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Acknowledgments:
This key was developed in part to support the scale-insect
identification efforts of APHIS/PPQ port identifiers. A grant was
provided through the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U S Department of Agriculture. A second infusion of funds came from the U S Department of
Agriculture through Hilda Diaz-Soltero, USDA Invasive Species Liaison and Coordinator.
A table has been developed providing information on the source of the line drawings and the date that permission was received to use them in this key LINK. We are most grateful to Jennifer Cox, Ray Gill, William Gimpel, Cristina Granara de Willink, Gillian Watson, and Douglas Williams for allowing us to use illustrations printed in their pubications. Illustrators include Mary Foley Benson, Jennifer Cox, Gordon Ferris, William Gimpel, Judy Illtis, Linda Lawrence, Dug Miller, Gary Miller, and Doug Williams. We also wish to acknowledge the source of the habitus images; in many cases these were photographed by Ray Gill who has developed a remarkable image gallery of scale insects as they appear in the field. Many of them can be seen by accessing the Systematic Entomology Laboratory Scale Insect Photographs page. Images that came from other authors are Lyle Buss, George Buxton, John Davidson, Roberto González, Shôzô Kawai, Takumasa (Demian) Kondo, Goro Tokihiro, and Christian Volosky.
We are particularly grateful to Phil Johnson, Port Identifier, San Francisco, Bert Lindsey, Port identifier, Los Angeles, APHIS/PPQ for undertaking extensive beta testing of the key. They spent considerable time and provided many useful suggestions. We also are grateful to John Brown and Gary Miller of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory for reviewing the manuscript and for providing many helpful comments and criticisms.
About the authors:
Alessandra Rung (Baptista) has a postdoctoral position with the University of Maryland, College Park and the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. She has primary responsibility for the development and implementation of this and one other Lucid key. In collaboration with George Venable and Dug Miller, she has developed the structure of the key and is the principal investigator on the project. Her background is in Diptera systematics, but she has found the world of scales to be interesting and quite very different from flies.
George L. Venable, of PXL PWR Multimedia Studio in Beltsville, Maryland is the graphics, HTML, and organizational specialist on the project. He manipulates the information provided by Alessandra and Dug in a format that is easily understandable and is visually pleasing. George works as a contractor on the project, but his input far exceeds what would be expected of someone in this kind of position.
Douglass R. (Dug) Miller is a scale insect systematist in the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA and is responsible for the character information used in the key.
Raymond J. (Ray) Gill of the California Department of Food and Agriculture provided the lion's share of line drawings and habitus images that added enormously to the project.
Douglas J. Williams of The Natural History Museum, London through his comprehensive publications on the mealybugs of various parts of the world, provided a majority of the line drawings and gave expert advice on many issues concerning mealybug systematics.
|
| Taxon |
Citation: Page (Fig. #) |
Author agreement |
Publisher agreement |
Illustrator |
| Antonina graminis |
WilliaWa1988a:21 (3) |
Watson 05/18/05
Williams 5/20/05 |
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
| A. nakaharai |
WilliaMi2002:904 (3) |
Miller Public domain
Williams 5/20/05 |
Proceeding of the Entomological Society of Washington
Not copyrighted |
Williams |
| Brevennia rehi |
Miller1975DR:50 |
Miller Public domain |
USDA Miscellaneous Publications
Not copyrighted |
Benson |
| Crisicoccus azaleae |
Cox1989:39 (18) |
Pending |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Cox |
| Dysmicoccus boninsis |
Willia1970DJ: 127(6) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Bulletin of
Entomological Research
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
| D. brevipes |
McKenz1967:161 (55) |
Deceased |
Regents of the
University of California Press
5/27/2005 |
Illtis |
| D. sp. Nr. bispinosus |
WilliaGr1992:136 (45) |
Willink 05/20/05
Williams 5/20/05 |
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
D. grassii
as alazon |
Willia1960b:240 (1) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Bulletin of
Entomological Research
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
| D. lepelleyi |
Willia2004a:197 (74) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| D. neobrevipes |
WilliaWa1988a:66 (24) |
Watson 05/18/05
Williams 5/20/05 |
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
| D. orchidum |
Willia2004a:207 (80) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| Exallomochlus camur |
Willia2004a:242 (97) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| E. hispidus |
Willia2004a:246 (99) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| E. philippinensis |
Willia2004a:256 (104) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
Ferrisia malvastra
as consobrina |
WilliaWa1988a:76 (28) |
Watson 05/18/05
Williams 5/20/05 |
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
| Ferrisia virgata |
WilliaWa1988a:78 (29) |
Watson 05/18/05
Williams 5/20/05 |
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
| Formicococcus polysperes |
Willia2004a:303 (128) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| Hordeolicoccus heterotrichus |
Willia2004a:367 (159) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| H. nephelii |
Willia2004a:242 (162) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| Hypogeococcus pungens |
WilliaGr1992:214 (84) |
Willink 05/20/05
Williams 5/20/05 |
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
| Maconellicoccus hirsutus |
Miller2001:190 (1) |
Miller Public domain |
Insecta Mundi |
D. Miller |
| Nipaecoccus nipae |
Willia2004a:444 (198) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| N. viridis |
Willia2004a:450 (200) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| Palmicultor palmarum |
WilliaWa1988a:134 (53) |
Watson 05/18/05
Williams 5/20/05 |
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
| Paracoccus interceptus |
Willia2004a:466 |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| Paracoccus marginatus |
MillerMi2002:5 (1) |
Miller Public domain;
McKenzie deceased |
Proceedings of the Entomological Society
of Washington
not copyrighted |
G. Miller |
| Paraputo guatemalensis |
MillerMc1973:494 (2) |
Miller Public domain |
Hilgardia Pending |
Benson |
| P. odontomachi |
Willia2004a:551 (245) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| Phenacoccus franseriae |
Ferris1950b: 144 (54) |
50+ years |
Stanford University Press |
Ferris |
| P. gossypii |
Willia1987c:341(3) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Bulletin of
Entomological Research
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
| P. madeirensis |
Willia1987c:349 (7) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Bulletin of
Entomological Research
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
P. parvus
as surinamensis |
CoxWi1981:255 (4) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Bulletin of
Entomological Research
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
| P. solani |
Ferris1950b: 159 (61) |
50+ years |
Stanford University Press |
Ferris |
| P. solenopsis |
Ferris1950b:162 (62) |
50+ years |
Stanford University Press |
Ferris |
| Planococcus citri |
Cox1989:15 (5) |
Cox 11/2/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Cox |
| P. ficus |
Cox1989:27 (11) |
Cox 11/2/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Cox |
| P. halli |
Cox1989:33 (14) |
Cox 11/2/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Cox |
| P. kraunhiae |
Cox1989:44 (21) |
Cox 11/2/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Cox |
| P. lilacinus |
Cox1989:46 (22) |
Cox 11/2/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Cox |
| P. minor |
Cox1989:54 (27) |
Cox 11/2/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Cox |
| Pseudococcus aurantiacus |
Willia2004a:675 (302) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| P. baliteus |
Willia2004a:678 (303) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| Pseudococcus calceolariae |
Willia1985:290 (125) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Natural History Museum,
London 5/20/2005 |
Williams |
| P. comstocki |
WilliaGr1992:436 (191) |
Willink 05/20/05
Williams 5/20/05 |
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
P. cryptus
as citriculus |
WilliaWa1988a:174 (71) |
Watson 05/18/05
Williams 5/20/05 |
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
| P. elisae |
GimpelMi1996: 50 (11) |
Miller Public Domain |
Contributions on Entomology,
International 05/20/05 |
Gimpel |
| P. jackbeardsleyi |
GimpelMi1996: 68 (16) |
Miller Public Domain
Gimpel Pending |
Contributions on Entomology,
International 05/20/05 |
Gimpel |
| P. landoi |
GimpelMi1996:73 (17) |
Miller Public Domain
Gimpel Pending |
Contributions on Entomology,
International 05/20/05 |
Gimpel |
| P. longispinus |
Ferris1950b:175 (65) |
50+ years |
Stanford University Press |
Ferris |
| P. maritimus |
MillerGiWi1984:708 (2) |
Miller Public Domain,
Williams 5/20/05 |
Proceedings of the Entomological Society
of Washington
not copyrighted |
D. Miller |
| P. odermatti |
MillerWi1997DR: 308 (1) |
Williams 5/20/05
Miller Public domain |
Proceedings of the Entomological Society
of Washington
not copyrighted |
Lawrence |
P. viburni
as affinis |
MillerGiWi1984:706 (1) |
Miller Public Domain,
Williams 5/20/05 |
Proceedings of the Entomological Society
of Washington
not copyrighted |
D. Miller |
Puto barberi
as affinis |
Ferris1950b:198 (73) |
Miller50+ years |
Stanford University Press |
Ferris |
| P. mexicanus |
Ferris1950b:209 (78) |
Miller50+ years |
Stanford University Press |
Ferris |
| Rastrococcus iceryoides |
Willia1989:449 (8) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Systematic Entomology
Blackwell Publishing 7/14/05 |
Williams |
| R. invadens |
Willia1986b:697 (1) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Bulletin of
Entomological Research
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
| Saccharicoccus sacchari |
Willia1970DJ:172 (26) |
Williams 5/20/05 |
Bulletin of
Entomological Research
CAB International 5/31/2005 |
Williams |
Vryburgia amaryllidis
as Trionymus lounsburyi |
Ferris1950b:272 |
50+ years |
Stanford University Press |
Ferris |