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Anastrepha macrura Hendel

Wing.

Recognition
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Anastrepha macrura belongs to the daciformis species group, which differs from other species of Anastrepha in having the basal third of the scutellum brown, the male phallus extremely short (less than 0.30 mm long) and with the glans absent (as in the dentata group), and the female eversible membrane dorsobasally with a single, medially interrupted row of very stout scales.  Anastrepha macrura is one of several species with a vespidlike wing pattern comprising only a broad, uninterrupted, costal band covering all of cell r₂₊₃, and a cubital streak.  It differs from all other species of the daciformis group by the broad brown stripe on the facial carina (although other species sometimes have brown or gray subcuticular discolorations) and absence of the presutural lateral pale stripe from the scutum. The shape of the dorsal brown mark on the frons, usually triangular or semicircular and broadest medially, is also a useful character, although it is not fully developed in many of the specimens examined, which appear to be teneral.

Classification and Evolutionary Relationships
Order: Diptera. Family: Tephritidae. Genus: Anastrepha. Species: macrura. Author: Hendel.
Relationships among the species of Anastrepha were analyzed by Norrbom et al. (1999) and McPheron et al. (1999). Click here for more detailed discussion of Anastrepha phylogeny. Anastrepha macrura has been placed in the daciformis species group. Norrbom (1998) analyzed the relationships among the species of the daciformis group (see Phylogeny of the Anastrepha daciformis group) and included A. macrura in the macrura complex, which also includes A. aquila Norrbom, avispa Norrbom, bicolor (Stone), and zucchii Norrbom, of which A. zucchii appears to be most closely related to A. macrura.

Names Used for this Species
Anastrepha macrura Hendel 1914a: 66.
Anastrepha macrura Hendel 1914b: 16. Preoccupied by Hendel 1914: 66.
Pseudodacus macrurus: Stone 1939: 285.
Pseudodacus macrura: Hardy 1968: 121.
Anastrepha nambacoli Tigrero 1992: 107. Synonymy (Norrbom et al. 1999: 320).
Click here to link to fly names database

Type Data
macrura Hendel 1914a: Lectotype - Female (MNM), Paraguay: La Cordillera: San Bernardino; designated by Norrbom (1998: 184). The lectotype bears the following labels: "Paraguay Fiebrig", "S. Bernardino", "A. macrura H. typus [Hendel’s writing] det. Hendel", and orange bordered "typus".
macrura Hendel 1914b: Lectotype - Female (MNM), Paraguay: La Cordillera: San Bernardino; designated by Norrbom (1998: 184). The lectotype is the same female specimen that is the lectotype of macrura Hendel 1914a.
nambacoli: Holotype - Female (UCQE), Ecuador: Loja: Gonzanamá, Nambacola, 79°27'W 04°18'S, 1,238 m., Quebrada grande, trampa Harris, Jul 1992, S. Soto & H. Ruíz.

Distribution
Anastrepha macrura has been reported to occur in western Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Paraguay, Brazil (Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Mato Grosso do Sul), and Argentina.
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Biology
The biology of Anastrepha macrura is poorly known.  Like other species of the daciformis species group whose hosts are known, it attacks fruits of species of Sapotaceae. Reported host plants include two species: Chrysophyllum cainito L. (Caraballo 1981); and Pouteria lactescens (Vell.) Kuhlmann (Lima 1937, 1938, Bondar 1950, as Pradosia lactescens).

Economic Significance
Anastrepha macrura has been reported to attack Chrysophyllum cainito L. (Caraballo 1981), but is not considered a significant pest species.

Comments
This species was described as a new species twice by Hendel (1914a,b), and as neither description mentions the other, technically there are two available names, that of Hendel (1914b) being a primary homonym. The 1914a name was described from an unstated number of females from Paraguay, the 1914b name from an unstated number of females from "Paraguay, S. Bernhardino" in the MNM. Norrbom (1998) designated a female specimen from the MNM collection as lectotype for both names. Hardy (1968) regarded a female in the NMW as "Type female" of macrura Hendel (1914b). It bears the following labels: "Paraguay, Fiebrig", "A. macrura H. det. Hendel [Hendel’s writing]", orange "type" [not Hendel’s writing], and "Pseudodacus macrura (Hendel) [Hardy’s writing]". Although it could have been a syntype, and Hardy’s statement therefore construed as a lectotype designation by inference of holotype, the facts that it does not have a San Bernardino label and that Hendel did not mention his own collection as a depository (as he usually did for other species where he retained material) are sufficient to regard it as a nontype.

The ratio of female terminalia length to mesonotum length is greater in the Bahia and Venezuela females and appears to increase in a northerly direction in this species.

References
Key references are listed below. See fruit fly literature database for additional references.
Blanchard, E.E. 1937. Dipteros argentinos nuevos o poco conocidos. Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 9: 35-58. [p. 41, Argentina]
Blanchard, E.E. 1961. Especies argentinas del género Anastrepha Schiner (sens. lat.) (Diptera, Trypetidae). Rev. Invest. Agric. 15 (2): 281-342. [p. 294, Argentina]
Bondar, G. 1950. Moscas de frutas na Bahia. Bol. Campo 6 (34): 13-15. [p. 13, host]Caraballo de Valdivieso, J. 1981. Las moscas de frutas del genero Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Diptera: Tephritidae) de Venezuela. M.S. thesis, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay. 210 p. [p. 151, Venezuela, host]
Foote, R.H. 1967. Family Tephritidae (Trypetidae, Trupaneidae), Fasc. 57, 91 p. In: N. Papavero, ed., A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, São Paulo. [39, in catalog]
Greene, C.T. 1934. A revision of the genus Anastrepha based on a study of wings and on the length of the ovipositor sheath (Diptera: Trypetidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 36: 127-179. [p. 143, taxonomy]
Hardy, D.E. 1968. The fruit fly types in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (Tephritidae-Diptera). Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 72: 1007-155. [p.121, type data]
Hendel, F. 1914a. Analytische Übersicht über die Anastrepha-Arten (Dipt.). Wien. Entomol. Ztg. 33: 66-70. [p. 66, description in key]
Hendel, F. 1914b. Die Bohrfliegen Südamerikas. Übersicht und Katalog der bisher aus der neotropischen Region beschrieben Tephritinen. Abh. Ber. K. Zool. Anthrop. Ethnogr. Mus. (1912) 14: 1-84. [p. 16, description]
Lima, A. da Costa. 1934. Moscas de frutas do genero Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Diptera: Trypetidae). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz Rio de J. 28: 487-575. [p. 493, Brazil]
Lima, A. da Costa. 1937. Novas moscas de frutas do genero Anastrepha (Diptera: Trypetidae) [part]. O Campo 8 (Junho): 34-38. [p. 34, host]
Lima, A. da Costa. 1938. Novas moscas de frutas do genero "Anastrepha" (Diptera: Trypetidae) (Conclusão). O Campo (Janeiro): 61-64. [p. 64, illustration]
Malavasi, A. & R. A. Zucchi, eds. 2000. Moscas-das-frutas de importância econômica no Brasil. Conhecimento básico e aplicado. Holos, Riberão Preto. 327 p. [Brazil]
McPheron, B. A., H.-Y. Han, J. G. Silva & A. L. Norrbom. 1999. Phylogeny of the genera Anastrepha and Toxotrypana (Trypetinae: Toxotrypanini) based upon 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA sequences, p. 343-361. In M. Aluja & A. L. Norrbom, eds., Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and evolution of behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton. [16] + 944 p. [phylogeny]
Norrbom, A. L. 1998. A revision of the Anastrepha daciformis species group (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 100: 160-192. [revision]
Norrbom, A. L., L. E. Carroll, F. C. Thompson, I. M. White & A. Freidberg. 1999. Systematic database of names, pp. 65-251. In F. C. Thompson (ed.), Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. Myia 9, vii + 524 pp. & Diptera Data Dissemination Disk (CD-ROM) (1998) 1. [in catalog and database]
Norrbom, A. L. & K.C. Kim. 1988. A list of the reported host plants of the species of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae). U. S. Dept. Agric., Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Hyattsville, MD. 114 pp. [p. 1, classification, p. 38, host list]
Norrbom, A. L., R. A. Zucchi & V. Hernández-Ortiz. 1999. Phylogeny of the genera Anastrepha and Toxotrypana (Trypetinae: Toxotrypanini) based on morphology, p. 299-342. In M. Aluja & A. L. Norrbom, eds., Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and evolution of behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton. [16] + 944 p.  [classification & phylogeny]
Silva, A.G. d'Araújo e, C.R. Gonçalves, D.M. Galvão, A.J.L. Gonçalves, J. Gomes, M. do Nascimento Silva & L. de Simoni. 1968. Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil. Seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II - 1.^o Tomo. Insetos, hospedeiros e inimigos naturais. Ministério da Agricultura, Departamento de Defesa e Inspeção Agropecuária, Serviço de Defesa Sanitária Vegetal, Laboratório Central de Patologia Vegetal, Rio de Janeiro. 622 p. [p. 585, host list]
Steyskal, G.C. 1977b. Pictorial key to species of the genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae). Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D.C. 35 p. [p. 3, in key]
Stone, A. 1939. A revision of the genus Pseudodacus Hendel (Dipt. Trypetidae). Rev. Entomol. (Rio J.) 10: 282-289. [p. 285, taxonomy]
Tigrero, J. O. 1992. Descripcion de dos nuevas especies de Tephritidae: Toxotrypaninae, presentes en Ecuador. Rumipamba 9 (2): 102-112. [description of nambacoli, Ecuador]
Tigrero, J. O. 1998. Revisión de Especies de Moscas de la Fruta Presentes en el Ecuador. Published by the author, Sangolquí, Ecuador, 55 pp. [p. 41, additional description and type data for nambacoli]
White, I.M. & M.M. Elson-Harris. 1992. Fruit flies of economic significance: Their identification and bionomics. CAB International, Wallingford, 601 p. [p. 142, taxonomy, host list]
Zucchi, R.A. 1978. Taxonomia das espécies de Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Diptera, Tephritidae) assinaladas no Brasil. Ph.D. dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba. 105 p. [p. 64, Brazil]