojoba,Simmondsia chinensis, in its native Sonora desert and on plants introduced to Israel's Negev desert. Monthly samples of oleander scale taken at an experimental field at Omer, in the northern Negev, showed that the overall population of the scale has two prominent peaks; one in spring and the other in autumn. There was a marked reduction of the population in the period May-August when jojoba fruits ripen. Data on the abundance of immature stages suggested three generations annually. Comparison of scale densities on male and female jojoba plants showed no difference in overall density. However, the sex ratio of 2nd instars heavily favored females on male plants. This difference was significant in 8 of 13 mo, as was a weighted average over the whole period. The distribution of male and female 2nd instars on the upper and lower side of leaves differed significantly in 7 of 12 mo, although not when the whole year was considered. Analysis of the spatial distribution of scales by Taylor's power law showed that the scale distribution is highly aggregated on jojoba. On irrigated and fertilized plants the scale density was very high, whereas on untreated plants the scale was almost absent, suggesting that cultivation is responsible for the large oleander scale populations on jojoba. Despite its high density on jojoba, oleander scale has not emerged as an economic pest in either Israel or the United States. A conjecture is offered to explain this.

Bernal, J.S., Luck, R.F. & Morse, J.G. 1998. Sex ratios in field populations of two parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Coccus hesperidum L. (Homoptera: Coccidae). Oecologia 116: 510-518.

Notes: Several assumptions and predictions of host-quality-dependent sex allocation theory were studied with data obtained for the parasitoid Metaphycus stanleyi on its host, brown soft scale (Coccus hesperidum) in a California citrus grove and in the laboratory. Scales ceased growing after parasitization by M. stanleyi. Thus, parasitoid fitness gains with host size and adult size were similar in males compared to females. Females consistently emerged from larger hosts than males. Mean host sizes of females versus males, and of solitary versus gregarious parasitoids, varied with the available host size distribution. Only females emerged from hosts in the upper size range, and a variable ratio of males and females emerged from hosts in the lower size range. It was concluded that the sex ratio of field populations of M. stanleyi is driven largely by the available size distribution of C. hesperidum. In addition, predictions resulting from theoretical analyses of sex allocation in autoparasitoids were tested with data obtained onCoccophagus semicircularis parasitizing brown soft scale in the field. The sex ratio of C. semicircularis was consistently and strongly female biased (ca. 90% females). Based on available theoretical analyses, it is suggested that this sex ratio pattern may have resulted from a very low encounter rate of secondary hosts coupled with a strong time limitation in C. semicircularis females. This explanation was the most plausible, given constraints stemming from the detection of secondary hosts, their variable location within primary hosts, and their handling times. Finally, the size of hosts which yielded single versus multiple parasitoids, and the sizes of these parasitoids, were compared. These comparisons suggested that: (1) M. stanleyi females gauge host sizes precisely, and in terms of female offspring; thus a fitness penalty is not incurred by females which share a host, while males benefit from sharing a host, and; 2) instances where multiple C. semicircularis emerged from a single host were probably the result of parasitism by different females, or during different encounters by a single female.

Bernal, J.S., Luck, R.F. & Morse, J.G. 1999. Host influences on sex ratio, longevity, and egg load of twoMetaphycus species parasitic on soft scales: implications for insectary rearing. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 92(2): 191-204.

Notes: Metaphycus flavus and M. stanleyi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are currently being screened for use as augmentative biological control agents of citrus-infesting soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae). Two factors were investigated, host quality-dependent sex allocation and local mate competition, which likely influence these parasitoid's sex allocation strategies and are therefore of interest for their mass-rearing. The results of these studies suggested that, under the mass-rearing protocol that is envisioned for these parasitoids, offspring sex ratios in both M. flavus and M. stanleyi are dominated by host quality (= size) influences, but not by interactions with other females. These results indicated that host size strongly influences offspring sex ratios and brood sizes; larger hosts led to more female offspring and larger broods. In contrast, increasing the number of parental females did not lead to fewer female offspring as expected under local mate competition. Additionally, within-brood sex ratios did not vary with brood size; this result is inconsistent with expected sex ratios due to local mate competition. Other results also indicated that host quality was a dominant influence on M. flavus' and M. stanleyi's sex ratios. Larger hosts led to a larger size in the emerging wasps, and larger wasps had greater egg loads and lived longer than smaller wasps. However, wasp longevity, and the influence of wasp size on longevity were mediated by a wasp's diet. Metaphycus flavus females lived the longest when they had access to hosts, honey, and water, followed by honey and water, and shortest when they had access to water alone; M. stanleyi females lived longest with honey and water, followed by hosts, honey, and water, and shortest with water alone. Greater wasp size led to greater longevity in females only when they had access to food (honey, or hosts and honey). Finally, other results suggested that both M. flavus and M. stanleyi are facultatively gregarious. Wasp size did not decrease with brood size as expected under superparasitism. Overall, the results of these studies suggested that holding newly emerged females of both M. flavus and M. stanleyifor several days in the presence of an appropriate food source before field release could enhance a female's performance as an augmentative biological control agent. It increases their initial life expectancy following release, and maximizes the females' egg load (both Metaphycus species) and resources for replacing oviposited eggs (M. flavus only).

Bernal, J.S., Luck, R.F. & Morse, J.G. 1999a. Augmentative release trials with Metaphycus spp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) against citricola scale (Homoptera : Coccidae) in California's San Joaquin Valley. Journal of Economic Entomology 92(5): 1099-1107.

Notes: In recent years, citricola scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Homoptera: Coccidae), has re-emerged as an important pest of citrus in California's San Joaquin Valley. This research seeks a biological control solution to citricola scale's pest status as part of an evolving, ecologically based integrated pest management (IPM) program for citrus. Augmentative release trials against citricola scale involving four species of Metaphycus - M. flavus, M. helvolus, M. luteolus, and M. stanleyi are reported. The parasitoids are released against sleeve-caged citricola scales in a San Joaquin Valley citrus grove. Releases were made on three dates (hereinafter "early," "intermediate," and "late" release dates), each date representing scales of different size, all between 1 and 1.5 mm in length. Two to four of the parasitoid species were released on any of the dates. Relative to a control (no parasitoid release), the M. flavustreatments (two densities were released) provided the greatest degree of reduction in scale numbers in the early release (from >3,600 to <5 per cage), while M. helvolus had an intermediate effect. In the intermediate release, M. flavus again provided the greatest reduction in scale numbers (from 2,000 to 6 per cage), followed by M. luteolus, whereas M. stanleyi did not differ from the control. In the late release, all parasitoid treatments (M. flavus, M. helvolus, M. luteolus and M. stanleyi) provided similar degrees of reduction in scale numbers (from approximate to >1,150 to approximate to >6 per cage) relative to the control. The relevance of citricola scale's size at the time of parasitoid release to the results obtained with each of the parasitoid treatments on each of the release dates is discussed. In addition, we discuss the perceived impact of hyperparasitism by a facultative autoparasitoid,Coccophagus lycimnia, on our results. It is concluded that citricola scale's size at the time of release is particularly important for deciding which parasitoid(s) to release, and that M. flavus and M. luteolus are the most promising parasitoids, among those currently available to us, for further research toward developing augmentative biological control tactics against citricola scale.

Beuning, L.L., Murphy, P., Wu, E., Batchelor, T.A. & Morris, B.A.M. 1999. Molecular-based approach to the differentiation of mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) species. Journal of Economic Entomology 92(2): 463-472.

Notes: The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of 4 mealybug species, Pseudococcus viburni, P. longispinus, P. calceolariae and P. similans, was isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, cloned, and sequenced. In this region of the genome there were numerous differences; including nucleotide substitutions, insertions, or deletions between P. viburni, P. longispinus and P. calceolariae whereas P. calceolariae and P. similans were very similar. Based on sequence differences between the ITS regions, PCR primers are designed to be able to differentiate the four mealybug species and that correlated with morphological differences found between adult females of these species. The PCR amplification by using the species-specific primers enabled the differentiation of not only adult females but also eggs, juveniles, and adult males, which was not previously possible by using conventional identification methods.

Blank, R.H., Gill, G.S.C. & Dow, B.W. 1999. Armoured scale (Hemiptera : Diaspididae) distribution in kiwifruit blocks with reference to shelter. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 27(1): 1-12.

Notes: Armoured scale insect (Hemiberlesia rapax; H. lataniae; Aspidiotus nerii Hemiptera: Diaspididae) leaf infestations were monitored from rows of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A.Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson var. deliciosa) vines in three blocks at each of 11 sites, at 3-8 times from December until May. The relationship of scale leaf infestation with distance across kiwifruit blocks (scale distribution) was analysed using different regression models. Scale distributions were best described using linear models for 26 kiwifruit blocks and for seven blocks using quadratic models. Scale distributions derived using live scale followed similar patterns to those derived from total scale. Overall 53% of sites or blocks had significant linear or quadratic scale distributions. Kiwifruit blocks with high scale infestations invariably had significant scale distributions whereas those with low infestations had non-significant distributions. The finding of significant relationships using regression models with parallel lines or curves for different sampling times at some sites, showed scale distributions hold throughout the season. In the simplest situation scale infestations were highest in kiwifruit rows adjacent to alternative host plants and declined linearly away from the scale source. These findings were consistent with the hypothesis that scale distributions were caused by the aerial dispersal of crawlers from alternative host plants.

Blumberg, D., Ben-Dov, Y., Gross, S., Drishpoun, Y. & Mendel, Z. 1999. Outbreaks and biological control of the citriculus mealybug Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel in Israel in the past and present revaluation [reevaluation?] and current situation. (In Hebrew with summary in English.) Alon Hanotea 53(4): 155-160.

Notes: P. cryptus was first discovered in Israel in 1937 and very rapidly became a serious pest of citrus. Since the early '40s the population has sharply decreased, probably as a result of the introduction of the parasitoid Clausenia purpurea. Newly developed citrus varieties are most susceptible to P. cryptus outbreaks.

Bongiorni, S., Cintio, O. & Prantera, G. 1999. The relationship between DNA methylation and chromosome imprinting in the coccid Planococcus citri. Genetics 151: 4, 1471-1478.

Notes: The phenomenon of chromosome, or genomic, imprinting indicates the relevance of parental origin in determining functional differences between alleles, homologous chromosomes, or haploid sets. In mealybug males (Homoptera, Coccoidea), the haploid set of paternal origin undergoes heterochromatization at midcleavage and remains so in most of the tissues. This different behaviour of the two haploid sets, which depends on their parental origin, represents one of the most striking examples of chromosome imprinting. In mammals, DNA methylation has been postulated as a possible molecular mechanism to differentially imprint DNA sequences during spermatogenesis or oogenesis. The role of DNA methylation in the imprinting of whole haploid sets as it occurs in coccids is examined. The DNA methylation patterns at both the molecular and chromosomal level in P. citri were studied. In both males and females the paternally derived haploid set is hypomethylated with respect to the maternally derived one. Therefore, in males, it is the paternally derived hypomethylated haploid set that is heterochromatized. The data suggested that the two haploid sets are imprinted by parent-of-origin-specific DNA methylation with no correlation with the known gene-silencing properties of this base modification.

Boyer, F.D. & Ducrot, P.H. 1999. Total synthesis of the enantiomers of Aspidiotus nerii sex pheromone. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie II Fascicule C-Chimie 2(1): 29-33.

Notes: The synthesis of all possible isomers of the female sex pheromone of Aspidiotus nerii is described using as key step an intramolecular ester enolate alkylation reaction for the formation of the cyclobutane ring with a good control of the relative configurations of the asymmetric centers. The configurations of the stereogenic centers of the natural pheromone are determined by comparison of the biological activities of the synthetic compounds with the natural pheromone.

Boyer, F.D. & Ducrot, P.H. 1999a. Syntheses of cyclobutane derivatives: Total synthesis of (+) and (-) enantiomers of the oleander scale Aspidiotus nerii sex pheromone. European Journal of Organic Chemistry (5): 1201-1211.

Notes: Synthesis of both enantiomers of the Aspidiotus nerii sex pheromone and their diastereomers has been achieved using, as a key step, an intramolecular ester enolate alkylation reaction for the formation of the cyclobutane ring with a good control of the relative configurations of the asymmetric centers. Stereoselective synthesis of a number of other trisubstituted cyclobutane derivatives also proves the versatility of the methodology used for the synthesis of the Aspidiotus nerii sex pheromone.

Briddon, R.W., Phillips, S., Brunt, A. & Hull, R. 1999. Analysis of the sequence of Dioscorea alata bacilliform virus; Comparison to other members of the badnavirus group. Virus Genes 18(3): 277-283.

Notes: The complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of Dioscorea alata bacilliform virus (DaBV) has been determined from cloned fragments. Features of the genome confirm DaBV to be a pararetrovirus of the genusBadnavirus which is more similar to other mealybug transmitted badnaviruses, in particular cacao swollen shoot virus. Sequence variability between cloned fragments suggests that the genetic variability of the virus may be quite high (up to 11% nucleotide sequence variation for some small regions of the genome) although the overall variability detected was 4.2% at the nucleotide level.

Brink, T. 1998. White powder scale: Cribrolecanium andersoni (Newstead). Pages 121-124. in Bedford, E.C.G., Van den Berg, M.A. & De Villiers, E.A., Eds., Citrus Pests in the Republic of South Africa 2nd ed. Nelspruit: Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. 288 pp.

Notes: Historical review, distribution, host plants, economic importance, life history, seasonal history, natural enemies, chemical and integrated control.

Bruwer, I.J. 1998. Long mussel scale: Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard). Pages 153-157. in Bedford, E.C.G., Van den Berg, M.A. & De Villiers, E.A., Eds., Citrus Pests in the Republic of South Africa. 2nd ed. Nelspruit: Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. 288 pp.

Notes: Historical review, distribution, host plants, economic importance, life history, seasonal history, natural enemies and biological control, control measures and future research.

Buglia, G., Predazzi, V. & Ferraro, M. 1999. Cytosine methylation is not involved in the heterochromatization of the paternal genome of mealybug Planococcus citri. Chromosome research 7(1): 71-73.

Notes: The characteristics which allow P. citri to be studied easily as a model system for the phenomena of heterochromatization and genomic imprinting are identified. The possible presence of cytosine methylation is investigated, both at DNA and chromosome levels.

Burban, C., Petit, R.J., Carcreff, E. & Jactel, H. 1999. Rangewide variation of the maritime pine bast scaleMatsucoccus feytaudi Duc. (Homoptera : Matsucoccidae) in relation to the genetic structure of its host. Molecular Ecology 8(10): 1593-1602.

Notes: The bast scale Matsucoccus feytaudi is a specific pest of maritime pine, but the damage inflicted by the insect on the host trees is variable, ranging from no apparent effect to severe decline of the maritime pine stands. Rangewide variation of mitochondrial DNA among M. feytaudi populations was analysed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-RFLP-SSCP) analysis and the results compared with the genetic information already available for its host. Three main nonoverlapping lineages can be distinguished in M. feytaudi. The phylogeography of the pest population is clearly related to the history of its host. Most local associations could result from common evolution while others must be interpreted as intraspecific host shifts. Because the distribution of cultivated tree species is greatly influenced by humans, much may be learned concerning their genetic structure from the indirect study of their specific pests.

Cabaleiro, C., Segura, A. & Garcia-Berrios, J.J. 1999. Effects of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 on the physiology and must of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Albarino following contamination in the field. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 50(1): 40-44.

Notes: An experimental vineyard that was healthy when planted, but in which a number of GLRaV-3 infected plants were detected two years after grafting, was studied during its first three productive years. The sugar content of the must of GLRaV-3 infected plants was an average 1 degrees Brix lower than that of healthy plants, their titratable acidity was higher and their pH lower, especially in years with adverse weather conditions. Although the development of the vines during the first productive years was not affected by the virus, the lower net photosynthesis in leaves with symptoms of leaf roll may affect the yield of the vines in the long term. Virus transmitted by Planococcus citri.

Caltigirone, L.E. 1999. Adaptations of insects to modes of life. Pages 201-230. in Huffaker, C.R. & Gutierrez, A.P., Eds., Ecological Entomology. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 756 pp.

Notes: Aonidiella aurantii given as an example of scramble competition. Icerya purchasi is mentioned as an example of an adaptation in reproduction in which both eggs and sperm are produced in the same individual (hermaphrodite) in which fertilization takes place. The occasional male (as a result of an unfertilized egg) is capable of copulating with hermaphrodites, but hermaphrodites are incapable of fertilizing one another. Another adaptation mentioned is the parasitization of Coccophagoides utilis, an endoparasite of the olive scale, Parlatoria oleae, in which mated females search for scales into which they lay fertilized eggs that develop into females.

Camporese, P. & Pellizzari-Scaltriti, G. 1998. [Observations on the biology of Ceroplastes japonicus in the urban environment.] Osservazioni sul ciclo biologico di Ceroplastes japonicus in ambiente urbano. (In Italian with summary in English.) Informatore Fitopatologia 48: 11, 42-50.

Notes: Notes are given on the geographic distribution, biology, food plants and natural enemies of C. japonicus in its native area (China, Korea and Japan) and in Italy. The biology and phenology of C. japonicus was studied on different host plants at a road junction in Padova, Italy, in 1990-91. The coccid was found on the following tree species: Acer saccharinum, A. pseudoplatanus, Liquidambar styraciflua, Salix babylonica, Ilex aquifolium, Hedera helix var. Gloire de Marengo and Ulmus minor. The results showed that the host plant has little influence on the phenology of C. japonicus but can affect the fecundity of the females and the migration from the leaves to twigs. The pest had one generation a year, overwintering in the adult female stage. Preliminary trials on the biological control ofC. japonicus using the coccinellid Chilocorus kuwanae were conducted in 1994. In cages, the coccinellid successfully controlled the coccid on Euonymus japonicus, which is only lightly infested by the pest in Italy. However, on laurel (Laurus nobilis), which is among the most frequently and heavily infested tree species, control was unsuccessful because the host plant was repellent to the predator.

Canovai, R. & Raspi, A. 1999. [First occurrence of Rhyzobius forestieri, an active predator of the coccidCeroplastes japonicus in Tuscany.] Primo ritrovamento in Toscana di Rhyzobius forestieri, attivo predatore del coccide Ceroplastes japonicus. (In Italian with summary in English.) Informatore Fitopatologia 49: 1-2, 41-43.

Notes: During research to identify natural enemies of Ceroplastes japonicus, recently introduced, accidentally, into Central-Northern Italy, the coccinellid Rhyzobius forestieri was sighted within the urban area of Pisa. In July 1997 larvae and adults of this coccinellid (of Australian origin) were observed on laurel [?Laurus sp.] hedges feeding on C. japonicus. In 1981, Pope indicated that R. ventralis, widely used in biological control, actually consisted of two distinct species, R. ventralis and R. forestieri . R. ventralis was introduced into Italy (Campania and Sicily) over 80 years ago by Silvestri (1908) and Martelli (1913), but no other sightings have been reported since that time. The sighting of R. forestieri in Tuscany is of considerable importance, not only because this is a spontaneous presence rather than the result of its introduction, but also because this coccinellid was found as part of an abundant population preying on a coccid of exotic origin.

Cesnik, R. & Bettiol, W. 1998. [Phytopathogenic potential of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the biocontrol agent of Orthezia praelonga (Homoptera, Ortheziidae).] Potencial fitopatogenico de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, agente de controle biologico de Orthezia praelonga. (In Portuguese with summary in English.) Laranja 19: 2, 261-268.

Notes: Strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [Glomerella cingulata] isolated from Orthezia praelonga and from plant hosts showed pathogenicity when inoculated on injured fruits (banana, loquat fruit, avocado, snap bean [Phaseolus vulgaris], and pepper [Capsicum annuum]). Two effective Orthezia controlling isolates (CTAA1 and CTAA2) did not cause lesions on orange fruits (cv. Pera and Valencia) even after inoculation on injured orange peel, whereas isolates from orange flowers showing symptoms of post bloom fruit drop caused lesions as large as 4.0 cm diameter and, in some cases, complete rotting of the fruit. All G. cingulata isolates were pathogenic toward acid lime, orange, and tangerine (cv. Cravo and Ponkan). No rotting was observed on uninjured citrus fruits immersed in suspensions of conidia of any G. cingulata isolates.

Chai, X.M. 1998. [Is it Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana) or Matsucoccus liaoningensis?]. (In Chinese with summary in English.) Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology 18: 5, 80-82.

Notes: [Matsucoccus sp., widely distributed in China and Japan, should be Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana).

Chandrababu, A., Gautam, R.D. & Garg, A.K. 1999. Biology of ladybird beetle, Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius) on aphid and mealybugs. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 7: 1, 13-18.

Notes: The biology of the predatory coccinellid Brumoides suturalis was studied using Ferrisia virgata, Planococcus pacificus [P. minor], Maconellicoccus hirsutus and Aphis craccivora as prey, at 25±2°C and RH 65±5% RH. The duration of the pre-copulation stage, mating, pre-oviposition stage, oviposition, post-oviposition stage, and male and female life span, was 1-3 days, 52-76 minutes, 3-5.6 days, 25-35 days, 2-4.5 days, 32-37.5 days and 38-43 days, respectively. Fecundity was 494-627 eggs/female while the average oviposition rate was 15-21 eggs/day per female. The relative size of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults is given.

Charles, J.G., Allan, D.J., Wearing, C.H., Burnip, G.M. & Shaw, P.W. 1998. Releases of Hemisarcoptes coccophagus Meyer (Acari: Hemisarcoptidae), a predator of armoured scale insects, in the South Island. New Zealand Entomologist 21: 93-98.

Notes: H. coccophagus was released into apple [Malus pumila], pear [Pyrus sp.] and plum [Prunus sp.] trees infested with Quadraspidiotus perniciosus [Diaspidiotus perniciosus], Q. ostreaeformis [D. ostreaeformis] and/orLepidosaphes ulmi in Nelson, Mid-Canterbury and Central Otago (New Zealand) between 1991 and 1997. H. coccophagus were recovered from only one property in Nelson (on Q. perniciosus on pear) up to 12 months after the initial release, but were not recovered 6 years later. H. coccophagus developed successfully on Q. perniciosus under laboratory conditions. Possible reasons for the apparent failure of H. coccophagus to establish are discussed.

Chen, D.L. 1998. [Study on bionomics of four ladybird beetles preying on Aulacaspis rosarum.]. (In Chinese with summary in English.) Wuyi Science Journal 14: 106-111.

Notes: Chilocorus kuwanae, Chilocorus hupehanus, Chilocorus circumdatus and Telsimia nigra centralis are all natural enemies of Aulacaspis rosarum, preying on the pest although they differ in morphology and other biological characteristics. On the basis of average consumption rate, C. circumdatus ranks first, C. hupehanus second and C. kuwanae third.

Chen, Y., Chen, X.M., Wang, Z.L., Ye, S.D., Wang, S.Y. & Mao, Y.F. 1998. [Studies on secreting wax of Chinese white wax scale. II. The comparison of secreting wax on different host plants.]. (In Chinese with summary in English.) Forest Research 11: 3, 285-288.

Notes: Wax secretion by Ericerus pela was studied on Ligustrum lucidum, Fraxinus chinensis and L. quiboni in the Kunming area, China. The average amount of wax secreted by males and females differed on different hosts, but the wax secreting period was not affected by host. On the basis of the amount of wax secreted by males and females and the secreting wax period, L. lucidum was the best host for E. pela in the Kunming area.

Chen, X.M., Chen, Y., Zhou, C.H., Wang, Z.L. Ye, S.D. & Wang, S.Y. 1998. Studies on wax secretion of Chinese white wax scale (Ericerus pela Chavannes). I: The comparison of wax secretion of different geographic varieties. (In Chinese with summary in English.) Forest Research 11: 34-38.

Notes: Wax secretion from E. pela from 3 different regions in China was compared. The differences in secretion levels between the 3 groups were related to the activities of esterase and peroxidase levels.

Chiavarino, A.M., Rosato, M., Rosi, P., Poggio, L. & Naranjo, C.A. 1998. Meiotic localization of the genes controlling B chromosome transmission rate in maize (Zea mays ssp. mays, Poaceae). American Journal of Botany85(11): 1581-1585.

Notes: In previous papers we found that the frequency of B chromosomes in native races of maize varies considerably in different populations. Moreover, we found genotypes that control high and low transmission rates (TR) of B chromosomes in the Pisingallo race. In the present work crosses were made to determine whether the genes controlling B-TR are located on the normal chromosome set (As) or on the B chromosomes (Bs). We made female f.0B X male m.2B crosses between and within high (H) and low (L) B-TR groups. The Bs were transmitted on the male side in all cases. The mean B-TR from the progeny of f.0B (H) X m.2B (H) and f.0B (H) X m.2B (L) crosses was significantly higher than that from f.0B (L) X m.2B (L) and f.0B (L) X m.2B (H) crosses. The results show that the B-TR of the crosses corresponds to the H or L B-TR of the 0B female parents irrespective of the Bs of the male parent. This indicates that B-TR is genetically controlled by the 0B female parent and that these genes are located on the A chromosomes. Pseudococcus affinis mentioned as an example of a species demonstrated in previous research to have genetic control of transmission rate.

Choi, K.S., Lee, S.G., Shin, S.C., Park, J.D. & Lee, S.M. 1998. [Within-tree distribution of the black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae, intermediate nymphs on 10-15 year old Japanese black pines.]. (In Korean with summary in English.) Journal of Forest Science No. 57, 146-150.

Notes: The spatial distribution of Matsucoccus thunbergianae intermediate nymphs on the Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) was studied at two locations in the southern coastal province of the Korea Republic. Using one tree as a sample unit, Taylor's power law analysis indicated that M. thunbergianae intermediate nymphs were distributed in clumped spatial patterns on the stem;, with 78.8-80.7% of all nymphs distributed on the stem, and 19.3-21.2% on the branches in late February. The lower (56.8-57.4%) part of the stem had significantly more intermediate nymphs than the upper part (14.6-14.7%) and the twigs (27.9-28.5%).

Cilliers, C.J. 1998. Wax scales on citrus. Pages 129-131. in Bedford, E.C.G., Van den Berg, M.A. & De Villiers, E.A., Eds., Citrus pests in the Republic of South Africa. 2nd ed. Nelspruit: Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. 288 pp.

Notes: Ceroplastes (=Gascardia) brevicauda and C. (=G.) destructor reviewed. Distributions and host plants, life histories, seasonal histories, biological control by indigenous natural enemies.

Cilliers, C.J. 1998a. Circular purple scale: Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) (=Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead). Pages 145-149. in Bedford, E.C.G., Van den Berg, M.A. & De Villiers, E.A., Eds., Citrus Pests in the Republic of South Africa. 2nd ed. Nelspruit: Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. 288 pp.

Notes: Distribution, host plants, economic importance, life history, seasonal history, biological chemical and integrated control.

Cooper, D.D. & Cranshaw, W.S. 1999. The natural enemy complex associated with pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera : Diaspididae), in north central Colorado. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society72(1): 131-133.

Notes: Surveys of the natural enemy complex associated with pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) were conducted 1993-1995 in the northern Front Range area of north central Colorado. Four species of endoparasitoids were recovered from pine needle scale in Colorado: Coccophagus flavifrons Howard, Coccobius varicornis(Howard), Prospaltella bella (Gahan) and an Encarsia sp., with C. flavifrons and C. varicornis being most abundant. May surveys of average percent parasitism by all species, at all sites, averaged 14, 18.3, and 28 percent in 1993, 1994, and 1995 respectively. Also recovered from less than one percent of laboratory reared samples was a secondary hyperparasite, Marietta pulchella (Howard). Two species of predatory coccinellids were observed in association with north central Colorado pine needle scale colonies. By far the most abundant was Coccidophilus atronitens (Casey). During May surveys predation of pine needle scale by this species averaged 13.3, 8.7, and 14.7 percent in 1993, 1994, and 1995, respectively. Very rarely, and only in association with very high scale populations, the twice stabbed lady beetle, Chilocorus stigma (Say), was observed. Predaceous mites (Hemisarcoptes sp.) were present at all sites, producing approximately 3 percent mortality of pine needle scale in the 1994 survey.

Coronado Blanco, J.M., Ruiz Cancino, E. & Trjapitzin, V.A. 1998. [New record of Plagiomerus diaspidisCrawford in Tamaulipas, Mexico, on the scale Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche).] Nuevo registro de Plagiomerus diaspidis Crawford en Tamaulipas, Mexico, sobre la escama Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche). (In Spanish with summary in English.) Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie No. 75, 203-204.

Notes: The encyrtid Plagiomerus diaspidis is recorded for the first time from Tamaulipas, Mexico. This species was found attacking Diaspis echinocacti on Opuntia engelmannii on 13 February 1998.

Cranshaw, W., Gerace, D. & Demirel, N. 1998. Control of hawthorn mealybug, 1997. Pages 359-360. in Saxena, K.N., Arthropod Management Tests, Vol. 23. Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America.

Cunningham, C.J. 1999. New mealybug threatens valley grapes. California Grower 23(1): 25-26.

Notes: The vine mealybug is a newly observed pest of grapes in the San Joaquin Valley of California.

Cunningham, G.P. & Harden, J. 1999. Sprayers to reduce spray volumes in mature citrus trees. Crop Protection18: 4, 275-281.

Notes: It was investigated whether lower volume pesticide spraying with an air-assisted low-profile sprayer and air-assisted sprayers fitted with tower air conveyors (air-towers) could replace conventional high volume pesticide spraying. Biological efficacy was determined by assessing Aonidiella aurantii and Planococcus citri control using Supracide 400 (methidathion). The biological efficacy of the oscillating boom sprayer (OBS) on A. aurantii was matched by the Barlow tower at 6,000 litres ha-1 and the Silvan tower at 500 litres ha-1. The Barlow tower at 6,000 litres ha-1 produced a greater reduction in fruit infected with P. citri in the calyx than the OBS at 10,000 litres ha-1 and all other sprayer treatments. The reduction in insecticide dose rate by using lower spray volumes with registered rates based on volume of spray volume resulted in the pests not being controlled in some of the lower volume treatments.

D'Almeida, Y.A., Lys, J.A., Neuenschwander, P. & Ajuonu, O. 1998. Impact of two accidentally introducedEncarsia species (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) and other biotic and abiotic factors on the spiralling whiteflyAleurodicus dispersus (Russell) (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae), in Benin, West Africa. Biocontrol Science and Technology 8(1): 163-173.

Notes: In early 1993, the spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus (Russell), was observed in Benin for the first time, inflicting damage to ornamental and shade trees and cassava. The parasitoids Encarsia ?haitiensis Dozier andE. guadeloupae Viggiani were observed in the second half of 1993. They were known to have the same host in the Pacific region, and were thought to have been introduced accidentally. The impact of these parasitoids was quantified using four surveys from 1993 to 1995 (on 2541 trees in 537 localities) and by population studies on guava. In 1993,A. dispersus occurred mostly in towns in the southern part of Benin; penetration into farmland was observed later. E. ?haitiensis was more abundant and widespread than E. guadeloupae, and by 1995 it had been recovered from most (84%) of the infested localities. On guava trees, the annual peaks of A. dispersus population declined by ca. 80% between 1993 and 1996. During the same period parasitism rates increased. Econometric multiple regression analyses based on 996 infested trees demonstrated that A. dispersus population densities, the proportion of infested trees and damage scores all declined significantly with increasing duration of the presence of the parasitoids, indicating their impact. Other variables were also significantly related to A. dispersus levels. The cassava and mango mealybugs are also mentioned as recent invaders into West Africa.

Daane, K.M. & Caltagirone, L.E. 1999. A new species of Metaphycus (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) parasitic onSaissetia oleae (Olivier) (Homoptera : Coccidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 75(1): 13-17.

Notes: A new encyrtid species of the zebratus-group of Metaphycus is described: Metaphycus hageni. This parasitoid was reared from black scale, Saissetia oleae, collected on olives near Almunecar, Spain. This species is similar to M. lounsburyi, but can be distinguished by the relative length of the ovipositor, the shape of the male genitalia, and the shape of the antennal club in both females and males. Characters that differentiate M. hageni from closely related species are given.

Danzig, E.M. 1998. A revision of mealybugs (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) with mushroom glands of the fauna of Russia and adjacent countries. Entomological Review 77(1): 106-133.

Notes: [Originally published in Russian in Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 77(1): 106-133.] Species reviewed includeAtrococcus altaicus, A. fuscus, A. achilleae, A. saxatilis, A. parvulus, A. arakelianae, A. paludinus, A. indigens, A. bejbienkoi, A. pauperculus, new sp., Spilococcus artemisiphilus, S. mongolicus, S. furcatispinus, S. flavus, S. expressus, S. erianthi, S. halli, S. nanae, S. jailensis and S. vashlovanicus, new sp.; illustrations; keys provided to 13 species of Atrococcus and 11 species of Spilococcus.

Danzig, E.M. 1999. [Mealybugs of the genus Puto Signoret (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) of Russia and neighboring countries.]. (In Russian.) Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye 78: 79-91.

Notes: Key to 12 species of Puto provided: P. megriensis, kondarensis, superbus, borealis, caucasicus, tubulifer, orientalis, graminis, pini, pilosellae, vaccinii. Four poorly known species are redescribed and figured. Lectotypes of 8 nominal species are designated. New synonymy is established: P. superbus (Leon.) = kiritshenkoi (Borchs.), syn. n.;P. pilosellae (Sulc) = ferrisi (Kir.), clematidis (Matesova), syn. n.

De Villiers, J.F. 1998. Citrus mussel scale: Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) [=Cornuaspis beckii (Newman)]. Pages 149-153. in Bedford, E.C.G., Van den Berg, M.A. & De Villiers, E.A., Eds., Citrus pests in the Republic of South Africa. 2nd ed. Nelspruit: Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops. 288 pp.

Notes: Historical review, economic importance, distribution, host plants, life history, seasonal history, feeding habits, biological, chemical and integrated control.

Dentener, P.R., Lewthwaite, S.E., Maindonald, J.H. & Connolly, P.G. 1998. Mortality of twospotted spider mite (Acari : Tetranychidae) after exposure to ethanol at elevated temperatures. Journal of Economic Entomology 91(3): 767-772.

Notes: Mortality responses were determined for twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on apples to immersion in ethanol solutions at 20 degrees C (nondiapausing and diapausing mites), and 30, 40, and 45 degrees C (diapausing mites only). At 20 degrees C, nondiapausing T. urticae were more susceptible to ethanol immersion than the diapausing form. Increasing immersion times from 10 to 1,200 a significantly increased mite mortality for nondiapausing T. urticae but did not affect diapausing T. urticae. Increasing immersion temperatures for diapausingT. urticae from 20 to 40 degrees C did not change the ethanol concentration required to achieve 99% (LC99) mortality. Raising the immersion temperature from 40 to 45 degrees C only increased diapausing mite mortality at immersion times >800 s. Immersion of diapausing T. urticae for >600 s at 20 degrees C in 70% ethanol achieved 99% mortality and was more effective than immersion at 30-45 degrees C. Hot water immersion in addition to ethanol emersion also controls insect pests such as mealybugs.

Devasahayam, S., Koya, K.M.A. & Verghese, A. 1998. IPM in spices - challenges for the future. Advances in IPM for horticultural crops: Environmental implications and thrusts. 157-164.

Notes: [Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Pest Management in Horticultural Crops, Bangalore, India, 15-17 October 1997.] The major insect pests infesting spices in India include, pollu beetle (Longitarsus nigripennis) and scale insects (Lepidosaphes piperis and Aspidiotus destructor) on black pepper; cardamom thrips (Sciothrips cardamomi), shoot and capsule borer (Conogethes punctiferalis) and root grub ( Basilepta fulvicorne [Basilepta fulvicornis]) on cardamom; shoot borer (Conogethes punctiferalis) and rhizome scale (Aspidiella hartii) on ginger and turmeric, cinnamon butterfly (Chilasa clytia) and leaf miner (Conopomorpha civica) on cinnamon; stem borer (Sahyadrassus malabaricus ) on clove; aphids (Hyadaphis coriandri and Myzus persicae) and seed midge (Systole albipennis) on coriander, cumin, fennel and fenugreek. Information available on the management of major insect pests of spices through cultural, biological and chemical means and use of resistant cultivars and scope and challenges in the adoption of IPM strategies are highlighted.

DiCello, M.C., Myc, A., Baker, J.R. & Baldwin, J.L. 1999. Anaphylaxis after ingestion of carmine colored foods: Two case reports and a review of the literature. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 20(6): 377-382.

Notes: Two patients with adverse food reactions to foods colored with carmine [Dactylopius coccus] dye