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Euaresta character matrix

Table 1. Characters used in phylogenetic analysis of species of Euaresta. State 0 is considered plesiomorphic, and transformation series are linear unless otherwise stated.

1. Epandrium width - 0) not broader than high; 1) broader than high.

2. Male fore femur - 0) similar to that of female; 1) much broader than that of female.

3. Anterior notopleural seta - 0) present; 1) absent.

4. Apical scutellar seta - 0) distinctly differentiated; 1) small or absent. Presence of the apical seta varies among other Tephritini.

5. Epandrium shape - 0) posterior side convex, without distinct ridges; 1) posterior side flattened or concave, with distinct ridges.

6. Oviscape setulae - 0) slender, yellow; 1) swollen, white. Both states occur among other Tephritini, but with this polarity the character state distribution is congruent with that of character 5.

7. Epandrium color - 0) dark brown to black; 1) light brown or orange. State 1 occurs rarely in other Tephritini, but with this polarity the character state distribution is congruent with that of character 5.

8. Thorax ground color - 0) dark brown; 1) orange. State 1 occurs rarely in other Tephritini. The character state distribution is incongruent with those of several other characters and causes homoplasy when either state is coded plesiomorphic.

9. Cell r₂₊₃, number of apical hyaline spots - 0) 2; 1) 1. Wing pattern is highly variable among other Tephritini, but with this polarity the character state distribution is congruent with that of character 5.

10. Cell br basal brown spot - 0) small or absent; 1) large.

11. Apical dark rays - 0) very broad; 1) narrow to moderately broad. This character is difficult to code for E. aequalis, E. versicolor, E. toba, and E. regularis. Its polarity is uncertain because wing pattern is highly variable among other Tephritini (see text).

12. Bulla (i.e. small, dark dorsal concave area) in middle of cell r₄₊₅ - 0) absent; 1) sometimes weakly present; 2) distinctly present. Occurance of a bulla is rare in other Tephritini, and with this polarity the character state distribution is congruent with that of character 5.

13. Abdominal tergite microtrichia - 0) entirely microtrichose; 1) only male tergite 5 and female tergites 5-6 largely bare of microtrichia; 2) tergites 3-4 bare laterally in addition to most of tergites 5-6; 3) only male tergite 5 bare of microtrichia, female tergites entirely microtrichose. Nonmicrotrichose abdominal areas are rare in other Tephritini (e.g. in Lamproxyna Hendel, some Pseudoedaspis Hendel, some Old World genera) and where present they occur in different patterns, suggesting that states 1-3 are independently derived in Euaresta. State 3 and states 1-2 probably are independently derived from state 0.

Host plants - Amb = hosts are species of Ambrosia (E. bellula also breeds in Dicoria); Xan = hosts are species of Xanthium. Hosts are not included as a character in the phylogenetic analysis, but are listed in Table 2 and in Fig. 1 for convenience of comparison.

Biogeographic Region - Ne = Nearctic; Nt = Neotropical. Distributions are not included as a character in the phylogenetic analysis, but are listed in Table 2 and in Fig. 1 for convenience of comparison.

Table 2. Matrix of character state distributions, hosts, and biogeographical regions (Reg.) of species of Euaresta. Numbers and abbreviations refer to characters, states, hosts, and regions listed in Table 1.