Catalogue Query Results
Ceroplastes GrayNOMENCLATURE:
Coccus (Ceroplastes) Gray, 1828: 7. Type species: Coccus (Ceroplastes) janeirensis Gray. Subsequently designated by Fernald, 1903: 147.
Ceroplastus; Westwood, 1840: 449. Change of status. Notes: Change of rank introduced as a mis-spelling
Columnea Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 142. Type species: Coccus caricae Fabricius (= Ceroplastes rusci (L.)). Subsequently designated by Targioni Tozzetti, 1867. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1993: 94.
Lacca Signoret, 1869: 848. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiii.
Vinsonia Signoret, 1872a: 33. Type species: Vinsonia pulchella Signoret, by monotypy. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 27.
Ceroplastes; Signoret, 1872b: 35.
Columna; Signoret, 1877: 658. Misspelling of genus name.
Visonia; Ashmead, 1891: 99. Misspelling of genus name.
Gascardia Targioni Tozzetti in Gascard, 1893: 88. Type species: Gascardia madagascariensis Targioni Tozzetti, by monotypy. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 27.
Ceroplastes (Ceroplastidia) Cockerell, 1910a: 76. Type species: Ceroplastes bruneri Cockerell & Cockerell, by original designation. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 17.
Ceroplastes (Ceroplastina) Cockerell, 1910a: 76. Type species: Ceroplastes lahillei Cockerell, by original designation. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1993: 60.
Baccacoccus Brain, 1920a: 127. Type species: Baccacoccus elytropappi Brain, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1971: 133.
Seroplastes; Seabra, 1925: 32. Misspelling of genus name.
Columella; Šulc, 1936: 65. Misspelling of genus name.
Bacococcus Lindinger, 1937: 180. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 21.
Ceroplasses; Sankaran, 1954: 100. Misspelling of genus name.
Ceroplastidia; Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 32. Change of status.
Ceroplastina; Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 32. Change of status.
Cerostegia De Lotto, 1969b: 211. Type species: Ceroplastes rufus De Lotto, by original designation. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1993: 3.
Ceroplastidia De Lotto, 1971: 145. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1971: 145.
Vinzonia; Danzig & Konstantinova, 1990: 45. Misspelling of genus name.
Paracerostegia Tang, 1991: 303. Type species: Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, by original designation. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1993: 199.
Winsonia; Fernandes, 1993: 111. Misspelling of genus name.
Baecoccus; Tao, 1999: 51. Misspelling of genus name.
Paracerostegla; Tao, 1999: 61. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Mis-spelling of Paracerostegia.
BIOLOGY: Detailed description of the life history in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Zimmerman (1948), Borchsenius (1957), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gimpel et al. (1974), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1996), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Peronti et al. (2008). Relationship to other families of Coccidae in Vea (2011)
STRUCTURE: Members of this subfamily can be recognised by the thick waxy test that covers the whole of the dorsum. The consistency of the wax varies between species depending on the amount of water,The test also varies in thickness between species (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Subfamily: Ceroplastinae. Tribe: Ceroplastini. Ceroplastes is a very large genus from which several genera have been splitted, namely Baccacoccus, Gascardia, Ceroplastidia, Ceroplastina, Cerostegia, Columnea, Paracerostegia and Waxiella. The separation between these genera is controversial. Morrison (1919) noted the similarity of Ceroplastidia to Gascardia and its doubtful distinction from Ceroplastes. Gimpel et al. (1974) regarded all the above as synonyms of Ceroplastes. Ben-Dov (1993) recognized only Ceroplastes and Waxiella while Hodgson (1994a) accepted Ceroplastes, Gascardia and Waxiella as good genera. Following a cladistic analysis, Qin & Gullan (1995 concluded that all these genera should be classified into the senior synonym Ceroplastes. Granara de Willink (1999) suggested that Ceroplastidia was different from Ceroplastes and assigned to the former 7 species from Argentina. The generic name Lacca Nomen Nudum was first published by Signoret (1869) in the binomen Lacca alba Nomen Nudum, which he credited to Pearson (1794). However, such a name was not found in Pearson's paper (1794), who was only interested in the chemical properties of a wax, named by him 'white wax', produced by scale insects in India. Ben-Dov (1993) concluded that Lacca alba was a Latin form, introduced by Signoret (1869) and erroneously attributed to Pearson, of the term 'white wax'. Both the generic and specific names are Nomina Nuda. Nevertheless, there was good evidence to consider Lacca as a 'synonym' of Ceroplastes, as indicated by Morrison & Morrison (1966), De Lotto (1971) and by Ben-Dov (1993). The type species of Columnea Targioni Tozzetti, 1866 was designated by subsequent restriction to Coccus caricae Fabricius, by Targioni Tozzetti (1967). Columnea is here regarded as a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes. If Ceroplastes should be split into smaller generic units, Columnea might be an available name. Baccacoccus Brain is a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes (see De Lotto, 1971; Ben-Dov, 1993; Hodgson, 1994a. Cerostegia De Lotto is regarded here as a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes. Paracerostegia Tang, 1991, is her regarded a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes. Ceroplastina Cockerell, 1910a was ragarded by Ben-Dov (1993) as a subjective synonym of Ceroplastes. Hodgson (1994a: 167) traeted Ceroplastina"...probably... a subjective synonym of Gascardia.
KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa]; Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [31 Ceroplastes species of Sao Paulo, Brazil]; Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Vinsonia and Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 185 (female) [New Zealand]; Granara de Willink 1999: 24 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Pellizzari & Camporese 1994: 177 (female) [Mediterranean Region]; Qin & Gullan 1994 (female) [Australia]; Tang 1991: 297-298, 304 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Gill 1988: 17 (female) [USA, California]; Avasthi & Shafee 1986: 328, 334 (female) [India]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Mosquera 1984: 125-126 (female) [Colombia]; Tao et al. 1983: 61 (female) [Taiwan]; Tao et al. 1983: 61 (female) [as Vinsonia; Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 166 (female) [Japan]; Wang 1980: 19-20 (female) [China]; Avasthi & Shafee 1979: 36-37 (female) [India]; Mosquera 1979: 625-526 (female) [Colombia]; De Lotto 1978: 138, 142 (female) [South Africa]; Paik 1978 (female) [Korea]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 18-20 (female) [U.S.A]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 36 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Hodgson 1969a: 4-5 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Hodgson 1969: 3, 19-20 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Hodgson 1969a: 14-15 (female) [as Gascardia; Zimbabwe]; Beardsley 1966 (female) [Micronesia]; Beardsley 1966: 479 (female) [as Vinsonia; Micronesia]; De Lotto 1965a: 183 (female) [Afrotropical Region]; De Lotto 1965a: 195 (female) [as Gascardia; Africa]; Gomez-Menor Ortega 1958b: 122 (female) [Spain]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Vilar 1951: 133-136 (female) [Palearctic Region]; Borchsenius 1950b: 154-155 (female) [USSR]; Gomez-Menor Ortega 1937: 307 (female) [Spain]; Green 1931: 290-291 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Hall 1931: 290-291 (female) [Zimbabwe]; Brain 1920a: 2 (female) [South Africa]; Green 1909a: 269 (female) [Sri Lanka]; Cockerell 1905b: 198 (female) [USA, Colorado]; Cockerell 1897r: 70 (female) [Brazil]; Cockerell 1895: 7-8 (female) [West Indies].
CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy: 18-19]; Almeid1969 [taxonomy: 10]; Almeid1973b [taxonomy: 5]; Ashmea1891 [taxonomy: 99]; AvasthSh1979 [taxonomy: 36]; AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy: 328,334-335]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, description: 479-480,496]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 13,19,60,94,143,153]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 338]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy: 296]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy: 93]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description: 140,154-155]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description: 449-451]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description: 268]; Brimbl1956a [taxonomy: 159]; CebeciSe2004 [taxonomy: 208]; Cocker1894v [taxonomy: 1050]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy: 5, 7-8]; Cocker1897r [taxonomy: 70]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy: 16,17]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 253]; Cocker1905b [taxonomy: 198]; Cocker1910a [taxonomy: 74-76]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description: 330]; DanzigKo1990 [taxonomy: 45]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description: 179-183,195,232]; DeLott1969b [taxonomy: 211]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy: 133,145,147]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy: 137-138,142]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description: 381]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 126,147,158]; Fernan1993 [taxonomy: 111]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description: 74-75]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description: 421]; GaimarTa2001 [taxonomy: 311-328]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, biological control: 17]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description : 1-20]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description: 306-307]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description: 49,122-123]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description: 47-48,57-58,78]; Gray1828 [taxonomy, description: 7]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description: 268-269]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description: 279]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description: 152]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description: 289-291]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 16,18]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description: 16, 128]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 205,208]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description: 1-3,19-20]; Hodgso1969a [taxonomy, description: 2,4-5,14,15]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 137-139,161-163]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 167,170-173,185-186]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 268-271]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description: 591-593]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description: 185]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 1-265]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 95-105]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy: 166]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 323,325]; Koteja1974 [taxonomy: 306]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 249]; Koteja2001 [taxonomy: 45-46]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy: 355-356]; LongoMaPe1995 [taxonomy: 122]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 22]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 31]; Mamet1954 [taxonomy: 12]; Mamet1957 [taxonomy: 374]; MatileNo1984 [taxonomy: 62]; Miller1996 [taxonomy: 69]; MorrisMo1966 [catalogue, taxonomy: 21,32,43,44]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 83]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy: 203]; Mosque1979 [taxonomy, description: 595-598,625-626]; Mosque1984 [taxonomy: 125-126]; Newste1903 [taxonomy]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description]; Newste1908 [taxonomy: 1-4]; Newste1909 [taxonomy: 350-352]; Newste1910a [taxonomy, descriprion: 67]; Newste1910c [taxonomy, description: 192-193]; Newste1911 [taxonomy, description: 97-98]; Paik1978 [taxonomy]; PellizCa1994 [taxonomy, description: 175-192]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, revision: 139-191]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy: 923]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy: 954]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy, description: 289-308]; Seabra1925 [taxonomy: 32]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 848]; Signor1872a [taxonomy: 35]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, description: 33-34]; Signor1877 [taxonomy: 658]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy: 231-232]; Steinw1929 [taxonomy, description: 241]; Sulc1936 [taxonomy: 65]; Tang1991 [taxonomy: 296-297,303-304]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description: 311]; Tao1978 [taxonomy, description: 79]; Tao1978 [taxonomy, description: 84]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 51,61]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 67]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 93]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description: 96,98]; Targio1866 [taxonomy, description: 131,138,142]; Targio1867 [taxonomy: 11]; Targio1884 [taxonomy: 400]; Targio1893a [taxonomy, description: 88-91]; Townse1892a [taxonomy: 255-257]; Tranfa1981 [taxonomy, description: 22]; VanHarCoWi1990 [taxonomy, description: 133-134]; VarshnMo1987 [taxonomy, description: 171]; Vea2011 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 13]; Vilar1951 [taxonomy: 111]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description: 19-20]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 16]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description: 35-36]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy: 60-61,64-65]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description: 60-61,173]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description: 22]; XieXuZh2006a [taxonomy: 1-7]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 185]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description: 183]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 343].
Ceroplastes actiniformis GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes actiniformis Green, 1896: 8. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya and Kandy, on coconut palm. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.
Ceroplastes actiniformes; Moharana, 1990: 48. Misspelling of species name.
ASSOCIATES: HYMENOPTERA Formicidae: Componotus parius Emery [SharmaSu2011], Crematogaster sp. [SharmaSu2011].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, Ali1973, ShahJhPa1986, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Annonaceae: Annona montana [Green1930c, Ali1971]. Apocynaceae: Alstonia scholaris [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Arecaceae: Areca catechu [ShafeeYoKh1989, Ali1971], Cocos nucifera [Green1896, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, Ali1973], Phoenix canariensis [Bodenh1927a], Phoenix dactylifera [Hall1922], Pritchardia filifera [Bodenh1927a]. Cannaceae: Canna [Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930], Calophyllum inophyllum [VarshnMo1987]. Euphorbiaceae: Sapium [Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, SilvadGoGa1968], Sapium sebiferum [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, Ali1973, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Moraceae: Ficus [Ramakr1919a, Ali1971, Ali1973, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus carica [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Ali1971, Ali1973, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Poaceae: Saccharum officinalis [AgarwaSi1964, Ali1971, Ali1973, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Santalaceae: Santalum album [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [ShafeeYoKh1989].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [SilvadGoGa1968]. Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1930c, Ali1971, AvasthSh1986] [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Bihar [Ali1971], Goa [Ali1973], Tamil Nadu [SharmaSu2011], West Bengal [Ali1971]); Indonesia (Java [Green1930c, Ali1971], Sumatra [Ali1971]); Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1930c, Green1937, Ali1971]. Palaearctic: Canary Islands [Green1930c]; China [DengYuZh2012]; Egypt [Hall1922, EzzatNa1987]; Israel [Bodenh1927a].
GENERAL REMARKS: The various specimens in the BMNH from Africa labelled C. actiniformis are all misidentifications of other species in the C. rusci-group and it is considered that all published records from the Afrotropical Region are probably also misidentifications. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Pellizzari & Camporose 1994: 177 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 371 (female) [Egypt]; Green 1909a: 275 (female) [Ceylon].
CITATIONS: AgarwaSi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 149]; Ali1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 15]; Ali1973 [host, distribution: 671]; AvasthSh1986 [host, distribution: 330]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 19]; Bodenh1927a [host, distribution: 177]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 331]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution: 791]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 147]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1909a [host, distribution: 275]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 281]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 311]; Hall1922 [host, distribution: 15]; HodgsoPe2012 [taxonomy: 99,101,115,116,118]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; Nair1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 72]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy: 19]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 624-625]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 29-30]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 39]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 47]; ShahJhPa1986 [host, distribution: 67]; SharmaSu2011 [distribution, ecology: 62-64]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 137]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 340]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 172]; Wester1918 [host, distribution, economic importance: 5-57].
Ceroplastes acutus Peronti {in}: Peronti et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes acutus Peronti {in}: Peronti et al., 2008: 144. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Guarujá, Praia de Iporanga, host plant not identified; collected 22.iii.2002, A.L.B.G. Peronti. Holotype female. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-146].
Ceroplastes agrestis HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes agrestis Hempel, 1932: 322. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Pirapitinguy, on undetermined tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti et al., 2008: 145. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1932, PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 20]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 322-323]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-146]; Vernal1953 [taxonomy: 123].
Ceroplastes ajmerensis (Avasthi & Shafee)NOMENCLATURE:
Cerostegia ajmerensis Avasthi & Shafee, 1979: 36. Type data: INDIA: Rajasthan, Ajmer, Hathi Bhata, on Cassia fistula. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female.
Ceroplastes neoceriferus Yousuf & Shafee, 1988: 61. Type data: INDIA: Himachal Pradesh, Solan, on Citrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Synonymy by Avasthi & Shafee, 1991b: 22.
Paracerostegia ajmerensis; Tang, 1991: 304. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes ajmerensis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 20. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Cassia fistulata [AvasthSh1979, AvasthSh1986, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [YousufSh1988, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Rutaceae: Citrus [AvasthSh1991b].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Himachal Pradesh [AvasthSh1991b], Rajasthan [AvasthSh1979, AvasthSh1986]).
KEYS: Tang 1991: 304 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: AvasthSh1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-37]; AvasthSh1986 [host, distribution: 334]; AvasthSh1991b [host, distribution: 22-23]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 20]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48-49]; Tang1991 [host, distribution: 304-305]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 155]; YousufSh1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63].
Ceroplastes alami Avasthi & ShafeeNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes alami Avasthi & Shafee, 1986: 328. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, Mettupalaiyam, on undetermined wild plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female.
Ceroplastes alamensis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 20, 504. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Fabaceae: Dalbergia sissoo [AvasthSh1986, ShafeeYoKh1989].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [ShafeeYoKh1989] (Tamil Nadu [AvasthSh1986], Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1986]).
CITATIONS: AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, record: 328-330]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 20, 504]; Koteja2001 [taxonomy: 46]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 47].
Ceroplastes albolineatus albolineatus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes albolineatus Cockerell, 1894h: 157. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on ornamental shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
COMMON NAME: thick wax scale [Cocker1895].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus [Cocker1895a, Iherin1897, Hempel1912, SilvadGoGa1968]. Asteraceae: Baccharis [Cocker1895a, Iherin1897, Hempel1912, SilvadGoGa1968]. Celastraceae: Maytenus [Hempel1900a, Hempel1912, SilvadGoGa1968]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [Cocker1899n, Hempel1912, SilvadGoGa1968]. Platanaceae: Platanus [SilvadGoGa1968].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n]. Neotropical: Brazil [SilvadGoGa1968] (Sao Paulo [Cocker1895a, Iherin1897, Cocker1897r]); Jamaica [Cocker1895a].
KEYS: Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [Jamaica].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 20]; Brown1975 [chemistry: 275]; Cocker1894h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 157]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7-8]; Cocker1895a [host, distribution: 100]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1897r [description, distribution: 70]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 19]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 474-475]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; Iherin1897 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 409]; LoaizaCaBe2007 [chemistry, host, distribution: 109-115]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Rios1966 [chemistry: 1507-1512]; RiosCo1965 [chemistry: 1184-1185]; RiosGo1969 [chemistry: 2929-2930]; RiosPe1969 [chemistry: 214-215]; RiosQu1969 [chemistry: 1317-1318]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 137]; Thomso1971 [chemistry: 1-5]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 123]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518].
Ceroplastes albolineatus vulcanicus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes albolineatus vulcanicus Cockerell, 1903a: 160. Type data: MEXICO: Volcan de Colima, on low bush below pines. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Colima [Cocker1903a], Jalisco).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 20]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160-161]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; Willia1985a [distribution: 223].
Ceroplastes amazonicus HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes amazonicus Hempel, 1900a: 454. Type data: BRAZIL: Amazonas, Manaos, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Amazonas).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148,154]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 454-455]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 556-557].
Ceroplastes angolensis Compere nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes angolensis Compere, 1939d: 26. Nomen nudum; discovered by ScaleNet, 2004.
Ceroplastes angulatus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes angulatus Cockerell, 1898j: 434. Type data: MEXICO: Frontera, on twig of native tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1898j, Cocker1899n]. Neotropical: Mexico (Tabasco).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 434-435]; Cocker1899a [host, distribution: 394]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 18]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69].
Ceroplastes argentinus BrethesNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes argentinus Brethes, 1921: 79. Type data: ARGENTINA: Entre Rios, near Parana, on undetermined plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 61. Type depository: Castelar: Departamento de Patologia Vegetal, INTA, C.C. no. 25, Castelar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Described: female.
Ceroplastidia argentina; Granara de Willink, 1999: 59. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Eupatorium [Granar1999]. Myrtaceae: Myrciantes pungens [Granar1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Entre Rios [Granar1999], Neuquen [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).
KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Brethe1921 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79-80]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 192].
Ceroplastes avicenniae NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes avicenniae Newstead, 1917a: 24. Type data: GUYANA: Mahaica Creek, on Avicennia nitida. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.
HOST: Verbenaceae: Avicennia nitida [Newste1917a, Newste1917b].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1917a].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25].
Ceroplastes balachowskyi Hodgson & PerontiNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes balachowskyi Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 101-103. Type data: GABON: Makokou, Ivindo, on unknown host, 7/19/1976 by A.S. Balachowsky. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 5875. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Gabon [HodgsoPe2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Body rather roundly oval and probably fairly convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts; lateral tubercles indistinct or absent. Caudal process short and stout, probably directed rather upwards. Length of specimens 1.5-3.0 mm, width about 1.0-2.0 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: In lacking tubular ducts in the cephalic region and in having abundant stigmatic setae around the margins, C. balachowskyi is superficially very similar to C. ghesquierei. It is easily separable due to the following combination of characters (those for C. ghesquierei in brackets): (i) dorsal setae on each anal plate in a different arrangement, with 2 large dorsal setae near inner margin (all large dorsal setae near posterior margin); (ii) dorsal clear area exceptionally large, extending laterally to dorsad to legs (much smaller), with many dorsal setae; (iii) stigmatic setae in each cleft rather variable in size, each group with 3–5 larger setae (only dorsal-most seta enlarged), and (iv) with many (8-18) marginal stigmatic setae along anterior margin between eyespots (0-2). It is also somewhat similar to C. singularis in having abundant stigmatic setae along the margins but these are also present along the posterior abdominal margins on C. singularis. C. balachowskyi is also very similar to C. galeatus, but the latter species lacks the large dorsal clear area, has only 0-2 stigmatic setae on anterior margin of head, and all stigmatic setae are similar apart from the 1 enlarged seta near apex of each group. Most Ceroplastes species with loculate microducts of the rusci-type also have wax-plate lines. These could not be detected on C. balachowskyi, probably because these lines are typically made up of loculate microducts with 2 or more satellite loculi, which are rare or perhaps sometimes absent on C. balachowskyi. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (adult, female) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].
CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 99,101-103,124,242].
Ceroplastes bergi CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes bergi Cockerell, 1901a: 288. Type data: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, on Schinus molle, Ligustrum japonicum and Citrus aurantium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes:
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus molle [Cocker1901a]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum japonicum [Cocker1901a]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [Cocker1901a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Cocker1901a].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Cocker1901a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 288-289]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148].
Ceroplastes bernardensis CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes bernardensis Cockerell, 1902i: 93. Type data: PARAGUAY: San Bernardino, on twigs of an undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Paraguay.
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Cocker1902i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 93]; Cocker1902p [catalogue: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148].
Ceroplastes bicolor HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes bicolor Hempel, 1901b: 390. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Campinas, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21]; Cocker1902p [catalogue: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148]; Hempel1901b [host, distribution: 390-391]; Vernal1953 [taxonomy: 123-124].
Ceroplastes bipartitus NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes bipartitus Newstead, 1917a: 25. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Locality and host plant of type material not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Notes: Lectotype (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): South Africa, left label: Dept. Agric. Mauritius; right label: Ceroplastes / bipartitus / Newstead / Cotype female With regard to the label “Department of Agriculture, Mauritius” on the lectotype specimens, it is believed (D.J. Williams, pers. comm.) that d'Emmerez de Charmoy either worked or collected in South Africa before becoming Director of the Department of Agriculture in Mauritius and that he took these specimens (and others) to Mauritius with him and then sent them to Newstead from there. Williams considers that Newstead would have written Mauritius on his slides (as he often did), referring to the sender rather than the original collecting site.
Gascardia bipartita; De Lotto, 1965a: 195. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Barleria [Hodgso1969]. Bignoniaceae: Markhamia acuminata [Hodgso1969]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton sylvaticus [DeLott1965a]. Loganiaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Rubiaceae: Hymenodictyon floribunda [Hodgso1969]. Verbenaceae [HodgsoPe2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Newste1917a, Brain1920a, DeLott1965a]; Zambia [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
STRUCTURE: "Female test. Colour, in dried specimens, very like pale dirty beeswax. In the young adults the test is broadly oval, somewhat hemispherical and divided into nine plates: 3 bilateral, 1 cephalic, 1 anal and 1 dorsal, the last named with a conspicuous dark brown or blackish, oval spot, with a central elongated patch of pure white wax; the nuclear spots to the lateral plates are smaller and generally much less conspicuous than the dorsal one. Margin over the stigmatic areas with a pair of laterally compressed and somewhat disc-shaped extensions, each extension carrying on its edge a narrow strip of opaque white wax, the tip of which sometimes reaches the dark nuclear spot of the lateral thoracic plate. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Ceroplastes bipartitus is very similar to C. jos, but differs (characterstates of C. jos in brackets): (i) ventral tubular ducts very sparse, possibly even absent on some specimens and not present medially on abdomen (tubular ducts frequent and present medially on abdomen); (ii) loculate microducts mainly with 2 satellite loculi, those with 4 satellite loculi rare or absent (mainly 3 satellite loculi, pores with 4 satellite loculi present but scarce, those with 2 satellite loculi infrequent); (iii) with generally more than 30 stigmatic setae in each cleft, and each group about as wide as long (about 25 or fewer stigmatic setae in a group and each group much wider than long); (iv) dorsal setae about 2x longer than width of basal socket and sharply pointed (subequal to or only slightly longer than width of basal socket, and bluntly pointed), and (v) claw denticle obscure at most (present). C. bipartitus is also close to C. longicauda, differing mainly in having a much shorter caudal process. Qin and Gullan (1995), in their morphological cladistic analysis of the wax scale insects, found only 1 difference in the character-states they scored for C. bipartitus and C. longicauda, and it is possible that C. longicauda is a synonym of C. bipartitus, with C. longicauda representing a more mature adult female where the sclerotisation of the caudal process has expanded more than on C. bipartitus, or that host plant or environmentaleffects have modified the degree of extension of the caudal process. Too little material is available to determine whether this is likely. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 64-65 (female) [Key to adult females in the C. longicauda-group.]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 21-22]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-27]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-197]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 293]; Hodgso1969 [host, distribution: 22-23]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 64,65-68,70,73,241]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 25-26]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes boyacensis MosqueraNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes boyacensis Mosquera, 1979: 599. Type data: COLOMBIA: Umbita (Boyaca), on Baccharis tricuneata. Holotype female. Type depository: Bogota: Colleccion Taxonomica Nacional de Programa de Entomologia del ICA en el CNIA, Colombia. Described: female.
HOST: Asteraceae: Baccharis tricuneata [Mosque1979].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 22]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Mosque1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 599-604]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes brachystegiae HodgsonNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes brachystegiae Hodgson, 1969: 3. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Umtali, on Brachystegia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
HOST: Fabaceae: Brachystegia [Hodgso1969].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969).
STRUCTURE: Test of the adult female white, with brown to reddish brown radiating areas; more or less oval in shape, but with the posterior end rather flattened. Dorsally, there is a small central dome with a ring of brown stain, in the centre of which is a longitudinal indentation carrying the dorsal boss; surrounding this area is a further area with brown radiations, which are more obvious towards the posterior end. Laterally there are faint indications of plates. The stigmatic bands are very clear white, and there are also whiter areas at the anterior end and 2 more directed posteriorly at the sides of the posterior end. Length 5 mm, height 3.5 mm and breadth 4 mm." "With waxy test removed, the adult female is elliptical, and produced dorsally into a blunt apical process; the cephalic and lateral processes are barely indicated by knobules; the caudal process is heavily sclerotised and is directed posteriorly, but is fairly short." (Hodgson, 1969a).
SYSTEMATICS: In having a line of spinose setae along the ventral margin of each stigmatic cleft, C. brachystegiae appears to show some affinity with Waxiella but here the spinose setae extend around the entire margin in a single line. Other interesting features of this species are: (i) the absence of tubular ducts associated with the anogenital folds, and (ii) the small size of both the dorsal and ventral microducts. C. neobrachystegiae is closely related. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 22]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-4]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, illustration, taxonomy: 27-32,241,257]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301].
Ceroplastes brachyurus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes brachyurus Cockerell, 1903b: 157. Type data: MEXICO: Zapotlan, Jalisco, on Rhus-like shrub. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel et al., 1974: 20. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
COMMON NAME: brachyuran wax scale [HamonWi1984].
HOSTS: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rubiaceae: Bouvardia [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Chen1974, GimpelMiDa1974].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco, Jalisco [Cocker1903a]); United States of America (Alabama, Arizona).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel et al. (1974) and by Hamon & Williams (1984).
KEYS: Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 22]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 157-158]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-23]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-20]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy: 271]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 223].
Ceroplastes bragai Peronti {in}: Peronti et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes bragai Peronti {in}: Peronti et al., 2008: 146. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Campos do Jordão, on undtermined plant; collected S.M.P. Braga, 24.xi.2001. Holotype female. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil; type no. 327. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-148].
Ceroplastes brevicauda HallNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes destructor brevicauda Hall, 1931: 293. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe, Sinoia and Umtali, on Citrus aurantium, Toddalia asiatica, and on Cedrela toona. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype female. designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: Zimbabwe [Southern Rhodesia]: upper label, scratched onto glass: Ceroplastes / destructor var. / brevicauda Hall / Citrus / aurantium / (Lu Rha / branches) / Mazoe / WJH 1/9/27; and lower stuck-on label: TYPE / 14.iii.30 / WJH (BMNH): 1/2ad..
Ceroplastes brevicauda; De Lotto, 1955: 267. Change of status.
Ceroplastes luteolus; De Lotto, 1965a: 196. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 50.
Gascardia brevicauda; De Lotto, 1965a: 196. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus anchietae [Hodgso1969], Rhus dentata [Hodgso1969], Schinus molle [DeLott1965a, Hodgso1969], Sclerocarya caffra [Hodgso1969]. Apocynaceae: Acokanthera longiflora [DeLott1965a], Allamanda [Hodgso1969], Nerium oleander [DeLott1965a], Rauvolfia caffra [Hodgso1969]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [Hodgso1969]. Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [HodgsoPe2012]. Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [DeLott1965a], Chrysanthemum ?fentescens [HodgsoPe2012]. Bignoniaceae: Markhamia platycalyx [DeLott1955]. Burseraceae: Dacryodes edulis [HodgsoPe2012]. Euphorbiaceae: Uapaca kirkiana [Hodgso1969]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Cillie1967], Cajanus indicus [Cillie1967]. Loranthaceae [EtiennMa1993]. Meliaceae: Cedrela sp. [HodgsoPe2012], Cedrela toona [Hall1931], Khaya nyasica [Hodgso1969], Melia azedarach [Hodgso1969]. Moraceae: Ficus lutea [CouturMaRi1985]. Myricaceae: Myrica serrata [Hodgso1969]. Myrtaceae: Syzygium cordatum [Hodgso1969]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum viridiflorum [Hodgso1969]. Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago [Hodgso1969]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Almeid1973b], Coffea arabica [DeLott1955, DeLott1965a, DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b], Coffea canephora [DeLott1967a], Coffea robusta [DeLott1965a], Coffea stenophylla [DeLott1965a, Almeid1973b], Gardenia [Hodgso1969], Pentas schimperana [Hodgso1969]. Rutaceae: Citrus [DeLott1965a], Citrus aurantium [DeLott1965a, Hall1931], Citrus maxima [DeLott1955], Citrus sinensis [Hodgso1969], Toddalia asiatica [Hall1931].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1965a, DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b]; Benin [HodgsoPe2012]; Cameroon [HodgsoPe2012]; Central African Republic [HodgsoPe2012]; Comoros [HodgsoPe2012]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Eritrea [DeLott1965a]; Gabon [HodgsoPe2012]; Guinea [HodgsoPe2012]; Kenya [HodgsoPe2012]; Malawi [Hodgso1969]; Nigeria [HodgsoPe2012]; Rwanda [HodgsoPe2012]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [HodgsoPe2012]); Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Sierra Leone [HodgsoPe2012]; South Africa [DeLott1965a, Cillie1967]; Sudan [HodgsoPe2012]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Uganda [DeLott1965a]; Zambia [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, DeLott1965a, Hodgso1969].
BIOLOGY: Cilliers (1967) studied the biology and natural enemies in South Africa. Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE:
SYSTEMATICS: Ceroplastes brevicauda differs from C. destructor in the following points: 1. Denuded of wax the adult female, instead of being more or less pyriform in outline, is very nearly circular. It is very highly convex andvuniformly rounded - only very slightly longer than broad. Lateral tubercles entirely absent. 2. The caudal process is rudimentary, being represented by a very small triangular projection. In C. destructor, the caudal process is half as long as the body and stout. 3. In old females, the deris is uniformly chitinised except for a small area round the base of the caudal process. This small hyaline area is characteristic and distinguishes it at once from C. destructor and other Ceroplastes species, with the exception of C. helichrysi. (Hall, 1931) De Lotto (1965) synonymised C. luteolus with C. brevicauda. It is clear that these 2 species are very similar but Hodgson & Peronti, 2012, determined that they should be considered distinct. In particular, the caudal process on C. brevicauda is never more than rather weakly sclerotised whereas on C. luteolus it is strongly sclerotised, even on young specimens (e.g., holotype).
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 49 [Key to adult females of C. destructor-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 4]; Bedfor1973 [biological control: 4-11]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 22-23]; Cillie1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 1-59]; Cillie2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 162-164]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 196-199]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 111]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 255]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 293-294]; HallFo1933 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-55]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23-24]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 50-53,241]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; LePell1968 [host, distribution]; Matile1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 175-176]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19].
Ceroplastes bruneri Cockerell & Cockerell in CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes bruneri Cockerell & Cockerell in Cockerell, 1902i: 91. Type data: PARAGUAY: San Bernardino, on unspecified host plant. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Ceroplastes bruneri; Fernald, 1903: 149. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Ceroplastes (Ceroplastidia) bruneri; Cockerell, 1910a: 76.
Ceroplastes (Ceroplastidia) bruneri; Lizer y Trelles, 1939: 195. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Cockerell" as author.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Hodgso1994a, Granar1999], Acacia bonariensis [Lizery1939], Acacia furcatispina [Granar1999], Acacia retinodes [Lizery1939], Acacia riparia [Lizery1939], Ceratonia siliqua [Lizery1939], Manganaroa furcata [Lizery1939], Manganaroa platensis [Lizery1939], Parkinsonia aculeata [Lizery1939]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia edulis [Granar1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Hodgso1994a] (Entre Rios [Granar1999], Misiones [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999]); Bolivia; Colombia [Hodgso1994a, Kondo2001] (Doujaca, Magd.); Paraguay [Hodgso1994a] (San Bernardino); Uruguay [Granar1999].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1994a) and by Granara de Willink (1999).
KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 23]; Cocker1902i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 91]; Cocker1902p [catalogue: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 149]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-64]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-166]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 195]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 7]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 223].
Ceroplastes bussei Newstead nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes bussei Newstead, 1906a: 74. Nomen nudum; discovered by De Lotto, 1965a: 181.
Ceroplastes bussei Newstead, 1906a: 74. Nomen nudum; discovered by De Lotto, 1965a: 181.
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: xxiii]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 181]; Newste1906a [taxonomy: 74]; Strick1947a [taxonomy: 498-499].
Ceroplastes caesalpiniae ReyneNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes caesalpiniae Reyne, 1964: 114. Type data: CURACAO: Noordkant, on Caesalpinia coriaria. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands.
HOST: Fabaceae: Caesalpinia coriaria [Reyne1964].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Netherlands Antilles (Curacao).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 23]; Reyne1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-122].
Ceroplastes campinensis HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes campinensis Hempel, 1901b: 389. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Botucatu and Campinas, on Myrtaceae and Psidium guajava. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Hempel1901b].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 23-24]; Cocker1902p [catalogue: 254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 149]; Hempel1901b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-390]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19-20]; Vernal1953 [taxonomy: 124].
Ceroplastes cassiae (Chavannes)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus cassiae Chavannes, 1848: 141. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Gália, Estacao Ecologica de Caetetus, on Machaerium acutifolium; collected A.L.B.G. Pernti, 1.v.1003. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti et al., 2008: 148. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil; type no. 387. Described: female. Illust. Notes: The syntypes of Chavannes were collected in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Bosafogo Bay, on Cassia sp. Depository of Chavannes' type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).
Columnea gray Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by.
Ceroplastes gray; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 728. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes cassiae; Signoret, 1869: 848. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Croton piptocalyx [PerontSoGr2008]. Fabaceae: Cassia [Chavan1848], Machearium acutifolium [PerontSoGr2008]. Moraceae: Ficus citrifolia [PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [Chavan1848, Cocker1897r], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (008).
KEYS: Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 24]; Chavan1848 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141-144]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy, host, distribution: 311]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 330]; Cocker1897r [taxonomy: 70]; Cocker1902p [catalogue: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 149]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 452]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-149]; Signor1869 [host, distribution: 848, 855]; Signor1872a [catalogue: 43-44]; Targio1866 [catalogue: 145]; Targio1868 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1082]; Westwo1853b [taxonomy: 484]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 14].
Ceroplastes castelbrancoi AlmeidaNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes aff. longicauda; Almeida, 1969: 17. Misidentification.
Ceroplastes castelbrancoi Almeida, 1973b: 2. Type data: ANGOLA: Sa da Bandeira, on twigs of quince [=Cydonia oblonga]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Lisbon: Coleccoes do Centro de Zoologia do Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, Portugal; type no. 4450. Described: female.
HOST: Rosaceae: Cydonia oblonga [Almeid1969, Almeid1973b].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1969, Almeid1973b, MendesFe1989, HodgsoPe2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Almeida (1969).
STRUCTURE: Body oval, probably rather convex, with shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum probably with distinct tubercles. Caudal process (present on only 1 specimen) appearing to be about 1/3rd body length. Length of the body approximately 2.5-6.25 mm long and 0.65- 4.5 mm wide. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: The description and illustration of Ceroplastes aff. longicauda Brain, by Almeida (1969: 143) was a misidentification of Ceroplastes castelbrancoi Almeida, 1973b. Although adult female C. castelbrancoi appear to be very similar to C. eucleae and C. eugeniae, Almeida (1969) states (and illustrates) that mature C. castelbrancoi have a more elongate caudal process, which extends some distance posteriorly (rather less than one third of total body length) whereas on the other 2 species it is shorter, conical and extends dorso-posteriorly. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].
CITATIONS: Almeid1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 143-146]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution : 2]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 24]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, structure, taxonomy: 99,100,103-104,242]; MendesFe1989 [host, distribution: 56].
Ceroplastes centroroseus ChenNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes centroroseus Chen, 1974: 325. Type data: CHINA: Sichuan Province, on Citrus sp. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material lost (F.T. Tang, 1989, personal communication).
Paracerostegia centroroseus; Tang, 1991: 305. Change of combination.
Paracerostegla centroroceus; Tao, 1999: 61. Misspelling of genus and species names.
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Yucca filamentosa [Tang1991]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Chen1974]. Theaceae: Thea sinensis [Tang1991].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Tang 1991: 304 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 24]; Chen1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 325-327]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution: 791]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 305-306]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 61]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187].
Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus ceriferus Fabricius, 1798: 546. Type data: INDIA: Coromandel Coast, probably collected on Maytenus emarginatus. Syntypes, female. Notes: For details on the type material see De Lotto, 1971.
Coccus (Ceroplastes) chilensis Gray, 1828: 7. Type data: CHILE: on branches and peduncles of unidentified tree. Syntypes, preadult female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Green, 1899: 191.
Ceroplastes australiae Walker, 1852: 1087. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Sydney. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Green, 1899: 191.
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Walker, 1852: 1087. Change of combination.
Columnea cerifera; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 144. Change of combination.
Columnea chilensis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Signoret, 1869: 848. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Anderson.
Lacca alba Signoret, 1869: 848. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiii.
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Signoret, 1872a: 40. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Anderson.
Ceroplastes australae; Green, 1904b: 375. Misidentification.
Seroplastes ceriferus; Seabra, 1925: 32. Misspelling of genus name.
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Kiritchenko, 1932a: 248. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Anderson.
Ceroplastes vayssierei Mahdihassan, 1933: 561. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by.
Gascardia cerifera; De Lotto, 1965a: 198. Change of combination. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus; Paik, 1978. Misidentification.
Ceroplastes ceriferens; Tao, 1978: 79. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Ceroplastes ceriferens; Su, 1982: 61. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Ceroplastes cerifera Gill, 1988: 18. Unjustified emendation.
COMMON NAMES: Indian wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984, Gill1988, Koszta1996]; indian wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984, Gill1988, Koszta1996].
FOES: DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Pectinodiplosis erratica (Felt) [GagneEt2009]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anicetus rarisetus Xu & He [XuHe1997], Anicetus zhejiangensis Xu & Li [XuLi1991].
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer japonicus [Green1921a]. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Anacardiaceae: Buchanania [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Mangifera indica [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, KinjoNaHi1996], Rhus succedanea [Kuwana1907, Kuwana1923c], Schinus molle [QinGu1994], Spondias purpurea [MatileEt2006]. Apocynaceae: Carissa spinarium [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Thevetia peruviana [GimpelMiDa1974]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex cornuta [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex crenata [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex japonicus [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex latifolia [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex opaca [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex serrata [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex vomitoria [GimpelMiDa1974]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Lindin1911a], Fatsia japonica [GimpelMiDa1974]. Asclepiadaceae: Asclepiadron [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Asteraceae: Artemisia abrotanum [WilliaKo1972], Artemisia capillaris [Ali1971]. Berberidaceae: Berberis julianae [WilliaKo1972], Berberis tricanthophora [WilliaKo1972], Mahonia [GimpelMiDa1974]. Betulaceae: Betula pendula [WilliaKo1972]. Bignoniaceae: Pandora pandorana [DeLott1971]. Burseraceae: Boswellia [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Bursera simaruba [NakahaMi1981]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [GimpelMiDa1974]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum [HamonWi1984]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Celastraceae: Celastrus ceriferus [Fabric1798, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Celastrus ceriferus [Westwo1853b, Targio1866], Euonymus europaeus [GimpelMiDa1974], Euonymus japonicus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Combretaceae: Terminalia [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [GimpelMiDa1974]. Dennstaedtiaceae: Pteridium esculentum [DeLott1971, QinGu1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Kuwana1923c, DanzigKo1990]. Epacridaceae: Monotoca elliptica [DeLott1971]. Ericaceae: Azalea [GimpelMiDa1974], Vaccinium arboreum [GimpelMiDa1974]. Fabaceae: Cassia [Iherin1897]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [MatileEt2006]. Icacinaceae: Phytocrene [Morris1920, Ali1971]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [QinGu1994], Persea gratissima [DeLott1971, Ali1971]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [GimpelMiDa1974], Lawsonia alba [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora [WilliaKo1972], Magnolia virginiana [HamonWi1984]. Malvaceae: Abutilon indicum [AvasthSh1986, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Melastomataceae: Melastoma candidum [Ali1971]. Moraceae: Ficus [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971, Beards1986], Ficus hauili [Morris1920, Ali1971], Ficus hispida [WilliaMi2010], Ficus montana [WilliaMi2010], Ficus religiosa [ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus retusa [Ali1971], Morus alba [Kuwana1923c, Ali1971], Morus indica [Green1937, Ali1971]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus deglupta [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia malaccensis [WilliaWa1990], Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [Ali1971]. Ochnaceae: Sauvagesia erecta [NakahaMi1981]. Philadelphaceae: Deutzia [WilliaKo1972]. Pinaceae: Keteleeria [Ali1971], Tsuga canadensis [GimpelMiDa1974]. Piperaceae: Piper [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [GimpelMiDa1974]. Platanaceae: Platanus [HamonWi1984]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus macrophyllus [GimpelMiDa1974], Podocarpus nagi [GimpelMiDa1974]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon [Green1896, Green1909a, Ali1971], Polygonum [Ali1971]. Polypodiaceae: Pteris aquilina [DeLott1971], Pyrrosia lanceolata [WilliaWa1990]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Rosaceae: Armeniaca vulgaris [Kuwana1923c], Chaenomeles japonica [WilliaKo1972], Cormus tschonoskii [Kuwana1923c], Crataegus [GimpelMiDa1974], Malus sylvestris [Kuwana1923c], Persica vulgaris [Kuwana1923c], Prunus domestica [Kuwana1923c], Prunus yedoensis [Kuwana1923c], Pygeum preslii [Ali1971], Pyracantha coccinea [GimpelMiDa1974], Spiraea [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Newste1911a], Gardenia florida [Kuwana1923c], Ixora triflora [WilliaWa1990], Neonauclea calycina [WilliaMi2010]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Ali1971, GimpelMiDa1974, KomuraMiMi1982, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Salicaceae: Salix [HamonWi1984]. Sapindaceae: Euphoria longana [Ali1971, Takaha1942a], Nephelium lappaceum [GimpelMiDa1974]. Sapotaceae: Pometia pinnata [Ali1971]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [DeLott1971], Tamarix aphylla [QinGu1994], Tamarix gallica [GimpelMiDa1974]. Theaceae: Camellia japonica [GimpelMiDa1974], Camellia sasanqua [HamonWi1984], Camellia sinensis [Green1900c, Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971, GimpelMiDa1974, ShafeeYoKh1989], Camellia sinensis [Tamaki1964, Tamaki1966, DanzigKo1990], Taonabo japonica [Kuwana1907]. Ulmaceae: Celtis occidentalis [WilliaKo1972], Ulmus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Urticaceae: Pouzolzia [Green1896, Ali1971], Pouzolzia walkeriana [Green1909a]. Verbenaceae: Callicarpa [GimpelMiDa1974], Duranta [QinGu1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Newste1911a] (The records from Tanzania and Uganda by Newstead (1910a, 1910b, 1911b) and those of Lindinger (1907, 1913) were based on "specimens of Gascardia destructor" (now Ceroplastes destructor), a species that was described only later by Newstead (1917). It is considered doubtful whether this species has been recorded from the Afrotropical Region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)); Uganda [Newste1910a, Newste1910c] (The records from Tanzania and Uganda by Newstead (1910a, 1910b, 1911b) and those of Lindinger (1907, 1913) were based on "specimens of Gascardia destructor" (now Ceroplastes destructor), a species that was described only later by Newstead (1917). It is considered doubtful whether this species has been recorded from the Afrotropical Region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)). Australasian: Australia [Green1899b, Kirkal1902, Frogga1915, Beards1986, DanzigKo1990, QinGu1994] (New South Wales [DeLott1971, QinGu1994], Queensland [Brimbl1956a, DeLott1971, QinGu1994], Western Australia [QinGu1994]); Christmas Island [AbbottGr2007]; Cook Islands; Fiji [Beards1986]; Guam [Beards1986]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, DanzigKo1990]); New Caledonia; New Zealand [HodgsoHe2000]; Palau [Beards1986]; Papua New Guinea; Tonga; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]. Nearctic: Mexico [Kirkal1902, KomuraMiMi1982, DanzigKo1990]; United States of America (Alabama, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York, North Carolina, Ohio [Koszta1996], Oklahoma, Pennsylvania [Koszta1996, Stimme1998], South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia). Neotropical: Brazil [Iherin1897]; Chile [Gray1828, DanzigKo1990, KondoGu2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Jamaica [Kirkal1902]; Panama [Beards1986]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Fabric1798, Targio1866, Kirkal1902, ShafeeYoKh1989, DanzigKo1990] [Green1899b, Frogga1915, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971] (Assam [Green1900c, Ali1971], Bihar [Ali1971], Madhya Pradesh [Ali1971], Tamil Nadu [Newste1894c, AvasthSh1986], West Bengal); Indonesia [Beards1986] [WilliaMi2010]; Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [MuniapShWa2011]; Malaysia; Philippines [Ali1971]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1899b, Green1900c, Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971, DanzigKo1990]; Taiwan [Ali1971]; Thailand; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Canary Islands [Lindin1911a]; China [Westwo1853b, Ali1971, DanzigKo1990] (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Italy [MoriPeTo2001]; Japan [Kuwana1917, Tamaki1964, Tamaki1966, Beards1986, KomuraMiMi1982, PawlakTeIw1983, DanzigKo1990]; Netherlands [FetykoKo2012]; United Kingdom (England [Green1921a]).
BIOLOGY: Ohgushi & Nishino (1975) studied the life tables in Japan. A parthenogenetic species in USA, Virginia; develops one annual generation in USA, Maryland and Virginia; overwinters as an adult female (Kosztarab, 1996).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1971), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gimpel et al. (1974), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Kosztarab (1996), Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Description and illustration of adult male by Gimpel et al. (1974).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.58, a,b), Hamon & Williams (1984) and in Mori et al. (2001, 2001a). Body covered by thick white (young female) to pinkish white (old female) wet wax, convex, circular or irregular in outline, with an anteriorly projecting horn visible only on older females, without nuclei. Wax bands near both spiracles, anterior bands directed dorsally. Dry wax with filaments as follows: cephalic filament trifurcate; anterolateral and mediolateral simple; posterolateral bifurcate; caudal simple.(Lee, et al., 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: The authorship of this species was erroneously credited to Anderson (1790) for almost 200 years. However, the correct name is Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius, 1798). For a detailed discussion on this topic see De Lotto (1971), Williams (2002) and Hodgson & Peronti, 2012. Lee, et al, 2012 examined 143 specimens labeled as C. pseudoceriferus, deposited at the National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea and determined that they were actually C. ceriferus. According to Gimpel et al. (1974), C. ceriferus is close to C. pseudoceriferus Green and C. albolineatus Cockerell. C. ceriferus differs from C. pseudoceriferus in having significantly smaller legs and ntennae,few or no multilocular disc-pores near the procoxae and many fewer stigmatic setae in each cleft. C. pseudoceriferus also has 40 marginal setae between the anterior stigmatic furrows (less than 15 in C. ceriferus). C. albolineatus differs from C. ceriferus in having 7-segmented antennae and a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis. Neither C. pseudoceriferus nor C. albolineatus has been recorded from Africa. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes ceriferus generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of economic importance to many ornamentals in U.S.A. (Gimpel et al., 1974; Kosztarab, 1996). C. ceriferus is a highly polyphagous pest, and many of its host plants are citivated in Europe for fruit production or ornamental purposes. Its recent introduction into Italy showed that the pest is able to survive in parts of Europe. Although more data is needed on the impact of this scale on fruit crops, it seems that it is more a threat for ornamental crops. Control of scales is usually difficult in practice, although biological control agents exist in other parts of the world, it is not known whether they could reduce populations sufficiently under European conditions.
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Lee et al. 2012: 159-160 (female) [Key to the wax tests of adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Lee et al. 2012: 160 (female) [Key to slide mounted adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile]; Mori, Pellizzari & Tosi 2001: 42 (female) [Italy]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 185 (female) [New Zealand]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Tang 1991: 297 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Kawai 1980: 166 (female) [Japan]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 71 (male) [USA]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 36 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Green 1909a: 270-271 (female) [Ceylon]; Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AbbottGr2007 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 1238-1246]; Ali1971 [catalogue: 16]; Antonu2003 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 330-332]; Beards1986 [host, distribution: 9]; Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: xxiii, 24-26]; Blanch1883 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 238-239]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 457-459]; Brimbl1956a [taxonomy, host, distribution : 159-161]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 224-225]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7-8]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331,333]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 43]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; DeBach1958a [biological control: 759-768]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 198]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 133-140,142-143]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution, molecular data, taxonomy: 791-796]; Fabric1798 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 546]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148-150]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 75]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 291-295]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 421-422]; GagneEt2009 [host, distribution, biological control: 348-349]; Gill1988 [distribution: 18]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-29,71-73]; Gowdey1921 [host, distribution]; Gray1828 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 7]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1899b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 190-192]; Green1900c [host, distribution: 8]; Green1904b [taxonomy, description, distribution: 375]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 270-271]; Green1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution : 259]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 310]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-22]; Hodges2001 [host, distribution, life history: 1-122]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 208]; HodgesBr2004 [host, life history, ecology: 611-622]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-186,191]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 19]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 33-37,50,53,54,234]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; Iherin1897 [host, distribution: 408-409]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 167-169]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 248]; Kirkal1902 [taxonomy, distribution: 105]; Kirkal1904 [taxonomy, distribution: 228]; KomuraMiMi1982 [structure, taxonomy, host, distribution : 3053-3054]; KondoGu2010 [host, distribution: 13]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance : 326-327]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 81]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution : 190]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 71-72]; Kuwana1923b [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 43-50]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; LeeWuSu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, molecular data: 157-162]; Lindin1911a [host, distribution: 33]; MaChZh1995 [host, distribution: 117-119]; Mahdih1933 [taxonomy: 561]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 32,233]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 216-217]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 12]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; MoriPeTo2001 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41-43]; MoriPeTo2002 [host, distribution: 331-336]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 188]; MuniapShWa2011 [distribution, economic importance, host: 168,169]; NakahaMi1981 [distribution: 29]; Newste1894c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 21-23]; Newste1910a [host, distribution: 66]; Newste1910c [host, distribution: 195]; Newste1911a [host, distribution: 167]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; Ohgush1986a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 59-62]; Ohgush1986b [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 147-149]; Ohgush1987a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 82-85]; Ohgush1988 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 75-77]; OhgushNi1975 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1-21]; PawlakTeIw1983 [structure, distribution: 1069-1072]; Pearso1794 [chemistry, life history,: 383]; PellizAnGa2005 [life history, distribution: 350]; PellizGaMo2004 [host, distribution, life history, chemical control, biological control: 39-46]; Pezzi2002 [host, distribution: 31-33]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 928-930]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 29]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 39]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 97-98]; Seabra1925 [taxonomy: 32]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 47-48]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 844,848,849]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40, 44-45]; SmithOtMc1971 [host, distribution, control, economic importance: 889-893]; Stimme1998 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, control: 17-19]; Su1982 [taxonomy, distribution: 61]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 345]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 104]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 30]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 17]; Tamaki1964 [chemical control, host, distribution: 159-164]; Tamaki1966 [host, distribution: 297-300]; Tanaka1953 [illustration, host, distribution: 57,58]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-93]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 128]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 298-299]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 79]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51-52]; Targio1866 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 144-145]; Trembl1988b [host, distribution: 116]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 340-341]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 155-158]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1079, 1086, 1087]; Westwo1853b [host, distribution: 484]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2002 [taxonomy: 239]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 15]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36-43]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 45]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-69]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 38-40]; XieXu2005 [taxonomy, structure: 837-848]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2005a [taxonomy, wax, infra-red: 133-143]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-202]; XuHe1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 91-94]; XuLi1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 219-221]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 187].
Ceroplastes circumdatus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes circumdatus Green, 1923b: 95. Type data: GUYANA: Demerara, on Triphasia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
HOST: Rutaceae: Triphasia [Green1923b].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Green1923b].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 26]; Green1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95].
Ceroplastes cirripediformis ComstockNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock, 1881a: 333. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Sanford, on Eupatorium sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel et al., 1974: 29. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Ceroplastes plumbaginis Cockerell, 1893f: 82. Type data: ANTIGUA: on Plumbago capensis. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 29.
Ceroplastes euphorbiae Cockerell, 1896e: 17. Type data: JAMAICA: Red Hill District, on Euphorbia hypericifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 29.
Ceroplastes mexicanus Cockerell, 1896f: 20. Type data: MEXICO: San Luis Potosi and Guyamas, on Catalpa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 29. Notes: Also described as n. sp. in Cockerell, 1896h, p. 20.
Ceroplastes rarus Hempel, 1900a: 469. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on twigs of an indigenous tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Synonymy by Peronti et al., 2008: 150.
Ceroplastes cultus Hempel, 1900a: 470. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on twigs of Erigeron canadensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Synonymy by Peronti et al., 2008: 150.
Ceroplastes cuneatus Hempel, 1900a: 471. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on twigs of Erigeron canadensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Synonymy by Peronti et al., 2008: 150.
Ceroplastes rotundus Hempel, 1900a: 473. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on twigs of Maytenus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Synonymy by Peronti et al., 2008: 150.
Ceroplastes breviseta Leonardi, 1911: 264. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, Cacheuta, on Atriplex lampa. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 51. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Synonymy by Granara de Willink, 1999: 49.
Ceroplastes cerripidiformis; Houser, 1918: 159. Misspelling of species name.
Ceroplastes cirrepediformis; Hodges, 2002b: 205. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAMES: barnacle scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988]; barnacle wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, BenDov1993]; Conchuela cerosa [RipaRo2008a].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Azya luteipis [Bartle1978], Orcus chalybeus [Bartle1978]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus caridei Brethes [MarinLCi1996], Coccophagus rusti Compere [MarinLCi1996]. Encyrtidae: Anicetus quintanai De Santis [MarinLCi1996], Gahaniella saissetiae Timberlake [MarinLCi1996]. Eulophidae: Pachyneuron [MarinLCi1996], Tetrastichus [MarinLCi1996]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista cyanea Motschulsky [MarinLCi1996].
HOSTS: Starchitaphtera [PerontSoGr2008]. Acanthaceae: Asystasia gangetica [Nakaha1981a], Graptophyllum pictum [Nakaha1981a], Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum [Nakaha1981a], Strobilanthes anisophyllus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Agavaceae: Agave americana [HamonWi1984]. Amaranthaceae: Alternathera amoena [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Amaranthus [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [HodgsoHi1990], Mangifera indica [Nakaha1983, KondoKa1995], Schinus [HodgsoHi1990], Schinus terebinthifolia [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Toxicodendron [HodgsoHi1990]. Apocynaceae: Carissa carandas [HamonWi1984], Nerium [HodgsoHi1990], Plumeria [Nakaha1981a]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [GimpelMiDa1974]. Araceae: Philodendron [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a]. Aspidiaceae: Didymochlaena [HodgsoHi1990]. Asteraceae: Ageratum conyzoides [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Artemisia [GimpelMiDa1974], Baccharis halimifolia [GimpelMiDa1974], Borrichia frutescens [GimpelMiDa1974], Chrysanthemum [GimpelMiDa1974, HodgsoHi1990], Chrysanthemum indicum [Ballou1926], Erigeron canadensis [Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008], Eupatorium capillifolium [HamonWi1984], Helianthus [HodgsoHi1990], Iva frutescens [GimpelMiDa1974], Palafoxia feayi [GimpelMiDa1974], Pluchea indica [Nakaha1981a], Pluchea odorata [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Wedelia trilobata [Nakaha1981a]. Balanitaceae: Balanites [GimpelMiDa1974]. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens [HodgsoHi1990]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa [Cocker1893m, Cocker1896f, Cocker1896h], Dorantha [HodgsoHi1990], Jacaranda cuspidifolia [PerontSoGr2008], Podranea [HodgsoHi1990], Tabebuia [PerontSoGr2008], Tabebuia donell-smithi [Nakaha1981a], Tecomaria [HodgsoHi1990]. Boraginaceae: Tiquilia darwinii [LincanHoCa2010], Tournefortia sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum suspensum [HamonWi1984]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [GimpelMiDa1974, HodgsoHi1990], Maytenus [Hempel1900a, GimpelMiDa1974], Maytenus octogona [LincanHoCa2010]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [Granar1999], Atriplex lampa [Leonar1911, Sassce1912], Suaeda [Granar1999]. Clusiaceae: Mammea [GimpelMiDa1974]. Combretaceae: Conocarpus [HodgsoHi1990], Laguncularia racemosa [LincanHoCa2010]. Convolvulaceae: Argyreia nervosa [Nakaha1981a], Ipomoea [Newste1917b], Ipomoea batatas [GimpelMiDa1974], Rivea speciosa [Ballou1926]. Cycadaceae: Cycas [HodgsoHi1990]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [GimpelMiDa1974]. Ehretiaceae: Ehretia anacua [GimpelMiDa1974]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [GimpelMiDa1974, HodgsoHi1990], Euphorbia hypericifolia [Cocker1896o], Euphorbia pulcherrima [GimpelMiDa1974], Hura crepitans [Newste1917b]. Fabaceae: Cassia corymbosa [GimpelMiDa1974], Parkinsonia aculeata [HamonWi1984]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [Ballou1926]. Lamiaceae: Rosmarinus [GimpelMiDa1974, HodgsoHi1990], Salvia [HodgsoHi1990]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [Ballou1926], Ocotea pulchella [PerontSoGr2008]. Malpighiaceae: Byrsonima intermedia [PerontSoGr2008], Malpighia [Nakaha1983], Malpighia coccigera [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Malpighia emarginata [MatileEt2006], Malpighia ilicifolia [PerontSoGr2008]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [HodgsoHi1990]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [GimpelMiDa1974]. Moraceae: Ficus [HodgsoHi1990]. Musaceae: Musa paradisiaca [Nakaha1983]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum [Argyri1983]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia pyramidalis [GimpelMiDa1974]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Nakaha1981a], Eugenia aquea [Green1904a], Feijoa sellowiana [GimpelMiDa1974], Myrtus [GimpelMiDa1974], Pimenta officinalis [Nakaha1981a], Psidium guajava [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983]. Nyctaginaceae: Cryptocarpus pyriformis [LincanHoCa2010], Pisonia [GimpelMiDa1974], Pisonia aculeata [Ballou1926]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [Granar1999], Gaura [GimpelMiDa1974]. Orchidaceae: Vanda aurora [GimpelMiDa1974]. Osmundaceae: Osmunda [HodgsoHi1990]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990, MarinLCi1996a, PerontSoGr2008], Passiflora edulis [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a, GalloVaBo1994], Passiflora ligularis [GimpelMiDa1974], Passiflora quadrangularis [GimpelMiDa1974]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [HodgsoHi1990]. Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago capensis [Cocker1893m]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba unifera [Nakaha1983]. Punicaceae: Punica [HodgsoHi1990], Punica granatum [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis hilarii [Granar1999]. Rhamnaceae: Karwinskia humboltiana [Bibby1931]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora mangle [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rosaceae: Cotoneaster [GimpelMiDa1974], Eriobotrya [HodgsoHi1990], Pyracantha [HodgsoHi1990]. Rubiaceae: Chiococca [HodgsoHi1990], Gardenia jasminoides [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a, Granar1999], Gardenia taitensis [Nakaha1981a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [HodgsoHi1990], Citrus limon [GimpelMiDa1974], Citrus sinensis [Ballou1926, GimpelMiDa1974], Fortunella [HodgsoHi1990]. Salicaceae: Salix [GimpelMiDa1974]. Sapindaceae: Cardiospermum [HodgsoHi1990], Dodonaea [HodgsoHi1990], Dodonaea viscosa [GimpelMiDa1974], Melicoccus bejuga [Ballou1926]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Ballou1926], Chrysophyllum cainito [GimpelMiDa1974]. Scrophulariaceae: Russelia [HodgsoHi1990]. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia nitida [Ballou1926], Physalis [HodgsoHi1990], Solanum [HodgsoHi1990, PerontSoGr2008], Solanum melongena [MatileEt2006], Solanum muricatum [GalloVaBo1994], Solanum paniculatum [PerontSoGr2008], Solanum seaforthianum [Ballou1926]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [GimpelMiDa1974, HodgsoHi1990], Tamarix gallica [Ballou1926]. Theaceae: Cleyera japonica [GimpelMiDa1974], Thea. Turneraceae: Turnera subulata [MatileEt2006]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [HodgsoHi1990], Celtis laevigata [GimpelMiDa1974], Ulmus parvifolia [HamonWi1984], Ulmus pumila [GimpelMiDa1974]. Urticaceae: Urtica [HodgsoHi1990]. Verbenaceae [PerontSoGr2008], Citharexylum [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Citharexylum spinosum [Nakaha1981a], Clerodendrum fragrans [Ballou1926, GimpelMiDa1974, Marott1987], Duranta [HodgsoHi1990], Duranta plumieri [Cocker1899n], Duranta repens [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a, PerontSoGr2008], Petrea volubilis [Ballou1926]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Granar1999]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia [Granar1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [BenDov1993]); Marshall Islands [BenDov1993]; Wake Island [BenDov1993]. Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1896f, Cocker1899n, Ferris1921] (Baja California Sur [Ferris1921], Coahuila [BenDov1993], Guanajuato [BenDov1993], Jalisco [Cocker1903a], San Luis Potosi [Cocker1896f, Cocker1896h], Veracruz [Cocker1899n]); United States of America (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, District of Columbia, Florida [Comsto1881a], Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas [Bibby1931]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Cocker1893gg]); Argentina [Sassce1912] (Entre Rios [Granar1999, GranarCl2003], Mendoza [Granar1999, GranarCl2003], Tucuman [Granar1999, GranarCl2003]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990]; Brazil (Alagoas [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]); Chile [GalloVaBo1994, RipaRo2008a, KondoGu2010]; Colombia [KondoKa1995, Kondo2001]; Cuba [Houser1918, Ballou1926]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Guyana [Newste1917b]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Granar1999]; Martinique [Granar1999]; Peru [MarinLCi1996a]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Green1904a]); Philippines. Palaearctic: Greece [Argyri1983]; Italy [Marott1987, LongoMaPe1995].
BIOLOGY: Gill (1988) reported that, apparently, it develops one annual generation in USA, California.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustrations of the adult female by Gimpel et al. (1974), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Kosztarab (1996), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Peronti et al. (2008). Description and illustration of the adult male given by Gimpel et al. (1974).
STRUCTURE: Adult female convex, hemispherical; 2-5 mm long. Body of the female reddish-brown to brown. Wax cover thick, grey in colour. Colour photograph of adult female by Gill (1988) and by Peronti et al. (2008). Wet wax rectangular to oval in dorsal view, hemispherical laterally, without horn, dirty to grayish white, with marginal flange small or absent and not hiding lateral filaments, divided into 1 dorsal and 6 lateral plates, with nuclei. Dry wax filaments as follows: cephalic filament appearing trifurcate, with acute apices; anterolateral and posterolateral filaments simple; posterolateral filaments bifurcate; caudal filaments with weakly divided, bifurcate apices; dorsal dry wax of first and second instars forming small central cap, surrounded by large dorsomedial nucleus; dorsal dry wax not tilted. Stigmatic wax bands present near both pairs of spiracles, anterior bands directed dorsally, filamentous wax confined to stigmatic areas. Length 3.8 (range 1.0-7.1) mm, width 2.4 (range 0.8-5.2) mm, height 2.0 (range 0.7-4.2) mm. (Gimpel et al., 1974
SYSTEMATICS: C. cirripediformis is close to C. sinensis. According to Gimpel et al. (1974), C. cirripediformis differs from C. sinensis as follows (data for C. sinensis in brackets): (i) dorsal setae mainly capitate (rarelycapitate); (ii) each anal plate with 1 ventral seta (with 2 ventral setae); (iii) stigmatic setae predominantly isosceleswith pointed apices, apical third never bent (predominantly hemispherical, bullet-shaped with rounded apices or lanceolate with apical third bent); (iv) ventral submarginal band of filamentous ducts absent (present), and (v) multilocular disc-pores present on all abdominal and generally on all thoracic segments (multilocular disc-pores absent from abdominal segments II and III and thorax).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This soft scale is a pest of Citrus and many ornamentals (Gimpel et al., 1974; Kosztarab, 1996). In California it has not been recorded as a serious pest of commercial crops, but occasionally a pest of dooryard Gardenia plants (Gill, 1988). Occasionally a serious pest in Mexico, the West Indies and other areas of the Caribbean Sea (Bartlett, 1978).
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile]; Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil]; Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Granara de Willink 1999: 49 (female) [Argentina]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Pellizzari & Camporose 1994: 177 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]; Gill 1988: 17 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 36 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Beardsley 1966: 480 (female) [Micronesia]; Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [Florida].
CITATIONS: Argyri1983 [taxonomy: 364]; Ballou1926 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; Bartle1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 59]; Beards1966 [host, distribution: 480]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 23,27-30,48-49]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; Bibby1931 [host, distribution: 588]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; Cocker1893gg [taxonomy, host, distribution: 373]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 5-6, 8]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 331,332]; Cocker1896f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34]; Cocker1896h [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 20]; Cocker1899n [distribution, host: 17]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253-254]; Cocker1903a [host, distribution: 156]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333-334]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 150-156]; Ferris1921 [host, distribution: 89]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; GalloVaBo1994 [host, distribution: 69-71]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 18-19,22]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-35,71,73-79]; Gonzal1989 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 81]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 627]; Green1904a [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 207]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 22-25]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 469-472,473-474]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 65-68]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 205,208]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 5-12,14-21]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 37-39,241]; Houser1918 [host, distribution: 159]; JohnsoLy1988 [host, distribution]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 248]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; KondoGu2010 [distribution: 13]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; KondoLoQu2010 [biological control: 7-13]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 328-329]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 264-266]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 195]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 122]; MarinLCi1996a [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 91-96]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 98]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 51,58,128,177,193]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 389]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 3]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 29]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-152]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301,302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; RipaRo2008a [description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 149-150]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 9]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 88]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 137]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 7]; SimmonBe1976 [biological control: 460]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 125,130]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 228]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 34].
Ceroplastes cistudiformis CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes psidii cistudiformis Cockerell, 1893i: 104. Type data: MEXICO: Guanajuato, on Bignonia sp. and Chrysanthemum sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel et al., 1974: 35. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
Ceroplastes cistudiformis; Cockerell, 1896b: 331. Change of status. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Ceroplastes cistudiformis; Cockerell, 1898n: 141.
Ceroplastes cistudiformis; Fernald, 1903b: 150. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
COMMON NAME: tortoise wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, Gill1988].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Beloperone gutata [Gill1988]. Anacardiaceae: Schinus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Gill1988]. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum [GimpelMiDa1974], Parthenium [GimpelMiDa1974]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [GimpelMiDa1974]. Boraginaceae: Cordia boissieri [GimpelMiDa1974]. Convolvulaceae: Porana paniculata [Ballou1926, GimpelMiDa1974]. Orchidaceae: Chysis aurea [GimpelMiDa1974]. Pandanaceae: Panda [GimpelMiDa1974]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [GimpelMiDa1974]. Piperaceae: Piper [Cocker1899n]. Rubiaceae: Bouvardia [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rutaceae [Gill1988].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n] (Distrito Federal, Guanajuato [Cocker1899n], Jalisco, Veracruz); United States of America (California [Cocker1899n]). Neotropical: Cuba [Ballou1926]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]). Palaearctic: United Kingdom [FetykoKo2012].
BIOLOGY: Gill (1988) reported that this species, apparently, develops one annual generation in USA, California.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel et al. (1974) and by Gill (1988).
STRUCTURE: Adult female hemispherical, 2-5 mm long. The wax cover resembles that of Ceroplastes cirripediformis but darker; see colour photograph in Gill (1988).
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Gill 1988: 17 (female) [USA, California]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA].
CITATIONS: Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 13]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 28]; Cocker1893i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 104-105]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1898y [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 141]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 17]; Cocker1903a [distribution: 157]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 150]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 19, 23]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 35-39]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 116,148]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 29]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 34].
Ceroplastes coloratus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes coloratus Cockerell, 1898j: 435. Type data: MEXICO: Las Minas, Tabasco, on 'crucetilla'. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico. Neotropical: Mexico (Tabasco [Cocker1898j, Cocker1899n]).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 28]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 435]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 18]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 150]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 224].
Ceroplastes confluens Cockerell & TinsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes confluens Cockerell & Tinsley, 1898: 468. Type data: JAMAICA: on unknown host plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Vernonia polyanthes [SilvadGoGa1968]. Fabaceae: Acacia bonariensis [CorseuBa1971], Acacia dealbata [CorseuBa1971], Acacia decurrens mollis [CorseuBa1971], Acacia melanoxylon [SilvadGoGa1968], Calliandra tweediei [CorseuBa1971], Inga [SilvadGoGa1968], Mimosa [Hempel1900a], Mimosa saepiaria [CorseuBa1971], Mimosa serrana [CorseuBa1971]. Myrsinaceae: Myrsine umbellata [CorseuBa1971]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [SilvadGoGa1968]. Ulmaceae: Celtis tala [CorseuBa1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina; Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo); Jamaica; Uruguay.
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 29]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; Cocker1899a [host, distribution: 394]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 253]; CockerTi1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 468]; CorseuBa1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 237]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 150]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 461-462]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 196]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 137]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 124-125].
Ceroplastes coronatus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes coronatus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 152. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, São Paulo, Iparanga, on Platanus sp.; collected A. Hempel, ix.1909. Holotype female. Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil; type no. 97a. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Platanaceae: Platanus [PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Decsription and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152].
Ceroplastes cundinamarcensis MosqueraNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes cundinamarcensis Mosquera, 1979: 605. Type data: COLOMBIA: Bogota (Cundinamarca), on Schinus molle. Holotype female. Type depository: Bogota: Colleccion Taxonomica Nacional de Programa de Entomologia del ICA en el CNIA, Colombia. Described: female.
HOST: Anacardiaceae: Schinus molle [Mosque1979].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 29-30]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Mosque1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 605-611]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes danieleae Hodgson & PerontiNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes danieleae Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 104-107. Type data: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Lubumbashi (Elizabethville), on mulberry (Morus nigra) by Ringoot. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Ceroplastes danielae; Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 241. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Moraceae: Morus nigra [HodgsoPe2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [HodgsoPe2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Body roundly oval and probably convex, with distinct, moderately deep, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct tubercles. Caudal process broad and stout. Length 1.3–3.7 mm; width 1.5–3.0 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Holotype on glass slide with data scratched on the slide by Hall; with manuscript name C. solidus, probably given by Green. Paratype also labelled C. solidus, a manuscript name. Ceroplastes danieleae is very similar to C. mori, and, was initially identified as such. However, importantly, it has a large group of tubular ducts in the cephalic region, absent on C. mori. Green clearly recognised this as different when he gave this material the manuscript name C. solidus but unfortunately he left no notes as to what this species looked like in life. On the other hand, his suggested specific name can surely only refer to the wax which is therefore likely to be firm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].
CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 99,100,104-106,242].
Ceroplastes deceptrix (De Lotto)NOMENCLATURE:
Gascardia deceptrix De Lotto, 1965a: 200. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Clanwilliam District, on Rhus undulata. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Ceroplastes deceptrix; Ben-Dov, 1993: 30. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus undulata [DeLott1965a]. Ericaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Fabaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Rubiaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Santalaceae [HodgsoPe2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1965a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Young adult females moderately convex, elliptical, about 3 mm long; wax test thin, fairly hard and brittle, not divided into plates; dorsum with a small depression at the centre of which is a minute elongate opaque white boss; colour semitransparent white; lateral margin with 2 narrow bands of snow-white wax arising from the stigmatic clefts. Wax of older examples white, amorphous, quite hard but watery when squashed, very thick (up to about 5 mm thick); stigmatic wax lines narrow, in deepish indentations, very white and linear; anal opening in a deep pit. Dorsal area with a small glassy boss. Largest adults 12 mm long and about 18 mm wide. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: In having ventral tubular ducts submarginally in the thorax and/or abdomen, and short blunt dorsal setae, C. deceptrix resembles C. rusticus (De Lotto). It differs in having (character-states of C. rusticus in brackets) (i) white wax (pale yellow); (ii) ventral tubular ducts not present medially on thorax (present); (iii) tubular ducts very sparse submarginally on thorax and absent submarginally on abdomen (fairly evenly distributed along entire submargin of body), and (iv) claw digitules of only slightly different sizes (very different). In having submarginal tubular ducts, C. deceptrix and C. rusticus are also somewhat similar to young C. madagascariensis but the latter has much longer, rather capitate dorsal setae, many more stigmatic setae and multilocular disc-pores which extend onto the thorax. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 40 [Key to adult females of C. deceptrix-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 30]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-201]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 39,40-44,241,98,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Koteja2001 [taxonomy: 46]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes deciduosus MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes deciduosus Morrison, 1919: 79. Type data: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, on Sapium biglandulosum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 66. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Ceroplastidia deciduosa; Granara de Willink, 1999: 64. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Sapium [Granar1999], Sapium aucuparium [CorseuBa1971], Sapium aucuparium lanceolata [CorseuBa1971], Sapium aucuparium calicifolia [CorseuBa1971], Sapium biglandulosum [Morris1919, Granar1999], Sapium haematospermum [Lizery1939]. Fabaceae: Geoffroea decorticans [Granar1999], Sebastiana brasiliensis [Granar1999]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Lizery1939, Granar1999]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [Granar1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Entre Rios [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999], San Juan [Granar1999], San Luis [Granar1999], Santa Fe [Granar1999]); Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).
KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 30]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 237]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-66]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 196]; Morris1919 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79].
Ceroplastes delottoi Hodgson & PerontiNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes delottoi Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 162-164. Type data: ANGOLA:Nova Lisboa, on Persea sp., 8/11/1965, by H. Cardosa. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Lauraceae: Persea sp. [HodgsoPe2012]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [HodgsoPe2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Body roundly oval and probably convex, with distinct but shallow stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct tubercles. Caudal process broad and stout. Length 2.25 mm; width of venter 1.5 mm, total width 1.8 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: The main diagnostic characters of this species are: (i) the presence of multilocular disc-pores between the meso- and metacoxae, (ii) the wide gap between each stigmatic cleft without stigmatic setae, and (iii) loculate microducts of the intermediate type. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 161 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes tachardiaformis-group].
CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 162-164,166,168,242].
Ceroplastes deodorensis HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes deodorensis Hempel, 1937: 9. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro State, Deodoro, on a plant of the Annonaceae. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 152. Type depository: IBSP; type no. 360. Described: female. Notes: The lectotype was selected from dry material (tube no. 360, without data label) deposited in IBSP.
HOSTS: Annonaceae [Hempel1937], Annona muricata [PerontSoGr2008], Annona reticulata [PerontSoGr2008], Annona squamosa [PerontSoGr2008]. Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Alagoas [PerontSoGr2008], Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti et al. 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 30]; Hempel1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9-10]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154].
Ceroplastes depressus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes depressus Cockerell, 1893f: 81. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: Type material collected under bark of a lignum-vitae tree.
COMMON NAME: broad wax scale [Cocker1895].
HOST: Burseraceae: Bursera gummifera [Ballou1926].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [Ballou1926]; Jamaica.
KEYS: Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [Jamaica].
CITATIONS: Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 14]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 30]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6, 8]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 151].
Ceroplastes destructor NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Newstead, 1910a: 66. Misidentification.
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Newstead, 1910c: 195. Misidentification.
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Newstead, 1911a: 167. Misidentification.
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Lindinger, 1913a: 80. Misidentification.
Ceroplastes destructor Newstead, 1917a: 26. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, Botanical Gardens, on Antigonon sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 69. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Gascardia destructor; De Lotto, 1965a: 200. Change of combination.
Gascardia postperlucidus Qin et al., 1994: 546. Nomen nudum; discovered by Qin & Gullan, 1999: 305.
Gascardia postperlucidus Qin & Gullan, 1995: 302. Nomen nudum; discovered by Qin & Gullan, 1999: 305.
Ceroplastes postperlucidus Qin & Gullan, 1999: 305. Type data: CONGO: Elizabethville [=Lubumbashi], on Schinus molle. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1999: 305.
COMMON NAME: soft wax scale [HodgsoHe2000].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Halmus chalybeus [LoCh2001]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Euxanthellus adustus Annecke & Prinsloo [AnneckPr1976]. Encyrtidae: Microterys umbrinus Compere [Comper1939d].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Dicliptera [Hodgso1969]. Actinidiaceae: Actinidia deliciosa [HodgsoHe2000]. Anacardiaceae: Rhus [QinGu1994], Rhus simarubaefolia [WilliaWa1990], Schinus molle [Cillie1967, QinGu1999]. Apocynaceae: Alyxia ruscifolia [QinGu1994], Plumeria [WilliaWa1990]. Araliaceae: Cussonia spicata [Hodgso1969], Schefflera [WilliaWa1990]. Asteraceae: Cassinia quinquefaria [QinGu1994], Conyza [Hodgso1969]. Celastraceae: Elaeodendron capense [Hodgso1969], Gymnosporia [Hall1931, DeLott1965a, Almeid1969], Gymnosporia buxifolia [Hall1931, Almeid1969], Maytenus [Hodgso1969], Maytenus senegalensis [Hodgso1969]. Celestraceae: Maytenus cymosus [Cillie1967]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [QinGu1994], Euclea crispa [Hodgso1969]. Ericaceae: Philippia [Hodgso1969], Philippia lecana [Hodgso1969]. Euphorbiaceae: Uapaca [Hodgso1969]. Hippocrateaceae: Hippocratea parvifolia [Almeid1973b]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [WilliaWa1990]. Loganiaceae: Nuxia oppositifolia [Hodgso1969], Nuxia viscosa [Hodgso1969]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus bidwilli [QinGu1994]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [WilliaWa1990]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [Almeid1969]. Meliaceae: Dysoxylum patersoni [WilliaWa1990], Ekebergia meyeri [Cillie1967], Melia azedarach [Brain1920a, Almeid1969], Synoum glandulosum [QinGu1994], Trichilia emetica [Cillie1967]. Myrsinaceae: Maesa [Hodgso1969]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia malaccensis [Hall1931, Almeid1969], Psidium guajava [DeLott1965a, Hodgso1969], Syzygium [Hodgso1969], Syzygium cordatum [Hodgso1969]. Pittosporaceae: Bursaria spinosa [QinGu1994], Pittosporum crassifolium [WilliaWa1990]. Rosaceae: Prunus armeniaca [QinGu1994]. Rubiaceae: Aida micrantha [Hodgso1969], Coffea [Almeid1973b], Coffea arabica [DeLott1965a, DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1990], Coffea robusta [DeLott1965a], Gardenia [Hodgso1969], Otiophora inyangana parrifolia [Hodgso1969], Pavetta revoluta [QinGu1994], Platanocephalus morindaefolius [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Mamet1959a, DeLott1965a, Cillie1967, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus aurantium [Hall1931, Almeid1969], Citrus maxima [DeLott1965a], Citrus reticulata [QinGu1994], Citrus sinensis [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b, QinGu1994], Eremocitrus glauca [QinGu1994], Poncirus trifoliata [DeLott1965a], Zieria smithii [QinGu1994]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea [QinGu1994], Dodonaea viscosa [WilliaWa1990]. Solanaceae: Solanum [QinGu1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Strick1947a]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [WilliaWa1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1969, Almeid1973b]; Cameroon; Congo [DeLott1965a, QinGu1999]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Kenya [DeLott1965a]; Madagascar [Mamet1959a]; Mozambique [DeLott1965a, Hodgso1969]; South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1965a, Cillie1967, DeLott1971]; Uganda [Newste1917a, DeLott1965a]; Zambia [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1994], New South Wales [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997], Queensland [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997]); Christmas Island [AbbottGr2007]; New Zealand [HodgsoHe2000]; Norfolk Island; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands. Oriental: India [AvasthSh1986].
BIOLOGY: Smith et al. (1997) reported two annual generations in Queensland, Australia. Cilliers (1967) studied the biology and natural enemies in South Africa. Two generations were found to occur annually on citrus in Queensland, Australia (Smith, 1970; Smith & Ironside, 1974). De Lotto (1971c) noted that the development of the caudal process is gradual and the organ attains its full size some time after the last moult has taken place. Beattie et al. (1990) studied the effect of nutrients in citrus (New South Wales, Australia) Milne (1993) studied in Australia, and concluded that watering regime did not significantly affect the survival of immature stages, but it did affect rate of development. Rate of development was also influenced by host plant species. Prolonged exposure to temperatures above 35°C apparently caused high mortality of immature stages, on leaves, regardless of water regime. A major citrus pest in Queensland, Australia (Sabine, 1969; Smith & Ironside, 1974). Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968). Snowball (1969) surveyed the natural enemies in South Africa.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1965a), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).
STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hodgson & Henderson (2000).
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 49 [Key to adult females of C. destructor-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 185 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].
CITATIONS: AbbottGr2007 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 1238-1246]; Almeid1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-139]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 4]; AnneckIn1970 [biological control: 227-237]; AnneckPr1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-7]; AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy, distribution: 335]; Bartle1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 59]; Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; BeattiWeCl1990 [taxonomy, chemical control, life history, distribution: 199-203]; Bedfor1973 [biological control: 4-11]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 30-31]; BlankOlGi1997 [host, distribution, life history, chemical control: 1997]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control ]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 28]; Brimbl1956a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 161-163]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 225]; CABI2000a [host, distribution: 1-3]; Cillie1967 [life history, taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-59]; Cillie2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 162-164]; Comper1937 [biological control: 43-51]; Comper1939d [host, distribution, biological control: 16-17]; Comper1961a [biological control: 17-71]; ComperAn1961 [host, distribution, biological control: 17]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-202]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 111]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 147]; Fernan1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 131-133]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution: 292]; Fletch1951 [economic importance, host, distribution: 1-24]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Greig1944 [taxonomy, economic importance]; Hackma1951 [chemistry: 150-154]; HackmaTr1952 [chemistry: 653-656]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 293]; Hely1960 [life history, ecology, distribution: 355-356]; HelyLe1950 [host, distribution, economic importance: 307-310]; Hodgso1969 [host, distribution: 24]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185,187,191-192]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 49,50,53-58,234,241]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; LePell1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance]; LoBl1992 [host, distribution, chemical control: 14-15]; LoBl1992a [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 99-102]; LoBlPe1996 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 315-321]; LoCh2001 [biological control, host, distribution: 57-66]; MalipaDuSm2000 [biological control: 74,75]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 375]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 62]; Milne1993 [life history, physiology: 229-232]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-28]; OliveiNaSi2001 [economic importance]; OlsonBlLo1993 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 25-29]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy: 930-934]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGu1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution, description: 305-306]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 546]; Reiche1981 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 403-417]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; Sabine1969 [chemical control: 83-88]; Samway1981a [biological control, host, distribution: 1]; SandsVa2003 [biological control, host: 41-53]; Smith1970 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 704-708]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 57-59]; SmithIr1974 [life history: 195-199]; Snowba1969 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 23-33]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 498]; Wakgar2001 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 339-352]; WakgarGi1998 [economic importance]; WakgarGi1998a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 303-316]; WakgarGi2000 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 233-242]; WakgarGi2001 [economic importance, chemical control: 179-184]; WakgarGi2001a [economic importance, host, distribution, life history, ecology : 307-315]; WakgarGi2001b [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 365-375]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-71]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 105]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518].
Ceroplastes diospyros HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes diospyros Hempel, 1928: 236. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Itupararanga, near Sorocaba, on Diospyros kaki; collected A. Hempel, 21.vi.1926. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti et al., 2008: 154. Type depository: IBSP. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Anadardiaceae: Schinus molle [PerontSoGr2008]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Hempel1928, PerontSoGr2008]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 32]; Hempel1928 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 236]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-156]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 125-126].
Ceroplastes dugesii LichtensteinNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes dugesii Lichtenstein, 1885: cxli. Type data: MEXICO: Guanajuato, Hybiscus [sic], Ficus sphaerocarpa, laurie and rose. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material probably lost.
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Cockerell, 1893gg: 373. Misidentification.
Ceroplastes dugesii; Cockerell, 1893t: 100. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Ceroplastes roseatus Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 176. Type data: MEXICO: El Cuyu del Chicosapote, near Frontera, Tabasco, on branches of wild fruit tree 'cojon de venado'. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 39.
Ceroplastes townsendi Cockerell, 1899n: 18. Type data: MEXICO: Arroyo San Isidro, near Frontesa, Tabasco, on bark of a small shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 39.
Ceroplastes roseatus var. B Cockerell, 1903a: 157. Type data: MEXICO: Base of Volcan de Colima, on stem of tall herbaceous Compositae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 39.
Ceroplastes townsendi percrassus Cockerell, 1903a: 159. Type data: MEXICO: Jalisco, Zapotlan, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 39.
Ceroplastes dugesii; De Lotto, 1971c: 140. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
COMMON NAMES: Duges wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984]; duges wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984].
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aloencyrtus elisavetae Trjapitzin & Ruiz-Cancino [TrjapiRu2000].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus molle [GimpelMiDa1974]. Annonaceae: Annona [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1983]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [GimpelMiDa1974]. Asteraceae [Cocker1903a]. Burseraceae: Bursera gummifera [GimpelMiDa1974], Bursera simaruba [GimpelMiDa1974]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros silvestris [GimpelMiDa1974]. Malvaceae: Malva [GimpelMiDa1974], Malvaviscus acerifolius [Townse1892a], Malvaviscus arboreus [Townse1892a]. Moraceae: Ficus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Nyctaginaceae: Torrubia bracei [HamonWi1984]. Piperaceae: Piper medium [GimpelMiDa1974, NakahaMi1981]. Ulmaceae: Trema mollis [GimpelMiDa1974]. Verbenaceae: Citharexylum spinosum [MatileEt2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Colima [Cocker1899n, Cocker1903a], Distrito Federal, Guanajuato [Cocker1893gg, Cocker1899n], Jalisco [Cocker1903a], Morelos [TrjapiRu2000]); United States of America (Florida). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda); Cuba; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guyana; Mexico (Tabasco (The type material of Ceroplastes townsendi.)); Panama; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [NakahaMi1981]); U.S. Virgin Islands.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel et al. (1974), Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Hodgson (1994a).
STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984).
KEYS: Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 32]; Cocker1893cc [taxonomy: 102]; Cocker1893gg [taxonomy, distribution: 373]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17-18]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 157,159-160]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description: 140-141]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 151,155,156,158]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-44]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-27]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 208]; Lichte1885 [taxonomy, host, distribution: CXLI]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 3]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 29]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Townse1892a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 255]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 176-177]; TrjapiRu2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 35-42]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227].
Ceroplastes elaeis Hodgson & PerontiNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes elaeis Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 172. Type data: ANGOLA:Salazar, on Elaeis guineensis, 8/16/1968, by P. de Carvalho. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa; type no. 3677. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [HodgsoPe2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [HodgsoPe2012]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Gabon [HodgsoPe2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Body oval, probably rather convex, with shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with small distinct tubercles. Caudal process short and stout, probably pointing dorso-posteriorly. Length 3.43 [1.5-3.5] mm, total width of mounted specimen 3.08 [1.5-3.0] mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: C. elaeis is here considered to belong to the C. theobromae-group because, although each group of stigmatic setae is clearly broader than deep, no setae extend out of the cleft along the margin. As in other members of the C. theobromae group, it also lacks ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region. It is close to C. quadrilineatus and C. mori but can be best separated using the characters in the key above. It is also somewhat similar to C. danieleae but C. danieleae has a large group of ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].
CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 171,172-174,183,243].
Ceroplastes elytropappi (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Baccacoccus elytropappi Brain, 1920: 127. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, French Hoek, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype female (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): South Africa: top label: Baccacoccus / elytropappi Brain / on Elytropappus / rhinocerotis / French Hock, CPL, 1904 / Paratype (SANC 297): 1/1 (poor).
Ceroplastes adustus De Lotto, 1967b: 781. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Ceres, on Passerina sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1971: 141.
Ceroplastes elytropappi; De Lotto, 1971: 141. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Brain1920]. Thymelaeaceae: Passerina [DeLott1967b, Hodgso1994a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920, DeLott1967b, Hodgso1994a] (Cape Province, Ceres.).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1967b) (as Ceroplastes adustus) and by Hodgson (1994a).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Test of the immature adult females small, about 3 mm long, 2 mm wide; fairly highly convex, with a well-marked lateral depression; centre of the dome with a rather large whitish boss; wax soft, not divided into plates; colour light brown. Length [presumably of unmounted specimens] 1.1 mm, width 0.8 mm." (De Lotto (1967b) of C. adustus). Mounted material. Body broadly elliptical to roundly circular; lateral processes well developed. Length: 0.85-2.5, width: 0.6-1.5. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Brain (1920a) originally placed this species in a new genus Baccacoccus because his specimens lacked a wax test. However, as De Lotto (1971) pointed out when synonymising Baccacoccus with Ceroplastes, very old wax scale insects frequently lose their wax. Within this species group, C. elytropappi differs from C. delottoi in having fewer than 20 stigmatic setae in each cleft, and from the other 2 species in lacking ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 161 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes tachardiaformis-group]; Hodgson et al. 1009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: AnneckIn1970 [biological control: 227-237]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 32-33]; Brain1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 241-242]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 781-782,797]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description: 141]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-139]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 164-166,243]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes eucleae BrainNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes eucleae Brain, 1920a: 30. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on Euclea sp., Ochna sp. and Pavetta sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.
Ceroplastes toddaliae spicatus Hall, 1937: 122. Type data: ZIMBABWE[=RHODESIA]: South Marendellas, on Uapaca kirkiana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Ceroplastes spicatus; Mamet, 1954: 12. Change of status.
HOSTS: Clusiaceae: Harungana madagascariensis [Mamet1954]. Ebenaceae: Euclea [Brain1920a]. Euphorbiaceae: Uapaca kirkiana [Hall1937, Hodgso1969]. Ochnaceae: Ochna [Brain1920a]. Rubiaceae: Pavetta [Brain1920a]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus parifolia [Hodgso1969].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1951, Mamet1954]; South Africa [Brain1920a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937, Hodgso1969].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969). Detailed description and illustrations in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
STRUCTURE: "Adult female tests sometimes single on stem, often aggregated in dense masses. Test of adult female about 6 mm long, 5 mm wide, 5.5 mm high, without plaques but with the lower portion forming a wrinkled fold at the base of a highly conical dome. The colour is a delicate green, when alive, with the stigmatic bands conspicuous; when dry, it is semi-transparent, greenish yellow, with two white thin streaks on each side just above the stigmatic clefts. The central dome is pointed, without any central pit or depression, and is distinctly separated from the lower portion of the test by a groove. There is no indication of a caudal prominence on the test." "Female denuded of wax, smooth, regularly domed, without caudal prominence. Caudal prominence rudimentary". (Brain, 1920a). Body oval, probably rather convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts; dorsum probably with distinct tubercles. Caudal process short and stout. Length of body 1.2-4.5 (3.5-4.0) mm, total width of mounted specimens 1.2-4.0 (2.75) mm; width of venter 1.2-2.25 (2.5) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: C. eucleae, which lacks distinct claw denticles, is very close to C. rusci, sharing with it generally fewer than 35 stigmatic setae in each cleft, but differs in having: (i) the stigmatic setae in each cleft almost invariably 3 deep (2 deep in most C. rusci) and (ii) more marginal setae anteriorly between the eyespots (generally more than 14 rather than less than 14 as on C. rusci).C. eucleae is also very close to C. eugeniae. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) After a study of the type series of C. spicatus by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012, no constant differences could be found between it and C. eucleae. The limb measurements of C. spicatus were larger but they considered this to be an environmental effect and synonymised C. spicatus with C. eucleae.
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: AnneckIn1970 [biological control: 227-237]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 33,57]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 30]; Hall1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9-11]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, physiology, structure, taxonomy: 107-112,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution: 224]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 12]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301,302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes eugeniae HallNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes rusci eugeniae Hall, 1931: 298. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe and Banket, on Eugenia owariensis and Diplorhynchus mosambicensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: Zimbabwe [Southern Rhodesia]: scratched onto glass slide: top label: Ceroplastes / rusci var. / eugeniae Hall / Eugenia / owariensis / Mazoe / WJH 3/11/27. Bottom label: Type / 21.iii.30 / W.J. Hall. (BMNH): 1/4 (good, lectotype arrowed in top right-hand corner (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
Ceroplastes eugeniae; Hodgson, 1969: 4. Change of status.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Cananga odorata [Matile1978]. Apocynaceae: Diplorhynchus mosambicensis [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia huillensis [Hodgso1969]. Loranthaceae: Desrousseauxia [Matile1978], Loranthus quequensis [Hodgso1969]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia owariensis [Hall1931, Hodgso1969], Psidium guajava [Hodgso1969], Syzygium [Hodgso1969], Syzygium guiniense [Hodgso1969]. Rosaceae: Cliffortia nitidula [Hodgso1969], Cydonia oblonga [Hodgso1969], Malus sylvestris [Hodgso1969]. Thymelaeaceae: Synaptolepis alternifolia [Hodgso1969].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros; Mozambique [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Palaearctic: Algeria [FetykoKo2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Test of the adult female highly convex; the dome with a shallow median depression with a very small elongate boss, longitudinally orientated, pushed anteriorly by the cone of wax behind it. Plates only obscurely marked on the adult but more clearly on the young specimens. Diameter of the wax of the adult female up to 8 mm. With the wax removed, the adult female is highly convex, with 3 very small lateral processes, plus 1 cephalic and another dorsal; the caudal process is small and directed upwards at an angle of about forty-five degrees." (Hodgson, 1969). Mounted material. Body probably rather roundly oval and convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct lateral tubercles. Caudal process short. Body length 2.5-3.5 mm, total width 1.5-2.75 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: C. eugeniae is very close to C. rusci and C. eucleae but the latter 2 species differ from C. eugeniae in having generally fewer stigmatic setae in each cleft, particularly nonmarginal stigmatic setae. In addition, the specimens of C. rusci from north Africa and the Mediterranean have a distinct denticle on each claw, absent on most material from further south. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogur: 33]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 298-299]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-6]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 112-117,242]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 42]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes excaecariae HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes excaecariae Hempel, 1912: 66. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Excaecaria biglandulosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Excaecaria biglandulosa [Hempel1912, Sassce1915].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Sassce1915]).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 33]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33]; Sassce1915 [host, distribution: 31]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 126].
Ceroplastes fairmairii SignoretNOMENCLATURE:
Columnea fairmairei Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 146. Nomen nudum.
Ceroplastes fairmairei Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 728. Nomen nudum.
Ceroplastes fairmairii Signoret, 1872a: 43. Type data: URUGUAY: Montevideo, on Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria.
Ceroplastes fairmairii; Fernald, 1903b: 152. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
HOST: Myrtaceae [Signor1872a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil; Uruguay.
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 33]; Cocker1894d [distribution: 311]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy: 141]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 152]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216-217]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 852]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; SilvadGoGa1968 [host, distribution: 138]; Targio1866 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 146]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 728]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 126].
Ceroplastes feltyi HodgesNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes feltyi Hodges, 2002b: 205. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Manatee County, Palmetto, on Psychotria nervosa; collected jack Felty, 3 December, 1982. Holotype female. Type depository: Gainesville: American Entomological Institute, Florida, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Oleaceae: Ligustrum lucidum [Hodges2002b]. Rubiaceae: Psychotria nervosa [Hodges2002b].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Hodges2002b]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodges (2002b).
KEYS: Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida].
CITATIONS: Hodges2002b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 205-208].
Ceroplastes ficus NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes ficus Newstead, 1910c: 190. Type data: TANZANIA: Bukoba, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Ceroplastes pallidus Brain, 1920a: 33. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, on fig. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by Hall, 1931: 294.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona [Newste1917b], Artobotrys brachypetalus [Hodgso1969]. Celastraceae: Maytenus senegalensis [Hodgso1969]. Chrysobalanaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia pulcherrima [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b]. Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1910c, Brain1920a, DeLott1965a]. Ochnaceae: Ochna [Hall1931], Ochna pulchella [Newste1917b, Hall1931]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [Hall1931]. Rosaceae: Parinari curatellifolia [Hodgso1969]. Umbelliferae [HodgsoPe2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b]; Eritrea [HodgsoPe2012]; Ghana [Newste1917b]; Malawi [Hodgso1969]; South Africa [Newste1917b, Brain1920a]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Uganda [Newste1910c, DeLott1965a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Test of the adult female more or less hemispherical, thin, semitransparent, hard and brittle, shaded with horn coloured greys and browns; the large dorsal area comparatively smooth, with distinct lines radiating from the central nucleus, the larger ones being widely separated and equidistant. Besides these there are also some faint concentric ones visible in some of the examples. Lateral plates narrowly rectangular, length much greater than width, outer angles produced and darker than the rest; caudal process triangular, with the angle rounded; anal valves nude, minute, and only visible under a rather strong magnification. Length 6-6.5 mm; width 5-5.25 mm." (Newstead, 1910c). Mounted material. Body oval, probably rather convex, with shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum of mature adults with very pronounced, hemispherical lateral tubercles, with deep indentations between tubercles but much less pronounced on immature adults. Caudal process rather similar to a lateral lobe, with only apex sclerotised, at least on younger specimens. Limbs relatively short. Length 2.5-6.0 mm, total width of mounted specimen 2.0-5.0 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (adult, female) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 2]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 34]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 33]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-185]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 111]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 294-295]; Hodgso1969 [host, distribution: 6-7]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 118-121,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Newste1910c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-192]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 65].
Ceroplastes floridensis ComstockNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret, 1872a: 38. Type data: MAURITIUS: on Eriobotrya japonica. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, Matile-Ferrero & Gafny, 2000: 424. Notes: Type material probably lost. No type material was found in MNHW, by Yair Ben-Dov and Daniele Matile-Ferrero, during a visit (December 1994) at the Vienna Museum of Natural History.
Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, 1881a: 331. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Jacksonville, on Tangerine orange. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel et al., 1974: 44. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
Ceroplastes floridensis; Bodenheimer, 1953a: 112. Notes: Erroneous citation of Maskell as author.
Cerostegia floridensis; De Lotto, 1969b: 211. Change of combination.
Paracerostegia floridensis; Tang, 1991: 306. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes vinsoni; Ben-Dov, 1993: 59, 60, 535. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAMES: cochonilha-cerosa [CarvalAg1997]; donagit floridit; escama de cera [QuezadCoDi1972]; Florida wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984, BenDov1993, SmithBeBr1997]; qenima floridit; qenimat shaava floridit; The Florida Ceroplastes [Comsto1881a].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus caridei Brethes [MarinLCi1996], Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [SengonUyKa1998], Coccophagus rusti Compere [MarinLCi1996], Coccophagus scutellaris [AbdRab2002b], Encarsia [MarinLCi1996]. Encyrtidae: Anicetus quintanai De Santis [MarinLCi1996], Cheiloneurus gahani Dozier [MarinLCi1996], Microterys nietneri (Motschulsky) [SengonUyKa1998]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus toddaliae (Risbec) [SengonUyKa1998], Tetrastichus [MarinLCi1996], Tetrastichus ceroplastae (Girault) [Blumbe1997]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista cyanea Motschulsky [Bartle1978, MarinLCi1996].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Sanchezia nobilis [Ballou1926]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Mangifera indica [Cocker1899n, Hall1923, Green1923b, Ballou1926, BenDov1970b, AvasthSh1986, BenDov1993, Hodgso1994a], Mangifera indica [Mamet1943a, KondoKa1995], Pistacia lentiscus [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970], Pistacia palestina [BenDov1970], Schinus [Hall1922, Hall1924a], Schinus molle [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970], Schinus terebinthifolius [Hall1923, BenDov1970]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimolia [BenDov1970], Annona muricata [Nakaha1983], Annona squamosa [Ramakr1930, BenDov1970, Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Uvaria rufa [Ballou1926]. Apocynaceae: Carissa carandas [TaoWoCh1983], Carissa grandiflora [BenDov1970, ArgovPoBa1987], Nerium [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990], Nerium oleander [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970, UygunSeEr1998], Plumeria rubra [Ballou1926, BenDov1970], Thevetia nereifolia [Ballou1926], Thevetia peruviana [BenDov1970b], Trachelospermum jasminoides [KawaiMaUm1971]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex canariensis [VieiraCaPi1983], Ilex cornuta [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex crenata [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex perado [VieiraCaPi1983], Ilex vomitoria [GimpelMiDa1974]. Araceae: Philodendron [Matile1978]. Araliaceae: Aralia [GimpelMiDa1974], Dizygotheca veitchii [BenDov1970], Hedera [Hempel1900a], Hedera canariensis [VieiraCaPi1983, PerontSoGr2008], Hedera helix [Hall1923, Balach1939, BenDov1970b, ArgovPoBa1987, UygunSeEr1998], Schefflera [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Schefflera actinophylla [PerontSoGr2008], Schefflera arboricola [PerontSoGr2008], Sciadophyllum [Hall1923], Tupidanthus [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Arecaceae: Washingtonia filifera [BenDov1970]. Asclepiadaceae: Periploca gracea [BenDov1970]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium nidus avis [ArgovPoBa1987]. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum indicum [BenDov1970], Erigeron crispus [BenDov1970], Hieracium [Bodenh1924], Psiadia altissima [Mamet1951]. Bignoniaceae: Kiggelia pinnata [BenDov1970], Stenolobium stans [BenDov1970], Tecomaria capensis [BenDov1970]. Boraginaceae: Cordia gerascanthus [Ballou1926], Cordia myxa [BenDov1970]. Burseraceae: Bursera simaruba [HamonWi1984]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [Green1923b]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Celastraceae: Elaeodendron [Brimbl1956a, WilliaWi1988], Euonymus japonicus [BenDov1970], Maytenus octogona [LincanHoCa2010]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [TaoWoCh1983]. Combretaceae: Bucida buceras [Nakaha1983], Terminalia arjuna [BenDov1970]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [BenDov1970], Ipomoea tuberosa [Ballou1926]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [ArgovPoBa1987]. Cycadaceae: Cycas circinalis [Ballou1926], Cycas revoluta [Ballou1926, Mamet1943a, BenDov1970]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros discolor [TaoWoCh1983], Diospyros kaki [Ballou1926, GimpelMiDa1974, DanzigKo1990]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus angustifolia [BenDov1970]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus oboratus [QinGu1994]. Ephedraceae: Ephedra alte [BenDov1970]. Ericaceae: Agauria salicifolia [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Arbutus andrachne [BenDov1970], Arbutus unedo [BenDov1970], Pernettya [GimpelMiDa1974], Vaccinium [Ferris1950a, GimpelMiDa1974]. Euphorbiaceae: Antidesma bunius [BenDov1970], Phyllanthus [Hall1922, Hall1924a]. Fabaceae: Acacia farnesiana [BenDov1970], Ceratonia siliqua [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970], Cyamopsis [Ramakr1930], Cyamopsis psoraboides [ShafeeYoKh1989], Parkinsonia aculeata [Brimbl1956a], Retama roetam [BenDov1970]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [Mosque1984]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum cassia [Ballou1926], Cinnamomum pseudopedunculatum [KawaiMaUm1971], Laurus azorica [VieiraCaPi1983], Laurus nobilis [Bodenh1924, Ballou1926, Balach1933d, Balach1933e, BenDov1970, ArgovPoBa1987, UygunSeEr1998], Lindera benzoin [GimpelMiDa1974], Machilus [TaoWoCh1983], Persea americana [BenDov1970b, Nakaha1983], Persea borbonia [GimpelMiDa1974], Persea gratissima [Ballou1926]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos spinosa [BenDov1970]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [Ballou1926, Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988, PerontSoGr2008]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia [Ramakr1930, ShafeeYoKh1989], Michelia champaca [Matile1978]. Malpighiaceae: Byrsonima [Ballou1926], Hiptage laurifolia [Green1904a], Malpighia glabra [Ballou1926]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus [ShafeeYoKh1989], Hibiscus esculenta [Ramakr1930]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [Schmut1998], Melia azedarach [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970]. Moraceae: Artocarpus incisa [Ballou1926], Artocarpus integrifolia [Beards1966, BenDov1970], Ficus [Hempel1900a, Ramakr1930, Nakaha1983], Ficus benghalensis [Bodenh1926, BenDov1970], Ficus carica [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus glomerata [Ramakr1930, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus infectoria [ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus italica [Bodenh1924], Ficus laurifolia [Cocker1899n], Ficus microcarpa [PellizPoSe2011], Ficus nitida [Ballou1926], Ficus obliqua [BenDov1970], Ficus religiosa [Ballou1926], Ficus retusa [BenDov1970b], Ficus sycomorus [BenDov1970], Morus [Hall1922, Hall1924a], Morus alba [Hall1922, BenDov1970], Treculia perrieri [Mamet1951]. Musaceae: Musa [BenDov1970, Nakaha1983], Musa sapientium [Bodenh1924]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum acuminatum [BenDov1970], Myoporum diffusum [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Myoporum lactum [BenDov1970b, ArgovPoBa1987]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia sieboldii [KawaiMaUm1971], Maesa japonica [TaoWoCh1983], Myrsine africana [Ferris1950a, BenDov1970b]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon pheniceus [BenDov1970], Eugenia americana [PerontSoGr2008], Eugenia axillaris [Ballou1926], Eugenia caryophyllus [VidyasKoDe1989], Eugenia compacta [HamonWi1984], Eugenia cyanocarpa [QinGu1994], Eugenia jambolana [BenDov1970, GimpelMiDa1974], Eugenia jambos [Ballou1926], Eugenia malaccensis [Ballou1926], Feijoa sellowiana [BenDov1970], Melaleuca [QinGu1994], Melaleuca armillaris [BenDov1970], Melaleuca leucadendra [Brimbl1956a], Melaleuca quinquenervia [QinGu1994], Melaleuca viridiflora [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Metrosideros boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971], Myricaria [CouturQuGo1997], Myrtus [Bodenh1924], Myrtus communis [BenDov1970, ArgovPoBa1987, SengonUyKa1998, UygunSeEr1998], Psidium cattleyanum [VieiraCaPi1983], Psidium guajava [Cocker1899n, Hall1922, Hall1923, Ballou1926, BenDov1970b, Nakaha1983], Psidium guajava [Green1909a, Hall1924a, Green1937, ShafeeYoKh1989], Psidium guajava [Mamet1943a], Psidium littorale [VieiraCaPi1983], Psidium pomiferum [Mamet1951, GimpelMiDa1974], Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [GimpelMiDa1974]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum micranthum [KawaiMaUm1971]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis cordifolia [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]. Pinaceae: Pinus elliotti [HamonWi1984], Pinus halepensis [BenDov1993], Pinus taeda [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Tsuga canadensis [HamonWi1984]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum chichijimense [KawaiMaUm1971], Pittosporum tobira [Ballou1926], Pittosporum undulatum [BenDov1970]. Platanaceae: Platanus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon leptopus [Ballou1926], Coccoloba diversifolia [HamonWi1984], Polygonum baldschuanicum [BenDov1970], Polygonum convolvulus [Ballou1926]. Polypodiaceae: Nephrolepis davallioides [Ballou1926], Nephrolepis exaltata [BenDov1970]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Hall1923, Bodenh1924, Ballou1926, BenDov1970]. Rhamnaceae: Rhamnus alaternus [BenDov1970], Ziziphus jujuba [SunQiLi1989]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis [BenDov1970], Cotoneaster pannosa [BenDov1970], Crataegus azarolus [BenDov1970], Cydonia oblonga [Ballou1926, BenDov1970], Cydonia vulgaris [Bodenh1924], Eriobotrya [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990], Eriobotrya japonica [Hall1922, Bodenh1924, Ballou1926, BenDov1970], Eriobotrya japonica [Signor1872b, Mamet1943a], Malus sylvestris [BenDov1970], Persica vulgaris [BenDov1970], Prunus armeniaca [BenDov1970], Prunus domestica [PerontSoGr2008], Prunus persica [Hall1923, Bodenh1924], Prunus salicina [GimpelMiDa1974], Pyrus communis [Hall1923, BenDov1970], Pyrus cydonia [Hall1923], Pyrus malus [Hall1923, Bodenh1924], Raphiolepis indica [Balach1930], Raphiolepis integerrima [KawaiMaUm1971], Raphiolepis ovata [VieiraCaPi1983], Raphiolepis umbellata [BenDov1970b, ArgovPoBa1987]. Rubiaceae: Casimiroa edulis [BenDov1970], Coffea arabica [BenDov1970], Coffea robusta [Hodgso1994a], Gardenia florida [Ballou1926], Gardenia jasminoides [GimpelMiDa1974], Ixora [Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989, Hodgso1994a], Ixora bandhuca [Ballou1926], Ixora lutea [Ballou1926], Psychotria boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971], Psychotria laurifolia [Ballou1926]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Citropsis schweinfurthii [Ballou1926], Citrus [Hempel1900a, Hall1922, Mamet1951, DeLott1965a, EzzatHu1969, DeLott1969b, Nakaha1983], Citrus [ArgyriKo1980a, PodoleDrRo1981, Argyri1983, HodgsoHi1991, MarinLCi1996, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus [Green1896, Bodenh1924, BenDov1970b, QuezadCoDi1972, Hodgso1994a], Citrus [ShafeeYoKh1989, MarinLCi1996a, CarvalAg1997, UygunSeEr1998, PerontSoGr2008], Citrus aurantifolia [Nakaha1983], Citrus aurantium [Bodenh1924, Bodenh1926, Ballou1926, Bodenh1926, ArgovPoBa1987], Citrus deliciosa unshiu [Ballou1926], Citrus grandis [Ballou1926], Citrus histrix [Ballou1926, Matile1978], Citrus limon [Bodenh1924], Citrus microcarpa [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Citrus mitis [GimpelMiDa1974], Citrus paradisi [BenDov1970b], Citrus sinensis [Cocker1899n, Hall1924a, Ballou1926, QinGu1994], Fagara fagara [Ballou1926], Hesperethusa crenulata [Ballou1926], Microcitrus australis [Ballou1926], Poncirus trifoliata [Ballou1926, TaoWoCh1983], Zanthoxylum fagara [LincanHoCa2010]. Salicaceae: Populus deltoides [BenDov1970], Salix [Ferris1950a, BenDov1970b]. Santalaceae: Santalum boninense [KawaiMaUm1971]. Sapindaceae: Cupania cubensis [Ballou1926], Dodonaea viscosa [BenDov1970], Filicium [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Melicoccus bijugatus [Nakaha1983], Nephelium lappaceum [BenDov1970]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Ballou1926, BenDov1970], Chrysophyllum cainito [Ballou1926, BenDov1970], Lucuma mammosa [Ballou1926], Lucuma nervosa [Ballou1926], Manilkara zapota [Nakaha1983]. Schizaeaceae: Actinostachys boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971]. Scrophulariaceae: Russelia equisetiformis [BenDov1970]. Serraceniaceae: Serracenia minor [GimpelMiDa1974]. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia nitida [Ballou1926], Cestrum diurnum [Ballou1926], Solanum villosum [BenDov1970]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Conway1951]. Strelitziaceae: Ravenala madagascariensis [Ballou1926]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Ramakr1930]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Green1896, Green1900c, Green1909a, Green1937, TaoWoCh1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Schima mertensiana [KawaiMaUm1971], Schima superba [TaoWoCh1983], Ternstroemia japonica [TaoWoCh1983]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria boninensis [KawaiMaUm1971]. Verbenaceae: Aloysia citriodora [Ballou1926], Avicennia [QinGu1994], Duranta repens [BenDov1970]. Zamiaceae: Encephalartos [VieiraCaPi1983].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros [BenDov1993]; Kenya [Schmut1998]; Madagascar [Mamet1951]; Mauritius [Cocker1894t, Green1907, Green1908a, Mamet1943a]; Reunion [Cocker1894t, Green1907, Green1908a, Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, BenDovMaGa2000]; Seychelles [Green1907, DanzigKo1990]; Sudan [HodgsoPe2012]; Tanzania [Green1916a, Mamet1943a, DeLott1965a]. Australasian: Australia [Frogga1915, Mamet1943a, DanzigKo1990] (New South Wales [QinGu1994], Queensland [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Mamet1943a, Kawai1987]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, Frogga1915, Mamet1943a, DanzigKo1990]); Palau [Mamet1943a]. Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n, DanzigKo1990]; United States of America (District of Columbia [BenDov1993], Florida [Comsto1881a, DeLott1969b, BenDov1970b], Georgia [BenDov1993], Louisiana [BenDov1993], Maryland [BenDov1993], Mississippi [BenDov1993], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New Mexico [BenDov1993], New York [BenDov1993], North Carolina [BenDov1993], Pennsylvania [Stimme1998], South Carolina [BenDov1993], Tennessee [BenDov1993], Texas [BenDov1993], Virginia [BenDov1993]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Cocker1895u]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990]; Brazil [Mamet1943a, DanzigKo1990] (Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]); Colombia [KondoKa1995, Kondo2001, Kondo2008a]; Cuba [Ballou1926, MestreHaEv2011]; Ecuador; El Salvador [QuezadCoDi1972]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [LongoMaPe1995, Willia2010]; Guyana [Newste1914]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [LongoMaPe1995]; Jamaica [Kirkal1902]; Mexico (Yucatan); Montserrat; Netherlands Antilles (Curacao); Nicaragua; Panama; Peru [MarinLCi1996a, CouturQuGo1997]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); Hong Kong [Hodgso1994a]; India [Frogga1915, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1994a, Green1900c, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Kerala [VidyasKoDe1989], Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1986], West Bengal); Indonesia (Irian Jaya [BenDov1993], Java [Green1904a, Mamet1943a]); Malaysia (Sabah [Conway1951]); Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1899b, Green1900c, Green1909a, Green1937, Mamet1943a]; Taiwan [Mamet1943a, WongChCh1999]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Azores [CarvalFrAg1996]; Canary Islands [HodgsoPe2012]; China [Ferris1950a, BenDov1970b]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, Hall1924a, Mamet1943a, EzzatHu1969, ArgovPoBa1987]; France [Balach1930, Balach1933d, Balach1933e, Balach1939, Mamet1943a]; Greece [ArgyriKo1980a, Argyri1983, ArgovPoBa1987]; Iran [Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Israel [Bodenh1924, BenDov1969, BenDov1970, BenDov1971, PodoleDrRo1981, ArgovPoBa1987]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [Frogga1915, Kuwana1917, Mamet1943a]; Jordan [new]; Lebanon [Bodenh1926, ArgovPoBa1987]; Libya [ArgovPoBa1987]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Malta [FetykoKo2012]; Netherlands; Oman [Hodgso1994a] (Rumais); Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, Hodgso1994a]; Syria [Bodenh1926]; Tunisia [FetykoKo2012]; Turkey [Tuncyu1970a, ArgovPoBa1987, SengonUyKa1998, UygunSeEr1998, KaydanUlEr2007].
BIOLOGY: Balachowsky (1933d) studied and described the biology in southern France. Bodenheimer (1951b) discussed the biology and economic importance. Develops two annual generations on Citrus, in Israel (Ben-Dov, 1976d; Podoler et al., 1981), and in Greece (Argyriou & Kourmadas, 1980). Two generations per year develop in Queensland, Australia (Smith et al, 1997). Methods for laboratory rearing given by Ben-Dov (1970a). Population dynamics on Citrus in Israel studied by Podoler et al. (1981) and by Schneider et al. (1987a, 1987b). Yardeni (1987) and Yardeni & Rosen (1990) studied the wind dispersal of crawlers.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1969b), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Ben-Dov (1970b), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gimpel et al. (1974), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a), Kosztarab (1996) and by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.57), Hodgson (1994a), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999) and by Peronti et al. (2008).
SYSTEMATICS: Green (1937) suggested that Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret, 1872 was very likely identical with C. floridensis, but since no type material was available, he could not verify the synonymy. Ben-Dov (1993) concluded that for the sake of stability, it was advisable to retain C. vinsonii, which antedated C. floridensis, as a valid, but unrecognizable species. Ben-Dov et al. (2000) concluded that C. vinsonii should be regarded a Nomen Oblitum and synonymized it with (C. floridensis. C. floridensis is unique in having the ventral tubular ducts in a very distinct, rather narrow, submarginal band extending from near each antenna to near each anal lobe, each duct with a short, very swollen inner ductule. There was some variation in the material studied and some specimens had: (i) more than 2 pairs of interantennal setae; (ii) a reticulate pattern on the sclerotized area of the anal plate, and (iii) loculate microducts densest in a submarginal band. C. floridensis is quite close to C. japonicus Green which also has a submarginal band of similar tubular ducts extending part way around the submargin, bullet-shaped stigmatic setae, many marginal setae, and multilocular disc-pores associated with each coxa, but the latter differs in having the stigmatic setae continuous between the clefts on each side, not separated by a length of margin with just marginal setae. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes floridensis generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A major citrus pest in Israel (Bodenheimer, 1951b; Ben-Dov, 1976d). A pest of many ornamentals in U.S.A. (Gimpel et al., 1974). Peleg & Gothilf (1981) and Eisa et al. (1990) studied the adverse effects of several IGR's on this pest. Peleg (1987) reported on resistance to commercial formulation of carabaryl in Israel. Yardeni and Shapira (1995) proposed and applied a control method of the scale by thinning its population using a nutritional spray of 4% potassium nitrate with 2% spray oil.
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil]; Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Mori, Pellizzari & Tosi 2001: 42 (female) [Italy]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Pellizzari & Camporose 1994: 177 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]; Tang 1991: 304 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 93 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 166 (female) [Japan]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 36 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 371 (female) [Egypt]; Beardsley 1966: 480 (female) [Beardsley]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Green 1909a: 277 (female) [Ceylon]; Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [West Indies].
CITATIONS: AbdRab2002b [host, distribution, biological control: 39-44]; AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; Ali1971 [host, distribution: 16-17]; Amitai1969 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 89-95]; ArgovPoBa1987 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 277-285]; ArgovRo1988 [biological control: 303-314]; ArgovScRo1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 21-31]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; ArgyriKo1980a [host, distribution, economic importance: 705-707]; AvasthSh1986 [host, distribution: 334]; AvidovRoGe1963 [biological control, chemical control, host, distribution, economic importance: 205-212]; Balach1926 [taxonomy, economic importance: 4]; Balach1930 [host, distribution: 180]; Balach1932d [taxonomy: 100,104,116,117]; Balach1933d [taxonomy, life history, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-84]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 5]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 258]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 14-15]; Bartle1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 59-60]; BasheeJa1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 261-266]; BasuNaCh1969 [economic importance, host, distribution: 169-178]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 480-481]; Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 194]; BenDov1970 [biological control, host, distribution: 84-87]; BenDov1970b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 273-277]; BenDov1970c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 1-86]; BenDov1971 [host, distribution: 25-26]; BenDov1972a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 17-34]; BenDov1976d [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 3-7]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 34-36,59-60]; BenDov2006a [host, distribution: 206]; BenDovMaGa2000 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 423-424]; Berger1932 [host, distribution, biological control: 131-136]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64-65]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 44]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [life history, biological control: 219]; Bodenh1951a [life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control, taxonomy, host, distribution: 364-381]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 112]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 109]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 155]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 459-461]; Bordag1914 [host, distribution]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Brimbl1956a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 163-164]; CamporPe1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 182-185]; CarvalAg1997 [life history, economic importance, description, host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; Castel1951a [biological control: 95-98]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 208]; Charmo1898a [host, distribution: 66]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1894t [distribution: 178]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 5,8]; Cocker1895u [host, distribution: 727]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 17]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Cohen1969 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 769-772]; Cohen1975 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 38-41]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 331-332]; Conway1951 [host, distribution, economic importance]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 237]; CouturQuGo1997 [economic importancem, host, distribution: 126]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 199]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 43]; DavoodTaRa2004a [biological control: 887-899]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 185]; DeLott1969b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-213]; Delucc1975 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution, molecular data, taxonomy: 791-796]; EisaElEl1990 [chemical control, life history: 49-55]; ElekciSe2007 [host, distribution, biological control: 29-34]; ElliotOhWy1998 [host, distribution, economic importance]; EzzatFa1980 [taxonomy, description: 25]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 381-383]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 152,158]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75,91]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292-295]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 81]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 4,22]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 422]; Georgh1977 [host, distribution: 148]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-49]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Gothil1962 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-14]; GothilBe1970 [life history, host, distribution: 93-99]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1899b [taxonomy, description: 191]; Green1900c [host, distribution: 8]; Green1904a [host, distribution: 207]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 200]; Green1908a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 277]; Green1916a [host, distribution: 375]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 311]; HabibSaAm1971 [host, distribution, life history: 318-330]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 38]; Hall1924a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6-7]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-28]; HarpazRo1971 [biological control, economic importance: 458-468]; Helmy1992 [host, distribution, chemical control: 809-816]; HelmyGiAb1984 [chemical control: 1125-1132]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 462]; HernanNiMa2011 [host: 379-380]; Hodges2001 [host, distribution, life history: 1-122]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy, distribution: 208]; HodgesRuBr2000 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 23-31]; HodgesRuBr2003 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, economic importance: 3-12]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 419-422]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 6,9,15]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 61-64,241]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183]; IsmailElSo2004 [chemical control: 175-179]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 133, 141]; JohnsoLy1988 [economic importance, host, distribution]; KansuUy1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 565-567]; KaracaErYa2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 372-377]; Katsoy1996 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 15,19-21,81-83]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 167]; Kawai1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1932a [host, distribution: 248]; Kirkal1902 [taxonomy, distribution: 105]; Kirkal1904 [taxonomy, distribution: 228]; KonarSa2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 65-68]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 330-331]; Koteja1974a [taxonomy: 81]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-69]; Kuwana1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 34-43]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; LongoMaPe1995 [host, distribution: 133,141]; MaChZh1995 [host, distribution: 117-119]; MalipaDuSm2000 [biological control: 96]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 150-151]; Mamet1949 [distribution: 22]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution: 223]; Mamet1957 [taxonomy: 368]; MarinLCi1996a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 91-96]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 14-224]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 42]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; MendelPoRo1984b [life history, ecology: 30-33]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 5]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 5]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; MoriPeTo2001 [taxonomy: 42]; Mosque1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133-139]; MumaSeDe1961 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-39]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 3]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 29]; Newste1914 [host, distribution: 306]; Panis1982 [distribution, biological control: 12-22]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy: 19]; Peleg1987 [chemical control: 601-603]; Peleg1988 [chemical control: 88-92]; PelegBa1995 [chemical control, biological control, economic importance: 262-263]; PelegGo1981 [chemical control: 124-126]; PellizCa1994 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 182-185]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294,296]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-158]; Petch1921 [biological control: 18-40]; PodoleDrRo1981 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 81-90]; Pratt1958 [taxonomy]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 934-935]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution: 23-24]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 30]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 40]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; Rosen1966 [biological control, host, distribution: 46-48]; Rosen1969 [biological control: 45-53]; Rosen1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 289-292]; Schmut1990 [economic importance, host, distribution: 193]; Schmut1998 [host, distribution: 36]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; SchneiPoRo1983 [host, distribution, life history: 117-141]; SchneiPoRo1987 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 217-228]; SchneiPoRo1987a [economic importance, life history, host, distribution: 67-78]; SchneiPoRo1987b [economic importance, life history, host, distribution: 95-103]; SchneiPoRo1988 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 75-83]; SengonUyKa1998 [host, distribution, biological control: 128-131]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 49]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38-39]; Simant1962a [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 105-112]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 7]; SinhaDi1984 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 11-12]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 56-57]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution: 9]; Stimme1998 [life history, biological control, host, distribution, economic importance: 17-19]; Su1982 [distribution: 61]; SunQiLi1989 [biological control, economic importance: 1-4]; SwinglWe1896 [host, distribution: 1-6]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 86-88]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 345]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 67-68]; Takaha1932a [distribution, host: 103]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 117]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 263]; Takaha1940a [host, distribution: 331]; Tang1991 [taxonomy: 306-308]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 79]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-94,95]; TrabouBe1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-13]; Tuncyu1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 67-80]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 49]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 341]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 172]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 127]; VidyasKoDe1989 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 359-360]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 93]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; Webber1897 [chemical control: 53-58]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43-48]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-73]; WilliaWi1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 55-56]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 15,54]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion: 21-112]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168,187]; Yarden1977 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 1-20]; Yarden1987 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 25-31]; YardenRo1990 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 125-128]; YardenRo1992 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 622-629]; YardenRo1995 [life history, ecology: 307-313]; YardenSh1995 [life history, chemical control, host, distribution: 271-276]; YunusHo1980 [host, distribution]; ZchoriBePo2005 [endosymbionts, Cardinium: 211-221].
Ceroplastes flosculoides Matile-Ferrero in Matile-Ferrero & CouturierNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes flosculoides Matile-Ferrero in Matile-Ferrero & Couturier, 1993: 441. Type data: PERU: Loreto, Jenaro Herrera, Plantation HAP, on Myricaria dubia . Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [PerontSoGr2008]. Tamaricaceae: Myricaria dubia [MatileCo1993].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]); Peru [MatileCo1993].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Couturier (1993) and by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Couturier (1993) and by Peronti et al. (2008).
SYSTEMATICS: This species was also reported as Ceroplastes sp. by Couturier et al. (1994).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Reported (Matile-Ferrero & Couturier, 1993) to damage cultivated plantation of Myricaria dubia (common name 'camu camu'), a valuable export crop in Peru.
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: MatileCo1993 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 441-445]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158].
Ceroplastes formicarius HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes communis Hempel, 1900a: 459. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Maytenus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, and UCEC. Described: female. Synonymy by Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 158.
Ceroplastes formicarius Hempel, 1900a: 472. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Maytenus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 54. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 95-147. Described: female.
Ceroplastes scutigera Cockerell, 1902i: 92. Type data: ARGENTINA: Ceres, on a shrub with small, entire oval-laneolate leaves. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Granara de Willink, 1999: 51.
HOSTS: Achatocarpaceae: Achatocarpus praecox [Granar1999]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [SilvadGoGa1968]. Celastraceae: Maytenus [Hempel1900a, SilvadGoGa1968]. Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sylvestris [PerontSoGr2008]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Granar1999]. Malpighiaceae: Banisteriopsis oxyclada [PerontSoGr2008], Byrsonima [PerontSoGr2008]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia edulis [Granar1999]. Opiliaceae: Agonandra exelsa [Granar1999]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Granar1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Catamarca [Granar1999], Chaco [Granar1999], Entre Rios [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999], San Luis [Granar1999], Santa Fe [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]); Brazil (Amazonas [PerontSoGr2008], Pernambuco [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
BIOLOGY: Attended by a species of Camponotus (Hempel, 1900b).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Granara de Willink (1999) anf by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil]; Granara de Willink 1999: 48 (female) [Argentina].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 29,36,54]; Cocker1902i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 92]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253,254]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 150,152,157]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-54]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 627]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 459-460,472-473]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 560]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 67-68]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 197]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-160]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; SilvadGoGa1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 137]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 124,127].
Ceroplastes formosus HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes formosus Hempel, 1900a: 468. Type data: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais, Pocos de Caldas, on Eugenia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 160. Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil; type no. 37. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Hempel1900a], Eugenia sprengelli [PerontSoGr2008], Myrciaria cauliflora [PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 36]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 152]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 468]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 64]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-161]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 127].
Ceroplastes galeatus NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes galeatus Newstead, 1911: 95. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype female designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: Uganda: right label: Colonial Office / Ent. Res. Comm. (T.A.) / 1804 / Entebbe / 10/VIII/10 / BM 1945, 121; left label: Ceroplastes / galeatus / Newstead / Cotype females (BMNH): 1/1 (fair-poor, dorsum and venter separated).
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [Newste1911, Sassce1912].
BIOLOGY: Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Newstead (1911).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Test of adult female - wax hard; creamy white or dusky yellowish white; roughly hemispherical; divided into distinct plates; dorsum with a central dark nuclear spot situated in a deep depression, the latter extending as a narrow groove as far as the region of the anal lobes; lateral plates separated by dark depression lines; lateral margins over the stigmatic clefts projecting considerably beyond the hemispherical portion, in the form of 2 peak-like extensions, on both surfaces of which are the opaque white stigmatic bands; area surrounding the anal orifice almost denuded, so that the colour of the insect is visible. Width 4.5-5.0 mm, length 4.0-4.5 mm." (Newstead, 1911). Mounted material. Body elongate oval, probably rather convex, with shallow, stigmatic clefts; distinctness of dorsal tubercles uncertain. Caudal process short and stout, pointing more or less vertically. Length 2.7-3.5 mm, total width of mounted specimen 1.75–2.5 mm; width of venter 1.5-1.65 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. galeatus initially appears similar to several other species in the C. rusci-group but differs in: (i) having no ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region; (ii) almost no tibio-tarsal articulatory scleroses; (iii) the distribution of the stigmatic setae, with the largest lying within the group (i.e., not the most dorsal seta); (iv) in the shortness of antennal segment III, and (v) stigmatic setae not meeting between clefts. Other species in the C. rusci-group that lack tubular ducts in the cephalic region are C. singularis, C. balachowskyi and C. ghesquierei. C. singularis differs in having stigmatic setae along entire margin, C. balachowskyi differs in having a very large mid-dorsal clear area and C. ghesquierei is very similar but has many more stigmatic setae which almost meet between the clefts. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 37]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 121-123,242]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Newste1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95-96]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 88].
Ceroplastes ghesquierei Hodgson & PerontiNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes ghesquierei Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 124-126. Type data: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Kisangani (=Stanleyville), on Loranthus sp., 7/14/1936, by J. Ghesdqiére. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: Tervuren: Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Section d'Entomologie, Belgium; type no. 4097. Described: female. Illust. Notes:
HOSTS: Loranthaceae: Loranthus sp. [HodgsoPe2012]. Moraceae: Ficus sp. [HodgsoPe2012]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [HodgsoPe2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. The waxy test of 80 year-old dried specimens rather clear yellow but some clearly showing a basic structure similar to that of C. rusci, with a series of marginal plates, anterior 2 lateral pairs each with white stigmatic lines, plus a larger dorsal plate with a central dark nucleus. With wax removed, younger specimens with a central dorsal dome and a short caudal process. Mounted material. Body rather roundly oval and probably fairly convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts; lateral tubercles distinct although small. Caudal process short and stout, probably directed rather upwards. Length of young specimens 1.6-2.5 mm, width about 1.0-1.5 mm.
SYSTEMATICS: C. ghesquierei is clearly a member of the C. rusci-group but differs from the other members of this group in having the following combination of characters: (i) absence of ventral tubular ducts in cephalic region and often on abdomen; (ii) stigmatic setae on each side meeting between clefts and extending from near each eyespot a long way past each posterior cleft; also often with a few present between eyespots anteriorly; (iii) each stigmatic setal group broadening to 4 setae deep in each cleft, and with non-marginal stigmatic setae extending a long way along margin laterally; (iv) stigmatic setae sharply cone-shaped, (v) presence of only 1-5 marginal setae on each side laterally between clefts and (vi) large dorsal setae on each anal plate all located near posterior margin. In almost entirely lacking ventral tubular ducts, C. ghesquierei is similar to C. balachowskyi, C. singularis and C. galeatus. C. singularis differs from the other 3 species in having a band of stigmatic setae around the entire margin (absent from some parts of the margin on other 3 species). It also resembles C. galeatus, particularly in having the large dorsal setae on the anal plate restricted to near the outer margins of each plate but, based on the available material, differs from C. galeatus in having many more stigmatic setae on each side, meeting laterally between the clefts. It is possible that C. ghesquierei is a synonym of C. galeatus but, based on the available specimens, they are easily separable.
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (adult, female) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].
CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 124-126,242].
Ceroplastes giganteus DozierNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes giganteus Dozier, 1931: 2. Type data: HAITI: Source Cazeau, on Ficus rubricosta. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female.
HOSTS: Bombacaceae: Neobuchia paulinae [Dozier1931]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia pulcherrima [Willia2010], Jatropha curcas [Willia2010]. Moraceae: Ficus rubricosta [Dozier1931]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Willia2010]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia2010].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala [Willia2010]; Haiti [PerezG2008].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 37]; Dozier1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-2]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152].
Ceroplastes gigas CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes gigas Cockerell, 1914b: 331. Type data: PHILIPPINES: near Los Banos. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Notes: Host plant of type material not recorded.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Sassce1915, Ali1971].
CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 17]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 37]; Cocker1914b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 331]; Sassce1915 [host, distribution: 31]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 225].
Ceroplastes glomeratus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes glomeratus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 162. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Maria, on Vernonia brevifolia; collected D. Link, 22.x.2002. Holotype female. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil; type no. 251. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus therebibthifolius [PerontSoGr2008]. Asteraceae: Vernonia brevifolia [PerontSoGr2008]. Fabaceae: Acacia plumosa [PerontSoGr2008], Anadenanthera [PerontSoGr2008], Anadenanthera pavonina [PerontSoGr2008], Caesalpinia peltophoroides [PerontSoGr2008], Calliandra tweedii [PerontSoGr2008], Dalbergia frutescens [PerontSoGr2008], Inga [PerontSoGr2008], Piptadenia colubrina [PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Mato Grosso [PerontSoGr2008], Parana [PerontSoGr2008], Rio Grande do Sul [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour Photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-163].
Ceroplastes grandis HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes grandis Hempel, 1900a: 455. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Ypiranga, on Zanthoxylum sp., Ilex sp., Psidium sp., Mechilia flava, Baccharis sp. and various Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
Ceroplastes rhizophorae Hempel, 1918: 201. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Santos, on Rhizophora mangle. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 164.
Ceroplastidia grandis; Granara de Willink, 1999: 66. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus [PerontSoGr2008], Schinus molle [Granar1999, PerontSoGr2008]. Apocynaceae: Aspidosperma quebracho blanco [Granar1999], Nerium oleander [CorseuBa1971]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolia [Granar1999], Ilex paraguariensis [Lizery1916d, CorseuBa1971]. Asteraceae: Baccharis [Hempel1900a]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda [CorseuBa1971, Granar1999], Tabebuia [Granar1999], Tabebuia avellanedae [PerontSoGr2008]. Combretaceae: Laguncularia recemosa [SilvadGoGa1968]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [CorseuBa1971]. Fabaceae: Acacia decurrens mollis [CorseuBa1971], Delonix regia [PerontSoGr2008], Prosopis chilensis [Granar1999]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [CorseuBa1971]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [SilvadGoGa1968], Eugenia guabiju [CorseuBa1971], Psidium guajava [CorseuBa1971]. Platanaceae: Platanus [PerontSoGr2008], Platanus orientalis [CorseuBa1971]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [CorseuBa1971]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora [SilvadGoGa1968], Rhizophora mangle [Hempel1918, PerontSoGr2008]. Rosaceae: Cydonia vulgaris [CorseuBa1971], Mespilus germanica [CorseuBa1971], Pyrus communis [CorseuBa1971], Pyrus germanica [CorseuBa1971]. Rubiaceae: Stenocalyx pitanga [PerontSoGr2008]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Granar1999], Citrus deliciosa [CorseuBa1971], Citrus nobilis [CorseuBa1971], Citrus reticulata [Granar1999], Zanthoxylum [Hempel1900a]. Tiliaceae: Luehea divaricata [CorseuBa1971]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia tomentosa [PerontSoGr2008], Duranta repens aurea [PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Chaco [Granar1999], Entre Rios [Granar1999], La Rioja [Granar1999], Misiones [Lizery1916d, Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999, GranarCl2003]); Brazil (Parana [BorgesLaLa2003, PerontSoGr2008], Rio Grande do Sul [PerontSoGr2008], Rio de Janeiro [PerontSoGr2008], Santa Catarina [HickelDu1995], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999) and by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Photo colour of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil]; Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 37-38, 49]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; BorgesLaLa2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 563-568]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 237]; EmbrapCeNa2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-24]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 133, 153]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-69]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 627]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 455-457]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 557-558]; Hempel1918 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 201]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-23]; HickelDu1995 [host, distribution, life history: 665-668]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Lepage1941a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, chemical control, economic importance: 343-346]; Lizery1916d [host, distribution: 433]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 192-194]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-165]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; SaezMaHo2001 [host, distribution: 21-24]; SilvadGoGa1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 139]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 128]; Vernal1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 26-28]; VernalGaDa1974 [taxonomy, description: 129].
Ceroplastes gregarius HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes gregarius Hempel, 1932: 323. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo State, Ipiranga, on Gomphrena nagansellarti. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IBSP; type no. 537. Described: female.
HOST: Amaranthaceae: Gomphrena nagansellarti [Hempel1932, PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1932, PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 38]; Hempel1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323-324]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165].
Ceroplastes hawanus Williams & WatsonNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes hawanus Williams & Watson, 1990: 73. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: San Cristobal, Hawa, on Barringtonia asiatica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
HOST: Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia asiatica [WilliaWa1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Solomon Islands.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1990).
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 38]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 45]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73].
Ceroplastes helichrysi HallNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes helichrysi Hall, 1931: 295. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Bromley, on Helichrysum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype: (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): ZIMBABWE [Southern Rhodesia]: top label: Ceroplastes / helichrysi / Hall / Helychrysum / sp. / Bromley. Bottom label: WJHall 9/3/28 / TYPE / 14.iii.30 WJHall (lectotype top specimen of two).
Gascardia helichrysi; De Lotto, 1965: 181. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Helichrysum [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Rosaceae: Cliffortia sp. [HodgsoPe2012]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [HodgsoPe2012]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969).
STRUCTURE: Test of the adult female convex and pure white. There is a deep submarginal depression giving the marginal area the appearance of being rounded and thickened. The outlines of the plates are indicated by shallow depressions, and each plate carries a rather obscure median circular depression. Centre of the dome with a small elongate raised white boss. There are faint indications of radiating lines and concentric rings on the dome, and a few specimens exhibit a well-marked concentric depression midway between the central boss and the submarginal groove. The wax is firm but not hard. Denuded of its wax, the adult female is highly convex and uniformly rounded, with a faint submarginal depression that is frequently missing in older examples. Cephalic lobes [tubercles] represented, but not at all conspicuous except in the young individuals. Dorsal processes [tubercles] wanting but traces of lateral processes found on a few examples. Caudal process small, triangular, with the apex directed upwards at an angle of 45°. Stigmatic clefts shallow but well marked. Older examples uniformly sclerotised; the dermis is thin and brittle. Length of the test of adult female 5 mm; breadth 3.5 mm. (Hall, 1931)
SYSTEMATICS: The main characteristics of this species are: (i) the more or less unsclerotised anal process; (ii) presence of several larger spinose setae in each stigmatic group; (iii) rather wide primary loculus in each loculate microduct; (iv) dissimilar claw digitules; (v) small denticle on each claw; (vi) large number of tubular ducts in cephalic region, (vii) absence of tubular ducts laterally on thorax, and (viii) presence of ventral tubular ducts laterally on abdomen. In having a relatively unsclerotised caudal process, C. helichrysi resembles C. brevicauda, but the latter differs in having: (i) reduced antennae and legs; (ii) no ventral tubular ducts anteriorly in the cephalic region, and (iii) loculate microducts of the complex type. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 40 [Key to adult females of C. deceptrix-group].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 38]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 181]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 295-296]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-31]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 44-46,241]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes hempeli Lizer y TrellesNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes grandis hempeli Lizer y Trelles, 1919a: 381. Type data: ARGENTINA: Misiones, on Ilex paraguariensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Castelar: Departamento de Patologia Vegetal, INTA, C.C. no. 25, Castelar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Ceroplastes hempeli; Vernalha et al., 1974: 127. Change of status.
HOST: Aquifoliaceae: Ilex paraguariensis [Lizery1919, Lizery1939].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina.
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 38]; Lizery1919 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 381-382]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 194]; VernalGaDa1974 [taxonomy, description: 130].
Ceroplastes hodgsoni (Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet)NOMENCLATURE:
Gascardia hodgsoni Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985: 262. Type data: IVORY COAST: Tai, on Cleistanthus polystachyus. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.
Ceroplastes hodgsoni; Ben-Dov, 1993: 38. Change of combination.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Cleistanthus polystachyus [MatileLe1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast). Palaearctic: Hungary [FetykoKo2012] (In greenhouse on Ficus benjamina.).
BIOLOGY: Protected under soil shelter constructed by ants, Crematogaster sp. (Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet, 1985).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Le Ruyet (1985). Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Body probably rather roundly oval and convex, with distinct, quite deep, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with small lateral tubercles. Caudal process short, placed posteriorly on dorsum. Length about 1.3-1.8 mm, width 1.25-1.38 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: The adult females of C. hodgsoni differ from all others in this species-group in the very small size of the dorsal setae, which are present in all the dorsal clear areas, in having all loculate microducts of the ruscitype, none apparently with 2 or more satellite loculi, and in having few spiracular disc pores. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 38]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 277]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 174-176,243]; MatileLe1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 262-263].
Ceroplastes iheringi CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes iheringi Cockerell, 1895f: 100. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, on Baccharis platensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [Cocker1895f, Cocker1897r], Baccharis dracunculifolia [CorseuBa1971, Hempel1900a], Baccharis genisteloides [CorseuBa1971], Baccharis platensis [Cocker1895f, Iherin1897, Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008], Hetherothalamus brunioides [CorseuBa1971], Vernonia polyanthes [PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Minas Gerais [PerontSoGr2008], Rio Grande do Sul [Cocker1895f, Iherin1897, Cocker1897r], Sao Paulo [Iherin1897]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 39]; Cocker1895f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 100]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1897r [description, host, distribution: 70]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 153]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 452-454]; Hempel1904 [host, distribution: 315]; Hempel1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 32]; Iherin1897 [host, distribution: 409-410]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-166]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 128].
Ceroplastes immanis GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes immanis Green, 1935a: 274. Type data: BRAZIL: Goyaz, on branches of undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Green1935a].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 39]; Green1935a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274-275].
Ceroplastes insulanus De LottoNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes insulanus De Lotto, 1971: 141. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Lord Howe Island, on areal roots of an unidentified plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female.
HOSTS: Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea cairica [QinGu1994]. Myrsinaceae: Rapanea [DeLott1971, QinGu1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Lord Howe Island [DeLott1971, QinGu1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1971).
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].
CITATIONS: Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; BenDov1993 [distribution: 39]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-142]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 935-937]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 73-75].
Ceroplastes irregularis CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes artemisiarum Cockerell, 1893t: 160. Nomen nudum.
Ceroplastes irregularis Cockerell, 1893z: 351. Type data: MEXICO: State of Chihuahua, 6 miles north of Montezuma Railroad, on Artemisia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel et al., 1974: 49. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Ceroplastes irregularis rubidus Cockerell, 1896o: 203. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Whitewater, on Atriplex canescens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 49.
Ceroplastes irrigularis; Qin & Gullan, 1995: 301. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: irregular wax scale [Gill1988].
HOSTS: Asclepiadaceae: Sarcobatus [Cocker1893z]. Asteraceae: Artemisia [Cocker1893z, GimpelMiDa1974], Chrysothamnus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [Cocker1912, Ferris1919a, Ferris1921], Atriplex canescens [Cocker1896o, Bibby1931, GimpelMiDa1974], Atriplex confertifolia [King1903b, Ferris1919a], Atriplex polycarpa [King1903b], Eurotia lanata [Ferris1919a, GimpelMiDa1974], Suaeda [Gill1988].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1899n] (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921]). Nearctic: Mexico (Chihuahua [Cocker1893z], Chihuahua [Ferris1919a]). Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1912], California [King1903b, Ferris1919a], Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico [Cocker1896o, Ferris1919a], Texas [Cocker1903a, Bibby1931]).
BIOLOGY: Apparently, it develops one annual generation in USA, California (Gill, 1988).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel et al. (1974) and by Gill (1988).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 5-8 mm long. Dorsal wax cover varies in colour, creamy white, pink or red-brown; see colour photograph in Gill (1988).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: According to Essig (1931) the wax produced by the females of this species was used by the California Indians for mending pottery, waterproofing baskets and other purposes.
KEYS: Gill 1988: 17 (female) [USA, California]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 39-40]; Bibby1931 [host, distribution: 588]; Cocker1893cc [distribution: 99]; Cocker1893z [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 351]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330]; Cocker1896o [taxonomy, host, distribution: 203]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 17]; Cocker1903a [host, distribution: 157]; Cocker1912 [host, distribution: 301]; Cocker1914b [host, distribution: 331]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 153]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-42]; Ferris1921 [host, distribution: 89]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 20, 24]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-52]; King1903b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 194]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy: 343-344]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes itatiayensis HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes itatiayensis Hempel, 1938: 263. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro State, Itatiaya, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 40]; Hempel1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 263-264].
Ceroplastes jamaicensis WhiteNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes jamaicensis White, 1846: 333. Type data: JAMAICA: on trunk of Lance-wood tree [=Calophyllum sp.]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
Columnea iamaicensis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Misspelling of species name.
Columnea jamaicensis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: lance-wood wax scale [Cocker1895].
HOST: Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [White1846].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Jamaica.
KEYS: Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [Jamaica].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 40]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, distribution: 6,8]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 153]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; Signor1869 [catalogue: 858]; Signor1872a [taxonomy: 45]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 145]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, distribution: 1087]; Westwo1853b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 484]; White1846 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 27].
Ceroplastes janeirensis (Gray)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus (Ceroplastes) janeirensis Gray, 1828: 7. Type data: BRAZIL: on Solanum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).
Coccus psidii Chavannes, 1848: 139. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Bosafogo Bay, on Psidium sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 167.
Columnea chavannesii Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 47.
Columnea ianeirensis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Misspelling of species name.
Ceroplastes chavannesii; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 35. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes janeirensis; Signoret, 1869: 858. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes psidii; Signoret, 1869a: 867. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes simplex Hempel, 1900a: 475. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on twigs of plant of Myrtaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Synonymy by Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 167.
HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Aspidosperma pirifolium [PerontSoGr2008], Aspidosperma quebracho blanco [Granar1999]. Asteraceae: Vernonia [PerontSoGr2008]. Bignoniaceae [PerontSoGr2008], Tabebuia [Granar1999]. Clusiaceae [PerontSoGr2008]. Fabaceae: Acacia bonariensis [CorseuBa1971], Machaerium acutifolium [PerontSoGr2008]. Moraceae: Ficus [Granar1999], Ficus citrifolia [PerontSoGr2008], Ficus retusa [SilvadGoGa1968]. Myrtaceae [Hempel1900a, Granar1999, PerontSoGr2008], Campomanesia pubescens [PerontSoGr2008], Campomanesia xanthocarpa [PerontSoGr2008], Eugenia uniflora [SilvadGoGa1968], Eugenia uvalha [PerontSoGr2008], Phyllocalyx laevigatus [CorseuBa1971], Psidium [Chavan1848, Targio1866, Hempel1900a], Psidium guajava [Iherin1897, Hempel1920a, CorseuBa1971, Granar1999, PerontSoGr2008], Stenocalyx pitanga [CorseuBa1971, PerontSoGr2008]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [PerontSoGr2008]. Solanaceae: Solanum [Gray1828].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Chaco [Granar1999], Corrientes [Granar1999], Misiones [Granar1999]); Brazil (Paraiba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro [Chavan1848, Targio1866], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]); Colombia [Kondo2001].
BIOLOGY: The females are neotenic, becoming adult after three moults. The first-instar nymphs are active and move in search of a suitable settling place on the host plant. They settle mainly along the veins on the ventral side of the leaves, remaining there until the end of second instar, although a few can also be found on the upper side of the leaves. The migration from the leaves to the younger branches occurs mainly after the moult to the third instar. (Rosa, et al., 2011)
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by De Lotto (1965a), Hodgson (1994a), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Peronti et al. (2008). Description of adult female by Chavannes (1848) and by Hempel (1920a). Detailed description and illustrations of female nymphs in Rosa, et al., 2011)
STRUCTURE: the adults have a thick wax test covering the whole dorsal area. The first and second-instar female nymphs secrete a dorsal cap of dry wax which covers most of the dorsum, plus a submarginal series of about 15 filaments of dry wax. These dry wax filaments are retained in the third instar, but, the third instar also secretes a large volume of wet wax which covers the remainder of the dorsum. (Gimpel, et al., 1974) Colour photograph of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Hempel (1920a) reported this wax scale as a serious pest of guavas in Northern Brazil (Paraiba and Pernambuco).
KEYS: Rosa et al. 2011: 29 (first instar, second inst) [Key to female stages of C. janeirensis ]; Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil]; Granara de Willink 1999: 55 (female) [Argentina].
CITATIONS: AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; AbouElAbEl1997 [life history, host, distribution: 205]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 40,47-48,54]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; ChackoKrAn1978 [biological control: 14-19]; Chavan1848 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 139-141]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1897r [taxonomy, distribution: 70]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy, distribution: 253-254]; CorseuBa1971 [distribution, host: 238]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-187]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 153,155,157]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-56]; Gray1828 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 451-452,475-476]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-69]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-24]; Hempel1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 346, 369-370]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-163]; Iherin1897 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 408]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; LimaOmMe2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 277]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy: 22]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; MohyudMa1993 [host, distribution, biological control: 467-483]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-169]; PerontSoTa2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 251]; PuttarCh1953a [biological control: 97-95]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; RosaPeSo2011 [description, distribution, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 18-30]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 858,867]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40-43]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 145]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 728]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 128-130]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1082,1087]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; Westwo1853b [taxonomy, description: 484]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 27,39]; Wolcot1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 511-513].
Ceroplastes japonicus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes floridensis japonicus Green, 1921a: 258. Type data: ENGLAND: Herts, St. Albans, on smaller branches of Japanese Maple (imported from Japan). Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.
Ceroplastes japonicus; Borchsenius, 1949c: 181. Change of status.
Cerostegia japonica; De Lotto, 1969b: 213. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes rusci; Pellizzari Scaltriti & Antonucci, 1982: 47. Misidentification.
Paracerostegia japonica; Tang, 1991: 308. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes japonicus; Ben-Dov, 1993: 40. Change of combination.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus L. [Kobakh1965], Chilocorus renipustulatus Scriba [Kobakh1965]. FUNGI : Fusarium [ZengWaCh1990], Lecanicillium lecanii [LiuXiXu2009]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anicetus beneficus Ishii & Yasumatsu [Tachik1958], Anicetus ceroplastis Ishii [Tachik1958], Anicetus ohgushii Tachikawa [Tachik1958, LiuLiXu1983], Anicetus rarisetus Xu & He [XuHe1997], Anicetus zhejiangensis Xu & Li [XuLi1991], Microterys anyangensis Xu & Chen [XuCh2000], Microterys clauseni Compere [Yasnos1995, JaposhYaRz2005]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus murakami Sugonyaev [Sugony1983a]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) [Basova1983, JaposhYaRz2005]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Mallada boninensis (Okamoto) [MiyanoKa1992].
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer japonicus [Green1921a, DeLott1969b], Acer pseudoplatanus [KozarTrPe1984]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Borchs1957], Trachelospermum asiaticum [TakahaTa1956]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [JancarSeZe1999], Ilex integra [TakahaTa1956]. Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Longo1985]. Berberidaceae: Berberis [Borchs1957], Epimedium colchicum [Borchs1957], Mahonia aquifolium [JancarSeZe1999]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999]. Celastraceae: Euonymus japonicus [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999]. Cornaceae: Cornus mas [Borchs1957], Svida [Borchs1957]. Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta [TakahaTa1956]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999]. Ehretiaceae: Ehretia acuminata [TakahaTa1956]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus pungens [TakahaTa1956]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus decipiens [TakahaTa1956]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea hortensia [JancarSeZe1999]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999], Machilus thunbergii [TakahaTa1956]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora [Borchs1957]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [JancarSeZe1999], Morus [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999], Myrtus communis [Borchs1957]. Myrtaceae: Feijoa sellowiana [Borchs1957]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira [Borchs1957]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus nagi [TakahaTa1956]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [JancarSeZe1999]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus [Borchs1960b]. Rosaceae: Cerasus avium [Borchs1957], Cerasus vulgaris [Borchs1957], Chaenomeles japonica [JancarSeZe1999], Crataegus [Borchs1957], Cydonia vulgaris [Borchs1957], Eriobotrya japonica [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999], Malus domestica [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999], Persica vulgaris [Borchs1957], Prunus armeniaca [JancarSeZe1999], Prunus avium [JancarSeZe1999], Prunus laurocerasus [Borchs1957], Prunus mume [Borchs1960b], Prunus persica [JancarSeZe1999], Prunus yedoensis [TakahaTa1956], Pyrus communis [JancarSeZe1999], Pyrus sinensis [Borchs1957]. Rutaceae: Aegle sepiaria [KozarTrPe1984], Citrus [Borchs1957], Citrus limon [JancarSeZe1999], Citrus reticulata [JancarSeZe1999], Poncirus trifoliata [Borchs1957, JancarSeZe1999]. Salicaceae: Salix glandulosa [TakahaTa1956], Salix saidaeana [TakahaTa1956]. Theaceae: Camellia japonica [Borchs1957], Eurya japonica [Borchs1957], Thea sinensis [Borchs1957].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]). Palaearctic: Armenia [Beglar2003]; Bulgaria [TrenchTrTo2010]; China (Henan (=Honan) [ZhouShYa2003], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Croatia [MastenSeSi2007, Masten&2008a]; France [Foldi2000]; Georgia [KozarYaKo1982, Yasnos1995, YasnosTaCh2005]; Hungary [FetykoKo2012]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984]; Japan [DeLott1969b]; Netherlands [FetykoKo2012]; Russia (Caucasus [KozarTrPe1984]); Slovenia [JancarSeZe1999, Seljak2008, Seljak2010]; South Korea [KwonHa2003]; Turkey [FetykoKo2012]; United Kingdom (England [DeLott1969b, Green1921a]).
BIOLOGY: Ohgushi & Nishino (1975) studied the life tables in Japan. This species develops one annual generation in Northern Italy; overwintering as adult female (Longo, 1985).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1969b), Tang (1991) and by Pellizzari & Camporose (1994). Description and illustration of adult female and nymphal instars by Camporose & Pellizzari (1994). Description of adult female, adult male and first-instar nymph by Borchsenius (1957). Description and illustration of adult male, 2nd-instar male, male test, prepupa and pupa by Rainato & Pellizzari (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.56, a,b,c), Tranfaglia & Viggiani (1988) and by Camporose & Pellizzari (1998). Detailed discussion and SEM photos of the alimentary canal in Xie, et al., 2011.
SYSTEMATICS: Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes japonicus generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of Actinidia chinensis in Italy (Pellizzari & Antonucci, 1982), of ornamentals (laurel, ivy, holly) and of persimon in Italy (Pellizzari & Camporose, 1994; Camporose & Pellizzari, 1998).
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Lee et al. 2012: 159-160 (female) [Key to the wax tests of adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Lee et al. 2012: 160 (female) [Key to slide mounted adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Mori, Pellizzari & Tosi 2001: 42 (female) [Italy]; Pellizzari & Camporose 1994: 177 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]; Tang 1991: 304 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 166 (female) [Japan]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Basova1983 [host, distribution, biological control: 30-31]; Beglar2003 [host, distribution: 1-30]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 40-41]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 155]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 461-468]; Borchs1960b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 214-218]; CABI2003a [host, distribution: 1-2]; CamporPe1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-58]; CamporPe1998 [life history, host, distribution, life history, biological control,: 42-50]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 199]; DeLott1969b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-215]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution, molecular data, taxonomy: 791-796]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 291-295]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 81]; Green1921a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 258-259]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 154-156]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183-184]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; JancarSeZe1999 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 443-449]; JancarSeZe1999 [host, distribution: 443-449]; JaposhYaRz2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 271-277]; Katsoy1996 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 15,20-21,81-83]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 11]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 166-167]; Kozar1987 [distribution: 100]; Kozar1989 [economic importance, host, distribution: 176-177]; Kozar1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 317]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 6]; KozarWa1985 [host, distribution: 76]; KozarYaKo1982 [host, distribution, biological control: 333-338]; KwonHa2003 [host, distribution: 279-288]; LeeWuSu2012 [distribution, host: 158]; Leonid2005 [host, distribution: 500-551]; LiangGaZh2006 [host, distribution, ecology: 472-476]; LiuLiXu1983 [biological control: 135-136]; LiuXiXu2009 [life history, anatomy, biological control: 96-105]; Longo1985 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 185-132]; LongoMaPe1995 [host, distribution: 122]; MaChZh1995 [host, distribution: 117-119]; Masten&2008a [host, distribution: 11-15]; MastenSeSi2007 [host, distribution, economic importance: 330-334]; MiyanoKa1992 [life history, biological control: 196-199]; MoriPeTo2001 [taxonomy: 42]; Ohgush1986a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 59-62]; Ohgush1986b [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 147-149]; Ohgush1987a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 82-85]; Ohgush1988 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 75-77]; OhgushNi1975 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1-21]; OhgushNi1975 [life history]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Pelliz1987 [host, distribution: 120-121]; PellizAn1982 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 47-48]; PellizCa1994 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 185-188]; ProkopMo1981 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 43]; RainatPe2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-38]; SeinisDeMe1989 [chemical control, distribution: 115-118]; Seljak2008 [host, distribution: 121-127]; Seljak2010 [host, distribution: 104]; ShiXiXu2005 [chemistry, molecular data: 207-211]; Sugony1983a [host, distribution, biological control: 1907-1909]; Tachik1958 [host, distribution, biological control: 77-82]; TakahaTa1956 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7-8]; TamakiKa1967 [chemistry, structure: 63-69]; Tanaka1966 [biological control: 1-42]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-95]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 128]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 308-310]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61]; TranfaVi1988 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-30]; TrenchTrTo2010 [host, distribution: 114-123]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-26]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 22-38]; XieLiXu2010 [biological control, anatomy: 66-75]; XieLiZh2011 [structure: 898-904]; XieXu2005 [taxonomy, structure: 837-848]; XieXuYa2008 [host, distribution, biological control, chemistry, physiology, life history: 185-194]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2005a [taxonomy, wax, infra-red: 133-143]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-202]; XuCh2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 97-106]; XuHe1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 91-94]; XuLi1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 219-221]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187]; YangDuLi1996 [life history]; YangXiXu2006 [biological control, chemical ecology, life history: 215-219]; Yasnos1987 [economic importance: 229-234]; Yasnos1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 247-251]; YasnosTaCh2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 295-302]; Yasuma1969 [biological control: 773-780]; ZengWaCh1990 [taxonomy: 93]; ZhouShYa2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 42-43,50].
Ceroplastes jordanensis Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes jordanensis Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 169. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Campos do Jordão, on plant of Myrtaceae; collected A.L.B.G. Peronti, 24.xi.2001. Holotype female. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil; type no. 357. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae [PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Sãp Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 169-170].
Ceroplastes jos Hodgson & PerontiNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes jos Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 68-70. Type data: NIGERIA: on "a large tree", 1/29/1962, by W.J. Hall. Holotype female (examined), by present designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes: holotype specimen nearest species name label; misidentified as C. bipartitus
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [HodgsoPe2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
SYSTEMATICS: Ceroplastes jos is very similar to C. bipartitus but differs (characterstates of C. jos in brackets): (i) ventral tubular ducts very sparse, possibly even absent on some specimens and not present medially on abdomen (tubular ducts frequent and present medially on abdomen); (ii) loculate microducts mainly with 2 satellite loculi, those with 4 satellite loculi rare or absent (mainly 3 satellite loculi, pores with 4 satellite loculi present but scarce, those with 2 satellite loculi infrequent); (iii) with generally more than 30 stigmatic setae in each cleft, and each group about as wide as long (about 25 or fewer stigmatic setae in a group and each group much wider than long); (iv) dorsal setae about 2x longer than width of basal socket and sharply pointed (subequal to or only slightly longer than width of basal socket, and bluntly pointed), and (v) claw denticle obscure at most (present). C. jos is also very similar to C. sinoiae Hall but C. sinoiae is currently only known from southern Africa whereas C. jos is only known from Nigeria. C. jos differs from C. sinoiae in having (character-states of C. sinoiae in brackets): (i) a much narrower caudal process, more or less parallel-sided (more or less triangular and about as broad basally as long); (ii) seven clear areas, the medio-dorsal area obscure or absent (dorsal area present); (iii) each group of stigmatic setae about twice as wide as long (about as wide as long); (iv) ventral tubular ducts present medially on posterior abdominal segments (believed to be absent), (v) loculate microducts with 3 satellite loculi most abundant and pores with 4 satellite loculi present (pores with 2 satellite loculi most abundant, those with 4 loculi absent), and (vi) dorsal setae quite sharply pointed (blunter). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 64 (female) [Key to adult females in the C. longicauda-group.].
CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 68-70,241].
Ceroplastes kunmingensis (Tang & Xie in Tang)NOMENCLATURE:
Paracerostegia kunmingensis Tang & Xie in Tang, 1991: 310. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Kunming City, on Pittosporum glabratum. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female.
Ceroplastes kunmingensis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 41. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes kumingensis; Tao, 1999: 52. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum glabratum [Tang1991], Pittosporum tobira [Tang1991].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).
SYSTEMATICS: Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes kunmingensis generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608.
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 41]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution, molecular data, taxonomy: 791-796]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 310-311]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52].
Ceroplastes lahillei CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes lahillei Cockerell, 1910a: 74. Type data: ARGENTINA: Tucuman, Santa Ana, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
Ceroplastes (Ceroplastina) lahillei; Cockerell, 1910a: 76.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [Cocker1910a]).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 41]; Cocker1910a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-76]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy: 167]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 194]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 65]; Teran1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 194-196].
Ceroplastes lamborni NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes lamborni Newstead, 1917a: 29. Type data: NIGERIA: Ibadan, on cacao and on climber on bush tree. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.
Gascardia constricta De Lotto, 1969a: 417. Type data: ANGOLA: Novo Redondo, on Elaeis guineensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.
Ceroplastes constricta; Ben-Dov, 1993: 29. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [DeLott1969a, Almeid1973b]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Newste1917a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1969a, Almeid1973b]; Cameroon [HodgsoPe2012]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [HodgsoPe2012]; Ghana [HodgsoPe2012]; Nigeria [HodgsoPe2012]. Afrotropical: Nigeria [Newste1917a]. Afrotropical: Sierra Leone [HodgsoPe2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. C. lamborni. "Test of old adult female. Conical, more or less vertical in front and sloping upwards and forwards from the caudal process; sides with faint traces of three stigmatic plates. The four white stigmatic processes extending beyond the margin. Colour, in old dried examples, dusky red-brown and somewhat oily in appearance. Texture hard and almost as brittle as resin. Length 3.5 mm; height 3.5 mm" (Newstead, 1917a). Unmounted material. C. constricta. "The covering waxy test of all specimens examined was badly damaged in transit; in texture the wax was brittle and pure white in colour" (De Lotto, 1969a). Mounted material. Body probably rather roundly oval and convex, with distinct, quite deep, stigmatic clefts; presence of lateral tubercles unclear. Caudal process short and stout, probably directed rather upwards. Length about 2 to perhaps 3.5 (1.25-2.0) mm, width across venter about 1.25-2.25 (0.9-1.4) mm. Data in (..) refer to young C. constricta. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Two major characters defining this species are the presence of 5 or more dorsal setae on each anal plate and claw denticles of distinctly different sizes. C. lamborni is rather similar to C. theobromae but has about half as many stigmatic setae and the latter species only has 3 or 4 dorsal setae on each anal plate. However, Hodgson & Peronti determined that it is just possible that these 2 species are synonyms.
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].
CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 4]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 29, 41]; DeLott1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 417-419]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 176-180,243]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 29-30]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 499].
Ceroplastes leonardianus Lizer y TrellesNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes irregularis Leonardi, 1911: 271. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, Cacheuta, on Larrea cuneata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 71. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust. Homonym of Ceroplastes irregularis Cockerell, 1893.. Notes:
Ceroplastes leonardianus Lizer y Trelles, 1939: 194. Replacement name for Ceroplastes irregularis Leonardi, 1911.
Ceroplastes leonardianus; Teran, 1973: 190. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Ceroplastidia leonardiana; Granara de Willink, 1999: 69. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Eupatorium buniifolium [Lizery1939], Tessaria absinthioides [Lizery1939]. Tiliaceae: Heliocarpus [Lizery1939]. Zygophyllaceae: Larrea [Granar1999], Larrea cuneata [Leonar1911, Sassce1912], Larrea divaricata [Teran1973, Granar1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Sassce1912] (Mendoza [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).
KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 41-42]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-71]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 271-273]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 194-195]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 289-308]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 88]; Teran1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-192].
Ceroplastes lepagei Costa LimaNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes lepagei Costa Lima, 1940: 9. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Manguinhos, on Moquilea tomentosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Rio de Janeiro: Fundacao Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Described: female.
HOST: Chrysobalanaceae: Moquilea tomentosa [CostaL1940].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 42]; CostaL1940 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9-12].
Ceroplastes longicauda longicauda BrainNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes longicauda Brain, 1920a: 31. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal Coast, on stems of native shrub. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Notes: Lectotype (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): South Africa, Left label: Natal Coast / July 1915 / C. Fuller / on stems of / native shrub / CKB 334 (SANC)
Ceroplastes longicauda sapii Hall, 1931: 296. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Embeza, on Sapium sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 70-73.
Gascardia longicauda; De Lotto, 1965a: 202. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda mimosaefolia [DeLott1965a], Jacaranda ovalifolia [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia pulcherrima [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b], Sapium [Hall1931]. Meliaceae: Melia [Hodgso1969]. Tiliaceae: Grewia flavescens [Hodgso1969], Grewia monticola [Hodgso1969]. Verbenaceae: Vitex petersiana [Hodgso1969].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973b]; Kenya [DeLott1965a]; South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1965a]; Zambia [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: "Adult female covered with a very thick layer of soft, white wax forming a test like a larger C. ceriferus specimen, i.e., a little more elongated than egbarum. Largest specimen seen measures 18 mm long, 11 mm wide and 12 mm high; marginal area prominent, forming a wide fold at the base of the central dome. The waxy appendages from the stigmatic clefts only project slightly from the main mass of the fold." "Adult female denuded of wax bright brown in colour, about 5 mm long without caudal process, which alone measures 3.5 mm. The body is ± star-shaped with 3 short lateral pointed spurs [tubercles] and 1 anterior. These are sharper and more prominent than on ceriferus. The dorsum is very convex, rising with straight sides to an acute point. The caudal process is exceedingly long, two thirds the length of the body, piceous, slightly tapering and extends in an horizontal direction." (Brain, 1920a). Mounted adult female rather roundly oval and convex; with distinct, quite deep, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct lateral tubercles on younger specimens. Caudal process exceptionally long, pointing posteriorly and narrowing slightly towards apex. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: C. longicauda is very similar to C. bipartita, differing mainly in having a much longer caudal process. Nonetheless, it is speculated that these 2 species might prove to be synyonyms. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 64 (female) [Key to adult females in the C. longicauda-group.]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 2, 4-5]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 42]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 31]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 182,202-205]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 111]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 296-297]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 32]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy: 70-73,241]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104].
Ceroplastes longiseta LeonardiNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes longiseta Leonardi, 1911: 268. Type data: ARGENTINA: Cacheuta, on Fabiana denudata. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 71. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
Ceroplastidia longiseta; Granara de Willink, 1999: 71. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis dracunculifolia [Hempel1900a]. Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia [SilvadGoGa1968]. Solanaceae: Fabiana denudata [Leonar1911, Sassce1912, Granar1999]. Verbenaceae: Lippia lycoides [Lizery1939].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Sassce1912] (Mendoza [Granar1999]); Brazil (Sao Paulo).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 42]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 71]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 268-270]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 196]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 88].
Ceroplastes lucidus HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes novaesi Hempel, 1900a: 457. Type data: BRAZIL: Capoeira Grande, Campinas, Sao Paulo and Cachoeira, on Abutilon sp., Baccharis dracunculifloiae and Vernonia riedelii. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 170.
Ceroplastes lucidus Hempel, 1900a: 465. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Baccharis dracunculifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Ceroplastes novaesi mendozae Cockerell, 1902i: 92. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, on pithy stems of an herbaceous plant. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Granara de Willink, 1999: 75.
Ceroplastidia lucida; Granara de Willink, 1999: 71. Change of combination.
Ceroplastidia novaesi; Granara de Willink, 1999: 75. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Baccharis [Granar1999], Baccharis dracunculifolia [Hempel1900a, Granar1999, PerontSoGr2008], Baccharis lanceolata [Granar1999], Baccharis punctulata [Granar1999], Baccharis ulcina [Granar1999], Cyclolepis genistoides [Granar1999], Eupatorium [Granar1999, PerontSoGr2008], Flourensia campestris [Granar1999], Grindelia chiloensis [Granar1999], Gutierrezia solbrigii [Granar1999], Hyalis argentea [Granar1999], Pluchea sagitalis [Granar1999], Senecio [Granar1999], Solidago microglobosa [Granar1999], Tessaria absinthioides [CorseuBa1971], Vernonia [PerontSoGr2008], Vernonia riedelii [Hempel1900a]. Fabaceae: Mimosa [PerontSoGr2008]. Loranthaceae: Moquiniella polymorpha [SilvadGoGa1968], Phrygilanthus cuneifolius [Granar1999]. Malvaceae: Abutilon [Hempel1900a]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [Granar1999]. Solanaceae: Solanum davatum [Granar1999]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [SilvadGoGa1968].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Catamarca [Granar1999], Chubut [Granar1999], Corrientes [Granar1999], Entre Rios [Granar1999], Formosa [Granar1999], Jujuy [Granar1999], La Rioja [Granar1999], Mendoza [Granar1999], Salta [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]); Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]); Uruguay [Granar1999].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hempel (1900a), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil]; Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 42-43, 45]; Cocker1902i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 92-93]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 154-155]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-75]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 457-459,465-466]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 559]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 62-63]; Hempel1904 [host, distribution: 315]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 196]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 197]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-171]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; SilvadGoGa1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 140]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 129]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 227].
Ceroplastes luteolus De LottoNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes luteolus De Lotto, 1955: 268. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Coffea arabica, 5/24/1953, by G. DeLotto. Holotype female, by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Paratype females: Kenya, Nairobi, on Markhamia platycalyx, 7/17/1953, G. De Lotto (BMNH): 1/1 (good). Also a single paratype specimen with same data as holotype present in USNM.
Ceroplastes brevicauda; De Lotto, 1965a: 196. Incorrect synonymy.
Ceroplastes luteolus; Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 50. Revived rank.
HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Markhamia platycalyx [DeLott1955]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1955, DeLott1965a, DeLott1967a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1955, DeLott1965a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Test of the adult female more or less hemispherical with a deep depression along the lateral margin, not divided into plates; center of the dome with a small elongate pad. Colour evenly light yellow with four bands of opaque white wax arising from the stigmatic clefts; wax rather thick and extremely soft. Length 4 to 6 mm; breadth 5 to 7 mm. Denuded of wax, the body of the female is hemispherical, devoid of lateral or cephalic tubercles; caudal process very short, conical and strongly chitinised; dermis at full maturity only moderately chitinised. (De Lotto, 1955)
SYSTEMATICS: De Lotto (1965) synonymised C. luteolus with C. brevicauda Hall. These 2 species are very similar but Hodgson and Peronti, 2012, suggest that they are distinct. The specimens of C. luteolus studied were young adults. The caudal process of young adult C. brevicauda is never more than weakly sclerotised. Even on the oldest adult females, the caudal process is never more heavily sclerotised than the rest of the dorsum. The caudal processes of young C. luteolus, on the other hand, are heavily sclerotised, although still rather uniform in structure. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 49 (female) [Key to adult females of C. destructor-group of Ceroplastes in the Afrotropical Region].
CITATIONS: DeLott1955 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 268-269]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 196]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 58-60,241].
Ceroplastes macgregori Sampedro & ButzeNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes macgregori Sampedro & Butze, 1984: 143. Type data: MEXICO: Tepetlixpita, Morelos, on Spondias mombin. Holotype female. Type depository: Mexico: Coleccion Entomologica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Spondias mombin [SampedBu1984]. Rutaceae: Citrus limon [SampedBu1984].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Morelos).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 43]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; SampedBu1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-150].
Ceroplastes madagascariensis (Targioni Tozzetti)NOMENCLATURE:
Gascardia madagascariensis Targioni Tozzetti, 1893: 88. Type data: MADAGASCAR: on an undetermined tree of the Lauraceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov. Lectotype (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): South Africa: Left label: Coll. No. / Natal. (S. Africa) / Richmond / ex.: / Coll. Mr. Fuller; right label states: Lectotype (USDA):
Ceroplastes candela Cockerell & King in Cockerell, 1902g: 113. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Richmond. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 76. Notes: Host plant of type material not given.
Ceroplastes combreti Brain, 1920a: 27. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: De Wildt, Pretoria District, on Combretum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 76.
Ceroplastes madagascariensis; MacGillivray, 1921: 154. Change of combination.
Gascardia combreti; De Lotto, 1970b: 145. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes candella; Ben-Dov, 1993: 24. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: Lokombitsika [Paulia1955].
FOES: DIPTERA Chloropidae: Siphonella pauliani Seguy [Paulia1955]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Eucomys tananarivensis Risbec [Paulia1955], Lombitsikala coccidivora Risbec [Paulia1955], Metaphycus praevidens Silvestri [Paulia1955]. LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae: Autoba costimacula Saalm [Paulia1955]. Oecophoridae: Stathmopoda clarkei Viette [Paulia1955].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Combretum [Brain1920a]. Lauraceae [Targio1895, Newste1909]. Sterculiaceae: Dombeya rotundifolia [DeLott1970b].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Newste1909, Mamet1943a, Mamet1950, Paulia1955, Mamet1959a, Hodgso1994a]; South Africa [Cocker1902g, Brain1920a, DeLott1970b, BenDov1993]. Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Hodgson (1994a).Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1970b).
STRUCTURE: "Young adult female: white, stained rust-brown in the region of the single mediodorsal and seven submarginal nuclei; hemispherical with a mammiform swelling immediately below the two bilateral nuclei; tip of caudal process uncovered." (Newstead, 1908). Old adults: "Adult females exceedingly densely aggregated on twig, so that their bases touched all the way round twig and with their longitudinal axis along length of twig. Covered by a layer of yellowish wax to about same depth as height of insect, so that external appearance of twig was as a rod of wax." (Hodgson, 1994a). With wax removed, young adult female "dorsum with seven large spine-like tubercles and a mediodorsal tubercle; of these the median, anterior and two posterior ones are the shortest; anterior margin clypeate; caudal process shorter but stouter than the tubercle immediately surrounding it." (Newstead, 1908). "Old dried specimens dark brown, very long, with white wax streaks running up the stigmatic grooves...and probably right through the wax to the surface. Caudal process set high on posterior margin of dorsum. Posterior lobes [anal lobes] on either side of anal cleft rather swollen when viewed from side." (Hodgson, 1994a).
SYSTEMATICS: As far as could be seen by Hodgson & Peronti (2012) on the present specimens of C. candela, the morphology described by Cockerell & King (1902) is also that used to define G. madagascariensis as redescribed by Hodgson (1994a): (i) the exceedingly elongate group of stigmatic setae in each cleft; (ii) the shape of the dorsal setae, which were rather large, club-shaped to parallel-sided and narrower at the base than near their middle; (iii) the spiracular disc-pores with 10 loculi, and (iv) anal plates with 7 or 8 long setae. The dorsal pores are also similar in structure in these 2 species as is the distribution of the ventral tubular ducts. Although the specimens studied here were in poor condition, Hodgson & Peronti (2012) considered that C. candela should be considered a synonym of Ceroplastes (Gascardia) madagascariensis C. combreti was also determined to be extremely similar to C. madagascariensis, differing in only a few small particulars, the most important of which was that the former had fewer stigmatic setae and they did not extend a long way onto the dorsum. On seeing the young specimens of C. madagascariensis from Tulea, Madagascar, where each stigmatic cleft had many fewer stigmatic setae in a group about as long as wide, C. combreti was determined to represent the young adult stage of C. madagascariensis before the massive dorsal extension of the dorsum. Thus, C. combreti also was synonymised with Ceroplastes (Gascardia) madagascariensis.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Paulian (1955) reported about export (in economic importance) from Madagascar of the wax produced by this wax scale.
KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [as Ceroplastes combreti; Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 24,28,43]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy: 296]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-28]; Cocker1902g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 113]; DeLott1970b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-146]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 127, 149]; Foldi1997 [structure: 206-207]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268-271]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 76-81,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Koteja2001 [taxonomy: 46]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 202]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 154]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 151]; Mamet1950 [host, distribution: 17,20]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution: 224]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 376]; Newste1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4-6]; Newste1909 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 351-352]; Paulia1955 [host, distribution, biological control, natural enemies: 59-61]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy, distribution: 541-549]; Targio1893a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88]; Targio1895 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 425-439].
Ceroplastes magnicauda ReyneNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes magnicauda Reyne, 1964: 126. Type data: CURACAO: St. Christoffe, on Croton flavens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Croton flavens [Reyne1964].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Netherlands Antilles (Curacao).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 43]; Reyne1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-127].
Ceroplastes magnifica (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Vinsonia magnifica Green, 1930c: 290. Type data: INDONESIA: Sumatra, Fort de Kock, on Mangifera odorata and Eugenia malaccensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Vinsonia mangifica; Ali, 1971: 19. Misspelling of species name.
Ceroplastes magnifica; Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 155. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera odorata [Green1930c, Ali1971]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia malaccensis [Green1930c, Ali1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Green1930c, Ali1971]).
CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 19]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 338]; Green1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 281,290-292].
Ceroplastes marmoreus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes marmoreus Cockerell, 1903a: 158. Type data: MEXICO: Zapotlan, on sage, Catalpa and Compositae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
HOSTS: Asteraceae [Cocker1903a]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa [Cocker1903a].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco [Cocker1903a]).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 43]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158-159]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 154]; Miller1996 [distribution: 69]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 227].
Ceroplastes martinae MosqueraNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes martinae Mosquera, 1979: 612. Type data: COLOMBIA: Esmeralda (Caqueta), on Mangifera indica. Holotype female. Type depository: Bogota: Colleccion Taxonomica Nacional de Programa de Entomologia del ICA en el CNIA, Colombia.
HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Mosque1979].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 43]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Mosque1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 612-617]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes mierii (Targioni Tozzetti)NOMENCLATURE:
Columnea mierii Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Type data: BRAZIL: on unspecified shrub. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost.
Ceroplastes mierii; Ben-Dov, 1993: 44. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil.
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 44]; Targio1866 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 145-146]; Westwo1853b [taxonomy: 484].
Ceroplastes milleri TakahashiNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes milleri Takahashi, 1939f: 323. Type data: SARAWAK (BORNEO): Mt Matang, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia (Sarawak [Ali1971]).
CITATIONS: Ali1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 17-18]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 44]; Takaha1939f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 323-324].
Ceroplastes minimus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes minimus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 171. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Campos do Jordão, on undetermined plant; collected A.L.B.G. Peronti, 24.xi.2001. Holotype female. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil; type no. 340. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Melastomataceae: Miconia minutiflora [PerontSoGr2008]. Myrtaceae [PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-173].
Ceroplastes minutus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes minutus Cockerell, 1898j: 434. Type data: MEXICO: Tabasco, Las Minas, on 'escobillo'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico. Neotropical: Mexico (Tabasco [Cocker1898j, Cocker1899n]).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 44]; Cocker1898j [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 434]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Cocker1899n [distribution: 18]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 154]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70].
Ceroplastes mori Hodgson & PerontiNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes quadrilineatus; Hodgson, 1969: 32. Misidentification.
Ceroplastes mori Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 180-183. Type data: ZIMBABWE:Harare (=Salisbury), Greendale, on mulberry (Morus nigra), 3/8/1967 by C.J. Hodgson. Holotype female (examined). Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Cordia holstii [HodgsoPe2012]. Lamiaceae: Salvia confertiflora [HodgsoPe2012]. Moraceae: Morus nigra [HodgsoPe2012]. Phyllanthaceae: Bridelia macrantha [HodgsoPe2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [HodgsoPe2012]; Kenya [HodgsoPe2012]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Zimbabwe [HodgsoPe2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. Wax test not recorded (believed to be white) but with wax removed, medio-dorsal, cephalic and lateral tubercles relatively small but distinct, smoothly rounded, with small tubercles. Caudal process directed upwards at a sharp angle. Stigmatic clefts not deeply indented. Mounted material. Body roundly oval and convex, with distinct, shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct tubercles. Caudal process broad and stout. Length 1.5-4.0 mm; width of young adults 1.5-3 mm; old adults: venter 2.7-2.9 mm, total width 5-6 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: C. mori differs from C. quadrilineatus in the following particulars (data for C. quadrilineatus in brackets): (i) loculate microducts with 3 or 4 satellite loculi absent (both present, those with 3 quite common); (ii) pregenital disc-pores only present on abdominal segments V, VI and VII (present on all abdominal segments); (iii) each stigmatic cleft with usually less than 27 stigmatic setae (over 40); (iv) each stigmatic spine rather pointed (with a rounded apex); and (v) dorsal clear area obvious (possibly absent). C. mori is also similar to C. elaeis, but differs in having: (i) only about half as many stigmatic setae, and (ii) short dorsal setae, each only about as long as the width of the basal socket (clearly longer). C. danieleae is also superficially very similar but has a large group of ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].
CITATIONS: Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-34]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 180-183,243].
Ceroplastes mosquerai Ben-DovNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes bicolor Mosquera, 1984: 126. Type data: COLOMBIA: Suba, on Schinus molle. Holotype female. Type depository: Bogota: Colleccion Taxonomica Nacional de Programa de Entomologia del ICA en el CNIA, Colombia. Described: female. Homonym of Ceroplastes bicolor Hempel, 1901. Notes:
Ceroplastes mosquerai Ben-Dov, 1993: 44. Replacement name for Ceroplastes bicolor Mosquera, 1984.
HOST: Anacardiaceae: Schinus molle [Mosque1984].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [taxonomy, catalogue: 44]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Mosque1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-133]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes murrayi FroggattNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes murrayi Froggatt, 1919: 439. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Kikori River, Delta Division, on Mangifera sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 75. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female.
HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [WilliaWa1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Frogga1919]. Oriental: Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]. Palaearctic: China [DengYuZh2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1990).
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 44]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution: 791]; Frogga1919 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 439-441]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-75].
Ceroplastes myricae (Linnaeus)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus myricae Linnaeus, 1767: 741. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape of Good Hope, on Myrica quercifolia. Data of Neotype: South Africa, Cape Province, Betty’s Bay, on Morella quercifolia, 28.vii.2008, collected J.H. Giliomee. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Hodgson {et al.}, 2009: 100. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Notes: Linnaeus' Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).
Columnea myricae; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 143. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes myricae; Signoret, 1872a: 39. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Cocker1893gg]. Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta [Green1900c]. Myricaceae: Morella quercifolia [Linnae1767, Brain1920a, HodgsoWiGi2009].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Cocker1893gg, Cocker1894t, Brain1920a, HodgsoWiGi2009]. Neotropical: Jamaica [Cocker1893gg].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hodgson et al. (2009). C. myricae is currently only known from South Africa on Morella sp. (Rubiaceae) and Euclea sp. (Ebenaceae). Hodgson et al. (2009) mention Green’s (1900) record of C. myricae from Upper Assam and North Lakhimpur, India. The figures in Green (1900) clearly show that this refers to C. rubens Maskell and Green later corrected the record (Green, 1909). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Hodgson et al. (2009) and by Giliomee (2009). Unmounted material. Waxy test composed mainly of peachy to whitish wet wax. In young adult females, basic shape approximately broadly cone-like, with a horizontal groove about half-way up, dividing test into a single dome-like top part and a broad bottom half. Center of dome-like top slightly indented with a central nucleus. Broad basal part divided vertically by eight grooves, thus producing eight approximately quadrate wax plates laterally, each with a central indentation with some dry wax filaments. Posterior-most quadrate area with anal plates showing centrally, appearing as a dark spot, flanked by a pair of dry wax filaments. Stigmatic wax bands appearing white, although not very obvious. Waxy test of old adult female larger, without grooves, with a rather smoothly-rounded outline. Test of old females about 7 mm long and 5 mm wide. With wax removed, lateral and cephalic processes present but small. Mounted material. Body elongate oval, rather convex; 3.0–4.5 mm long, 1.6–2.1 mm wide; stigmatic clefts shallow and distinct; dorsum with small lateral and cephalic processes. Caudal process short and stout, length 0.8-1.1 mm, width 0.7-1.0 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: The characters that appear to distinguish this species from C. rusci are: (i) the larger number of tubular ducts in the cephalic region, and (ii) the presence of multilocular disc-pores generally at least on segment III and sometimes on posterior thoracic segments, and (iii) the lack of a claw denticle. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group]; Hodgson {et al.} 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 44]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 32-33]; Cocker1893gg [host, distribution: 373]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1894t [distribution: 178]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 154]; Gertss2008 [taxonomy: 55-58]; Giliom2009 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 36-37]; Goeze1778 [taxonomy: 337]; Green1900c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8-9]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 126-130,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 95-105]; Linnae1767 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 861]; Signor1872a [taxonomy: 39]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 143]; Willia2007b [taxonomy: 448, 427-490]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 33].
Ceroplastes nakaharai Gimpel in Gimpel, Miller & DavidsonNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes nakaharai Gimpel in Gimpel, Miller & Davidson, 1974: 52. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Dade County, on Coccolobis diversifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
COMMON NAMES: Nakahara wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984]; nakahara wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984].
HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Eugenia myrtoides [HamonWi1984]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba diversifolia [GimpelMiDa1974], Coccoloba floridana [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rubiaceae: Ixora acuminata [GimpelMiDa1974]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [GimpelMiDa1974]. Viscaceae: Phoradendron flavescens [GimpelMiDa1974].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [HamonWi1984]). Neotropical: Cuba.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration given by Gimpel et al. (1974) and by Hamon & Williams (1984).
STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984).
KEYS: Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 45]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-57]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-30]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 208]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy: 344]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes neobrachystegiae Hodgson & PerontiNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes neobrachystegiae Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 27,32-33. Type data: KENYA: 20 km SW of Malindi Is., on Cynometra webberi, 5/19/1988, by J.H. Martin. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Cynometra webberi [HodgsoPe2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [HodgsoPe2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Body rather elongate, oval and probably convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct lateral processes. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Ceroplastes neobrachystegiae is closely related to C. brachystegiae but differs in having: (i) rather capitate dorsal setae; (ii) many fewer marginal and stigmatic setae; (iii) perhaps fewer antennal segments; (iv) loculate microducts with mainly 1 satellite loculus, and (v) smaller legs. Like C. brachystegiae, it appears to lack tubular ducts associated with the anogenital folds, and has unusually small dorsal and ventral microducts. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 27,32-33,241].
Ceroplastes newsteadi Hodgson & PerontiNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes newsteadi Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 130-135. Type data: CAMEROON:Bibundi, on Cacao, 02/??/1905, by Busse. Holotype female (examined), by original designation. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mango [HodgsoPe2012]. Apocynaceae: Carissa edulis [HodgsoPe2012]. Arecaceae: Phoenix canariensis [HodgsoPe2012]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [HodgsoPe2012]. Rubiaceae: Craterispermum caudatum [HodgsoPe2012]. Rutaceae: Citrus sp. [HodgsoPe2012]. Salicaceae: Salix subserrata [HodgsoPe2012]. Sapindaceae: Blighia sapida [HodgsoPe2012]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [HodgsoPe2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [HodgsoPe2012]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [HodgsoPe2012]; Eritrea [HodgsoPe2012]; Ethiopia [HodgsoPe2012]; Kenya [HodgsoPe2012]; Nigeria [HodgsoPe2012]; Senegal [HodgsoPe2012]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Uganda [HodgsoPe2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Mounted material. Body elongate oval and probably fairly convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts with abundant marginal setae; lateral tubercles distinct although perhaps small. Caudal process short and stout, probably directed rather upwards. Length about 3 (1.0-3.0) mm, width about 2 (0.75-2.2) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: C. newsteadi is a member of the C. rusci-group but differs from the other members of this group in having the following combination of characters: (i) tubular ducts present in cephalic region; (ii) more than 100 stigmatic setae on each side, generally meeting between clefts; (iii) each group of stigmatic setae broadening to 4 or 6 setae deep in each cleft, and non-marginal setae extending a long way along margin laterally; (iv) nearly as many non-marginal as marginal stigmatic setae in each cleft; (v) stigmatic setae often present anterior to eyespots, and (vi) stigmatic setae sharply cone-shaped. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].
CITATIONS: HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, host, structure, taxonomy: 130-135,242].
Ceroplastes nr. ceriferus Mestre Novoa et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes nr. ceriferus Mestre Novoa et al., 2011: 6. Notes: Identified by H. Morrison as C. ceriferus. Found in Cuba, Taco Taco, Sierra Rangel, 4/1/1922 and preserved in glass jars in CZAC.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Cuba [MestreHaEv2011].
CITATIONS: MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution: 6].
Ceroplastes ocreus MosqueraNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes ocreus Mosquera, 1984: 139. Type data: COLOMBIA: Tocaima, on Achatocarpus aff. nigricans. Holotype female. Type depository: Bogota: Colleccion Taxonomica Nacional de Programa de Entomologia del ICA en el CNIA, Colombia. Described: female.
HOST: Achatocarpaceae: Achatocarpus nigricans [Mosque1984].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 45]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Mosque1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-145]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes parkinsonia Sugonyaev nomen nudumNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes parkinsonia Sugonyaev, 1989c: 95. Nomen nudum.
Ceroplastes parvus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes parvus Green, 1935a: 272. Type data: URUGUAY: Canelones Atlantida, on Baccharis articulata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
HOST: Asteraceae: Baccharis articulata [Green1935a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Uruguay [Green1935a].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 45]; Green1935a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 272-274].
Ceroplastes paucispinus De LottoNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes paucispinus De Lotto, 1970b: 143. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Nossob Camp, on Acacia giraffae. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia giraffae [DeLott1970b].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1970b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Living young adult females slightly to fairly strongly convex; wax test obscurely divided into plates, 3 bilateral, 1 cephalic and 1 dorsal, at the centre of each of which there is a small opaque white boss; dorsal submarginal depression shallow; wax rather soft in texture; general colouration dark brown." (De Lotto, 1970b). Mounted material. Body oval; lateral processes poorly developed; caudal process short and conical, heavily sclerotised. Body length 2.38 mm, width on slide 1.5 mm; width of venter 1.38 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Within this species-group, C. paucispinus differs from C. delottoi in having fewer than 20 stigmatic setae in each cleft, and from the other 2 species as follows (character states for C. elytropappi and C. tachardiaformis in brackets): (i) presence of a well-developed tibio-tarsal articulation (absent), (ii) presence of tubular ducts in the cephalic region (absent in C. elytropappi), and (iii) absence of tubular ducts in abdomen (present). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 161 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes tachardiaformis-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 46]; DeLott1970b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-145]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 166-168,243]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes personatus NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes personatus Newstead, 1898: 94. Type data: NIGERIA: Lagos, on unspecified host plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype(designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): Nigeria: Ceroplastes / personatus n. sp. / Newstead / on Coffee, Lagos / W.C. Africa, Cyril / Punch coll. Aug. 1897. / BM 1945, 121 (BMNH): 1/1 (fair).
Ceroplastes uapacae Hall, 1931: 300. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Mazoe, Umtali and Salisbury, on Uapaca kirkiana, and at Umtali on Eugenia malaccensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 81-87.
Ceroplastes uapacae chrysophylli Hall, 1931: 302. Type data: ZIMBABWE [=RHODESIA]: Mtoroshanga Pass, Umvukwes, on Chrysophyllum argyrophyllum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1969: 14.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [BenDovCa2006, GermaiVaMa2010]. Apocynaceae [EtiennMa1993]. Euphorbiaceae: Uapaca [Hodgso1969], Uapaca kirkiana [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Meliaceae: Khaya [Hodgso1969]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Hodgso1969], Eugenia malaccensis [Hall1931], Syzygium [Hodgso1969], Syzygium cordatum [Hodgso1969], Syzygium gerrardii [Hodgso1969], Syzygium guiniense [Hodgso1969]. Rubiaceae: Aida micrantha [Hodgso1969], Coffea canephora [HodgsoPe2012], Coffea liberica [Newste1917b], Coffea robusta [HodgsoPe2012]. Rutaceae: Citrus [EtiennMa1993], Citrus paradisi [HodgsoPe2012]. Sapotaceae: Bequaertiodendron [DeLott1967b], Chrysophyllum argyrophyllum [Hall1931, Hodgso1969], Englerophytum sp. [HodgsoPe2012], Sapota (Manilkara) sp. [HodgsoPe2012]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Benin [GermaiVaMa2010]; Cameroon [HodgsoPe2012]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [HodgsoPe2012]; Gabon [HodgsoPe2012]; Ghana [Newste1917b]; Guinea-Bissau [new]; Kenya [HodgsoPe2012]; Liberia [HodgsoPe2012]; Malawi [Hodgso1969]; Mozambique [Hodgso1969]; Nigeria [Vayssi1913]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [EtiennMa1993]); Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Sierra Leone [HodgsoPe2012]; South Africa [DeLott1967b]; Sudan [HodgsoPe2012]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Uganda [HodgsoPe2012]; Zaire [EtiennMa1993]; Zambia [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1967b) and by Hodgson (1969).
SYSTEMATICS: Hodgson & Peronei (2012) determined that the 3 species, Ceroplastes personatus, C. uapacae and C. vinsonioides represent a single rather variable species. The only possibly significant differences appear to be the number of preopercular pores. However, they are of the opinion that this variation could be explained by differences in the age of the adults, with (for instance) the extension of the caudal process with age changing the shape of the test.
KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 46,58-59]; BenDovCa2006 [host, distribution: 326]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 782-783,798]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 255]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 155]; GermaiVaMa2010 [host, distribution: 125]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 300-302]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 14-17]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 81-89,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Newste1898 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-95]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301-302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Vayssi1913 [distribution: 430].
Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Green, 1921b: 259. Misidentification.
Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green, 1935: 180. Type data: SRI LANKA: on undetermined plant, and INDIA: on Azidarachta indica and Diospyros montana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus hawaiiensis Timberlake [WenLe1986].
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Green1935], Acer buergerianum [Kajita1964], Acer palmatum [Kajita1964]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Ali1971, AvasthSh1986, WenLe1986, ShafeeYoKh1989], Rhus succedanea [Kajita1964], Rhus verniciflua [Kajita1964]. Apocynaceae: Carissa caranda [DeLott1971], Nerium oleander [Kajita1964]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex crenata [Kajita1964], Ilex integra [TakahaTa1956], Ilex mutchagara [Kajita1964], Ilex oldhami [Kajita1964], Ilex rotunda [TakahaTa1956]. Araceae: Amorphophalus konjac [Kajita1964]. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [Kajita1964], Gilibertia trifida [TakahaTa1956]. Asteraceae: Artemisia capillaris [TaoWoCh1983], Artemisia japonica [Kajita1964], Blumea lacera [AvasthSh1986, ShafeeYoKh1989], Chrysanthemum indicum [Kajita1964], Erigeron annuus [Kajita1964], Erigeron canadensis [Kajita1964], Erigeron linifolius [Kajita1964], Solidago vigra-aurea [Kajita1964]. Berberidaceae: Berberis thunbergii [Kajita1964], Mahonia fortunei [Kajita1964], Nandina domestica [Kajita1964]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum awabuki [Kajita1964], Viburnum japonicum [Kajita1964]. Celastraceae: Euonymus alata [Kajita1964], Euonymus japonicus [Kajita1964], Euonymus sieboldiana [Kajita1964]. Combretaceae: Terminalia chebula [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Commelinaceae: Commelina communis [Kajita1964]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [Kajita1964]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [Kajita1964]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Green1937], Diospyros kaki [Green1937], Diospyros montana [Green1921a, Green1935, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus multiflora [Kajita1964], Elaeagnus pungens [TakahaTa1956]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton [VarshnMo1987], Mallotus japonicus [Kajita1964]. Fabaceae: Glycine max [Kajita1964], Lespedeza bicolor [Kajita1964]. Fagaceae: Castanopsis acuta [Kajita1964], Shiia cuspidata [Kajita1964]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus turbinata [Kajita1964]. Lauraceae: Actinodaphne lancifolia [Kajita1964], Benzoin strychnifolium [Kajita1964], Cinnamomum sericeum [Kajita1964], Laurus nobilis [Kajita1964], Machilus thunbergii [Kajita1964], Persea americana [TaoWoCh1983]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia compressa [Kajita1964], Magnolia obovata [Kajita1964], Michelia compressa [Kajita1964]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Kajita1964]. Melastomataceae: Melastoma candidum [TaoWoCh1983]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [Green1935, Green1937, DeLott1971, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Melia indica [Green1937, DeLott1971], Toona sinensis [Kajita1964]. Menispermaceae: Sinomenium diversifolium [Kajita1964]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus [Ali1971, VarshnMo1987, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus benghalensis [Ali1971, VarshnMo1987, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus glomerata [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus religiosa [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus vasculosa [TaoWoCh1983], Humulus lupulus [Kajita1964], Morus alba [TaoWoCh1983], Morus bombycis [Kajita1964]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [VarshnMo1987], Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [TaoWoCh1983]. Oleaceae: Osmanthus ilicifolius [Kajita1964]. Oxalidaceae: Oxalis corniculata [Kajita1964]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum tobira [Kajita1964]. Platanaceae: Platanus occidentalis [Kajita1964], Platanus orientalis [Kajita1964]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum chinensis [TaoWoCh1983], Polygonum conspicuum [Kajita1964], Polygonum cuspidatum [Kajita1964]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Kajita1964]. Rosaceae: Agrimonia eupatoria [Kajita1964], Armeniaca vulgaris [Kajita1964], Chaenomeles lagenaria [Kajita1964], Crataegus cuneata [Kajita1964], Cydonia oblonga [Kajita1964], Eriobotrya japonica [Kajita1964], Malus pumila [Kajita1964], Malus sieboldii [Kajita1964], Mespilus germanica [Kajita1964], Persica vulgaris [Kajita1964], Photinia glabra [Kajita1964], Photinia serrulata [Kajita1964], Pourthiaea villosa [Kajita1964], Prunus mume [Kajita1964], Prunus preslii [TaoWoCh1983], Prunus salicina [Kajita1964], Prunus yedoensis [Kajita1964], Prunus zippeliana [Kajita1964], Pyracantha angustifolia [Kajita1964], Pyrus serotina [Kajita1964], Spiraea cantoniensis [Kajita1964], Spiraea thunbergii [Kajita1964]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides [TakahaTa1956], Ixora chinensis [TaoWoCh1983]. Rutaceae: Citrus natsudaidai [Kajita1964], Citrus unshiu [TakahaTa1956], Fortunella japonica [Kajita1964], Poncirus trifoliata [Kajita1964]. Sapindaceae: Pometia pinnata [TaoWoCh1983], Sapindus mukurossi [Kajita1964]. Sapotaceae: Madhuca indica [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Madhuca longifolia [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Mimusops hexandra [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Solanaceae: Solanum melongena [Kajita1964], Solanum tuberosum [Kajita1964]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix chinensis [TakahaTa1956]. Theaceae: Camellia japonica [Kajita1964], Camellia sasanqua [Kajita1964], Camellia sinensis [TaoWoCh1983], Cleyera ochnacea [Kajita1964], Eurya emarginata [Kajita1964], Eurya japonica [TakahaTa1956], Gordonia axillaris [TaoWoCh1983], Stewartia pseudo-camellia [Kajita1964], Ternstroemia japonica [Kajita1964], Thea sinensis [TakahaTa1956]. Ulmaceae: Celtis sinensis [TakahaTa1956], Holoptelea integrifolia [Ali1971]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria nivea [TakahaTa1956], Villebrunea frutescens [Kajita1964].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Palau. Oriental: Bangladesh [Ali1978]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); India [Green1935, DeLott1971, AvasthSh1986, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1986]); Sri Lanka [Green1935, Green1937, DeLott1971, Ali1971]; Taiwan [WenLe1986, WongChCh1999]. Palaearctic: China (Xizang (=Tibet)); Japan [Green1935, DeLott1971]; South Korea [KwonHa2003] (C. ceriferus was misidentified as C. pseudoceriferus by Kwon and Han (2003) and Kwon et al. (2005), and the mention of C. pseudoceriferus in the Checklist of Korean insects (Lee, 2010), probably represents a misidentification of C. ceriferus.Lee, et al., 2012 They examined 143 specimens labeled as C. pseudoceriferus, deposited at the National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea and determined that they were actually C. ceriferus.).
BIOLOGY: Sankaran (1959) reported this species as univoltine in India (Banaras) and described its life history. Develops one annual generation in Kunming, China (Wang et al. 2006).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tao et al. (1983) and by Tang (1991).
STRUCTURE: Toki et al. (1999) isolated a new sesterpene from the wax test. See colour photograph in Wong et al. 91999).
SYSTEMATICS: C. pseudoceriferus most nearly resembles C. ceriferus, but can be distinguished from the latter species by following characters: C. pseudoceriferus has about 40 marginal bristle-shaped setae between the anterior stigmatic furrows; about 10 such setae between each anterior and posterior stigmatic furrow; and about 130 stigmatic setae laterad of each stigmatic furrow. Whereas, C. ceriferus possesses about 10 marginal bristle-shaped setae between the anterior stigmatic furrows; about 3 such setae between each anterior and posterior stigmatic furrow; and about 54 stigmatic setae laterad of each stigmatic furrow. In addition, Lee, et al. used the 543 base pair DNA barcode region of the COI for the discrimination of allied species, C. ceriferus and C. pseudoceriferus. The alignment of their sequences showed 25 base-pair mismatch positions and the COI divergence was 4.6%. Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608.
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Tang 1991: 297 (female) [China]; Tao et al. 1983: 93 (female) [Taiwan]; Beardsley 1966: 480 (female) [Micronesia].
CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 18]; Ali1978 [host, distribution, biological control: 69-70]; AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 332-334]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 480-482]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 46-47]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-143]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution, molecular data, taxonomy: 791-796]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Green1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 310]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 184]; Kajita1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 1-6]; Kajita1965 [life history, biological control, distribution: 29-34]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11]; KawaiTa1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, structure: 133-146]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; KwonHa2003 [host, distribution: 279-288]; Leefma1929 [distribution, host: 157-158]; LeeWuSu2012 [distribution, host, molecular data, taxonomy: 157-162]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy: 19]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; Sankar1955 [biological control: 100-119]; Sankar1959 [taxonomy, life history: 39-59]; Sankar1962 [taxonomy: 1-18]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 48]; SinhaDi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, life history: 10-11]; TakahaTa1956 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7]; Tamaki1964 [chemistry: 159-164]; Tamaki1964a [chemistry: 227-234]; Tamaki1966 [chemistry: 297-300]; TamakiKa1966 [chemistry: 297-300]; TamakiKa1967 [chemistry: 63-659]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 299-300]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, life history: 94,95]; TokiOoKu1999 [chemistry: 1504-1509]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 172]; Wang1980 [host, distribution: 22-23]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 288]; WangChTa2006 [host, distribution, biological control: 311-314]; WangTaCh2006 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 239-242]; WenLe1986 [economic importance, life history, host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 216-221]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 9-10,47]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; Yasuma1969 [biological control: 773-780].
Ceroplastes purpurellus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes purpurellus Cockerell, 1903a: 159. Type data: MEXICO: Tonila, Jalisco, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico (Jalisco [Cocker1903a]).
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 48]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 155]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 228].
Ceroplastes purpureus HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes purpureus Hempel, 1900a: 466. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Ypiranga, on Miconia sp. and other trees. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
HOSTS: Melastomataceae: Miconia [Hempel1900a]. Myrtaceae [PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 48]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 155]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 466-467]; Hempel1901a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 63-64]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 129-130].
Ceroplastes quadratus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes quadratus Green, 1935a: 274. Type data: BRAZIL: Goiás, on undetermined plant; collected R. Spitz, 24.xi.1933. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.
HOSTS: Melastomataceae: Miconia [PerontSoGr2008], Miconia albicans [PerontSoGr2008], Miconia minutiflora [PerontSoGr2008]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Goias [Green1935a, PerontSoGr2008], Minas Gerais [PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti (et al.) (2008).
STRUCTURE: colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 48]; Green1935a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 274]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-175]; Takaha1955f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 239-240]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-103].
Ceroplastes quadrilineatus NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes quadrilineatus Newstead, 1910c: 193. Type data: UGANDA: Kyetume near Kampala, on Annona muricata, and at Ndege, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Gascardia quadrilineata; De Lotto, 1965: 182. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Newste1910c, Newste1911]. Ixonanthaceae: Ochtocosmus mirabilis [CouturMaRi1985]. Lamiaceae: Salvia confertiflora [Hodgso1969]. Meliaceae: Melia [Hodgso1969]. Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1910c, Hodgso1969], Morus [Hodgso1969]. Rosaceae: Persica vulgaris [Hodgso1969], Prunus persicae [Hodgso1969]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [CouturMaRi1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Uganda [Newste1910c, Newste1911, Newste1917b, Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969] (It is likely that the records from Zimbabwe refer to C. mori. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012. Because C. mori was misidentified as C. quadrilineatus in Hodgson, 1969, it is possible that the records from Zimbabwe refer to C. mori instead of C. quadrilineatus.
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Test of adult female - Dorsum with a pair of large divergent pyriform bodies, the narrowed portions of which meet together immediately over the anal orifice; these very prominent swellings are a dull crimson colour with distinct and well-defined narrow transverse blackish bands; under a low magnification the banding has the appearance of striae, so that these very prominent portions of the test bear a striking resemblance to a pair of miniature shells of the genus Gryphaea; sides bulging and somewhat irregular in outline, colour sootycrimson; stigmatic bands pure white, narrow, extending right across the bulging portion of the test, forming 4 conspicuous white lines (2 on each side) against the darker portion of the wax. The wax immediately beneath the surface is white with a pinkish tinge; it contains a large percentage of water, and is soft and readily injured by pressure. Length, 6 mm, width 6 mm, depth 5-7 mm." (Newstead, 1910c). Mounted material. Body probably rather roundly oval and convex, with distinct, shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum possibly with small tubercles. Caudal process broad and stout. Body length about 6 (2.5-5.0) mm, width about 4 (1.5-3.5) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: C. quadrilineatus is very similar to C. elaeis and C. mori, but differs from C. elaeis in having loculate microducts with 3 satellite loculi frequent in wax-plate lines (absent) and it differs from C. mori in having about twice as many stigmatic setae in each cleft. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 48]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 277]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 182]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 183-186,243]; Newste1910c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-195]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 97]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 129]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Sassce1911 [taxonomy: 65].
Ceroplastes reunionensis Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero in: Ben-Dov et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes reunionensis Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero in: Ben-Dov et al., 2000: 425. Type data: REUNION: Ravine des Cabris, on Platycerium bifurcatum; 28.vi.1998, coll. S. Quilici. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; type no. 13805-1. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [BenDovMaGa2000]. Apocynaceae: Carissa macrocarpa [BenDovMaGa2000]. Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta [BenDovMaGa2000]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [BenDovMaGa2000]. Lythraceae: Lawsonia alba [BenDovMaGa2000]. Myrtaceae: Syzygium malaccense [BenDovMaGa2000]. Polypodiaceae: Platycerium bifurcatum [BenDovMaGa2000].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Reunion [BenDovMaGa2000].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov et al. (2000).
STRUCTURE: "Wax of young and fully-grown female pure white; wax test observed on 8 host plants in Réunion, being always white; no discernible division into plates. Wax test of young female 2 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 1 mm high. Wax test of fully-grown female up to 5 mm long, 4 mm wide, 3 mm high. Middle of test with an oval white wax secretion of first instar; submarginal elevation poorly developed. A dry filamentous wax, very conspicuous on background of test, extends from each mesothoracic and metathoracic spiracle to submargin of test. Anal plates exposed. Body of alcohol preserved specimens light yellow brown." (Ben-Dov, et al., 2000)
SYSTEMATICS: The adult females of C. reunionensis are extremely similar to those of C. rubens. Ben-Dov et al. (2000) did a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to compare these 2 species and concluded that they were different genetically but almost indistinguishable morphologically.
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 90 [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes rubens-group].
CITATIONS: BenDovMaGa2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 423-433]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 90-93,242].
Ceroplastes royenae HallNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes quadrilineatus royenae Hall, 1931: 297. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Macheke, on Royena pallens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Gascardia quadrilineata royenae; De Lotto, 1965: 182. Change of combination.
Gascardia royenae; Hodgson, 1969: 34. Change of status.
Ceroplastes royenae; Ben-Dov, 1993: 49. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Ebenaceae: Diospyros lycioides sericea [Hall1931, Hodgso1969], Royena pallens [Hall1931]. Euphorbiaceae: Pseudolachnostylus maprounifolia [Hodgso1969].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [HodgsoPe2012]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "In general appearance, the tests of the adult female are identical with those of [C.] quadrilineatus as shown in the photograph accompanying Newstead's original description. Closer examination of Rhodesian material, however, shows that the large pyriform bodies described by Newstead are wanting." (Hall, 1931). The test also differs in that "the colour is very dark grey to dull black relieved only by the conspicuous white stigmatic bands; the wax beneath the surface is very little paler but more transparent -- certainly not white; the test is extremely hard, and the adult female as seen from the ventral aspect is brick red." (Hall, 1931). Mounted material. Body probably rather roundly oval and convex, with distinct, quite deep, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct but fairly small, lateral tubercles. Caudal process shallowly conical, set on posterior end of dorsum. Length 2-4 (3.3-4.0) mm, total width 1.7-3.0 (2.5-4.0) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: C. royenae shows some similarity to C. uvariae in having each group of stigmatic setae narrower along the margin than the length of each group but differs in having: (i) only 3 large dorsal setae on each anal plate (thought to be 4 or 5 on C. uvariae); (ii) dorsal setae clearly longer than the width of the basal socket and quite sharply pointed (shorter and blunter on C. uvariae), and (iii) many fewer stigmatic setae in each group (less than 75 rather than well over 100). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 49]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 182]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 297-298]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-37]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 186-189,243]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes rubens MaskellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, 1893b: 214. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Brisbane, on Mangifera indica and Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand.
Ceroplastes rubens minor Maskell, 1897: 309. Type data: HONG KONG: on Pinus sinensis and P. thunbergii. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 57.
Ceroplastes myricae; Green, 1900c: 8. Misidentification.
COMMON NAMES: pink wax scale [SmithBeBr1997]; red wax scale [HamonWi1984, BenDov1993].
FOES: FUNGI : Fusarium [ZengWaCh1990]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard) [MalipaDuSm2000], Coccophagus japonicus Compere [Gahan1926]. Encyrtidae: Aneristus ceroplastae Howard [Yasuma1953, Bartle1978], Anicetus annulatus Timberlake [Bartle1978], Anicetus beneficus Ishii & Yasumatsu [Bartle1978], Anicetus rarisetus Xu & he [XuHe1997], Anicetus rubensi Xu & He [XuHe1997], Microterys kotinskyi (Fullaway) [Bartle1978], Moranila californica (Howard) [Bartle1978]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus ceroplastae [TaoChYa2003]. Pteromalidae: Anysis saissetiae [TaoChYa2003], Moranila ceroplastis (Perk.) [Bartle1978], Scutellista cyanea Motschulsky [Bartle1978].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Strobilanthes japonicus [Kuwana1923c]. Aceraceae: Acer ginnala [Kuwana1923c], Acer palmatum [TakahaTa1956], Acer trifidum [Kuwana1923c]. Amaranthaceae: Celosia cristata [Kuwana1923c]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990], Mangifera [Kirkal1902, BenDovMaGa2000], Mangifera indica [Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, DeLott1965a, Ali1971, NakahaMi1981, Nakaha1981a, QinGu1994], Mangifera indica [Green1909a, Green1937, Brimbl1956a, ShafeeYoKh1989, KinjoNaHi1996], Rhus succedanea [Kuwana1923c], Schinus [Nakaha1981a], Schinus terebinthifolius [Brimbl1956a, WilliaWa1990]. Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Brimbl1956a]. Apocynaceae: Allamanda cathartica [Nakaha1981a], Alyxia elliptica [WilliaWa1990], Alyxia gynopogon [WilliaWa1990], Alyxia olivaeformis [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Melodinus baueri [WilliaWa1990], Nerium oleander [WilliaWa1990], Plumeria [Nakaha1981a], Plumeria rubra [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Thevetia peruviana [QinGu1994]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [Nakaha1981a], Ilex cornuta [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Ilex latifolia [TakahaTa1956], Ilex oldhami [TakahaTa1956], Ilex othera [Kuwana1923c], Ilex pedunculosa [Kuwana1923c], Ilex rotunda [Kuwana1923c], Ilex serrata [TakahaTa1956]. Araceae: Aglaonema [Jansen1995, NakahaMi1981, Kondo2008], Aglaonema commutatum pseudobracteatum [NakahaMi1981], Aglaonema costatum [MatileEt2006], Aglaonema modestum [Nakaha1981a], Aglaonema pictum [GimpelMiDa1974], Aglaonema tricolor [HamonWi1984], Anthurium [Nakaha1981a], Anthurium andraeanum [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Dieffenbachia [Nakaha1981a], Epipremnum pinnatum [WilliaWa1990], Rhaphidophora [HodgsoLa2011], Syngonium [Nakaha1981a], Zantedeschia [Nakaha1981a]. Araliaceae: Aralia [QinGu1994], Aralia elegantissima [HamonWi1984], Brassaia actinophylla [Brimbl1956a, Nakaha1981a], Dizygotheca elegantissima [GimpelMiDa1974], Fatsia japonica [Kuwana1923c], Hedera helix [Brimbl1956a, GimpelMiDa1974], Meryta angustifolia [WilliaWa1990], Philodendron [Kondo2008], Polyscias guilfoylei [WilliaWa1990], Schefflera [WilliaWa1990], Schefflera actinophylla [BenDovMaGa2000]. Araliceae: Philodendron gigantium [GimpelMiDa1974]. Arecaceae [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930], Cocos nucifera [WilliaWa1990], Monstera deliciosa [WilliaWa1990]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium [Kirkal1902, Nakaha1981a], Asplenium australasicum [QinGu1994], Asplenium nidum [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a]. Asteraceae: Artemisia vulgaris [Kuwana1923c], Chrysanthemum sinense [Kuwana1923c], Fitchia [WilliaWa1990], Gerbera [WilliaWa1990], Gerbera jamesonii [Brimbl1956a], Helianthus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Berberidaceae: Nandina domestica [Kuwana1923c]. Bischofiaceae: Bischofia javanica [TaoWoCh1983]. Bixaceae: Bixa orellana [Nakaha1981a]. Blechnaceae: Blechnum orientalis [WilliaWa1990]. Buxaceae: Buxus microphylla [GimpelMiDa1974]. Campanulaceae: Siphonodon pendulus [QinGu1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum [GimpelMiDa1974]. Celastraceae: Celastrus cunninghamii [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Elaeodendron [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Euonymus alata [Kuwana1923c], Euonymus europaeus [Kuwana1923c], Euonymus japonicus [Kuwana1923c]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Calophyllum inophyllum [Ali1971, GimpelMiDa1974, WilliaWa1990], Calophyllum tomentosum [Green1909a, Ali1971], Garcinia myrtifolia [HodgsoLa2011], Garcinia spicata [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971], Garcinia subelliptica [TaoWoCh1983], Montrouziera [WilliaWa1990]. Cucurbitaceae [WilliaWa1990]. Cunoniaceae: Weinmannia rarotongensis [WilliaWa1990]. Cycadaceae: Cycas [GimpelMiDa1974], Cycas revoluta [Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Davalliaceae: Arthropteris palisotii [WilliaWa1990], Davallia [WilliaWa1990]. Dicksoniaceae: Cibotium [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros digyna [QinGu1994], Diospyros kaki [GimpelMiDa1974]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus bifidus [Nakaha1981a]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron indicum [Kuwana1923c]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [QinGu1994], Euphorbia heterophylla [Brimbl1956a], Euphorbia pulcherrima [WilliaWa1990]. Fabaceae: Acacia [GimpelMiDa1974, QinGu1994], Cytisus scoparius [Kuwana1923c], Dioclea violacea [Nakaha1981a], Inocarpus fagifer [WilliaWa1990], Palaquium formosanum [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Spartium junceum [Kuwana1923c]. Gleicheniaceae: Dicranopteris flexuosa [NakahaMi1981], Gleichenia [WilliaWa1990]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [WilliaWa1990]. Hernandiaceae: Hernandia peltata [WilliaWa1990]. Hypoxidaceae: Curculigo capitulata [MatileEt2006], Molineria recurvata [Nakaha1981a]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum [Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, DeLott1965a, Ali1971], Cinnamomum ceylonicum [Ali1971], Cinnamomum pedunculatum [Kuwana1923c], Cinnamomum zeylanicum [DeLott1965a], Cryptocarya triplinervis [QinGu1994], Laurus nobilis [TakahaTa1956], Lindera citriodora [Kuwana1923c], Machilus thunbergii [TakahaTa1956], Persea americana [Brimbl1956a, Nakaha1981a, WilliaBu1987], Persea gratissima [Ali1971]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia butonica [WilliaWa1990], Barringtonia racemosa [DeLott1965a, GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a]. Lomariopsidaceae: Elaphoglossum reticulatum [Zimmer1948, Nakaha1981a]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Magnoliaceae: Illicium anisatum [Kuwana1923c], Magnolia salicifolia [GimpelMiDa1974]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus tiliaceus [WilliaWa1990]. Melastomataceae: Astronidium robustum [WilliaWa1990]. Monimiaceae: Wilkiea macrophylla [Brimbl1956a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Artocarpus altilis [Nakaha1981a], Artocarpus integra [WilliaWa1990], Cudrania javanesis [GimpelMiDa1974], Ficus [Kirkal1902, Green1937, Nakaha1981a], Ficus benjamina [Brimbl1956a], Ficus carica [Brimbl1956a], Ficus foveolata [Kuwana1923c], Ficus hillii [Brimbl1956a], Ficus indica [Brimbl1956a], Ficus montana [WilliaMi2010], Ficus prolixa [WilliaWa1990], Morus alba [Kuwana1923c, Brimbl1956a]. Musaceae: Musa nana [Brimbl1956a], Musa paradisiaca [WilliaWa1990, QinGu1994]. Myristicaceae: Myristica cagayanensis [TaoWoCh1983], Myristica fragrans [WilliaWa1990], Myristica heterophylla [Ali1971]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia humilis [WilliaWa1990], Ardisia japonica [Kuwana1923c], Myrsine [Nakaha1981a], Rapanea crassifolia [WilliaWa1990]. Myrtaceae: Agonis flexuosa [Brimbl1956a], Callistemon [QinGu1994], Callistemon viminalis [QinGu1994], Eucalyptus [Brimbl1956a, Nakaha1981a], Eucalyptus globulus [Kuwana1923c], Eugenia [Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, QinGu1994], Eugenia australis [QinGu1994], Eugenia coolminiana [Brimbl1956a], Eugenia cumini [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia jambolana [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia jambos [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, QinGu1994], Eugenia javanica [TaoWoCh1983], Eugenia malaccensis [Nakaha1981a], Eugenia smithii [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Eugenia uniflora [Brimbl1956a], Eugenia ventenatii [Brimbl1956a], Feijoa sellowiana [WilliaWa1990], Melaleuca [Laing1933, WilliaWa1990, QinGu1994], Melaleuca bracteata [QinGu1994], Melaleuca leucadendra [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Melaleuca nodosa [Brimbl1956a], Melaleuca quinquenervia [QinGu1994], Melaleuca viridflora [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Metrosideros [Nakaha1981a], Metrosideros collina [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Pimenta officinalis [WilliaWa1990], Psidium guajava [Brimbl1956a, Ali1971, GimpelMiDa1974, ShafeeYoKh1989, QinGu1994], Psidium guineense [QinGu1994], Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [GimpelMiDa1974, QinGu1994], Syzygium [BenDovMaGa2000], Syzygium cumins [QinGu1994], Syzygium moorei [QinGu1994]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Nakaha1981a]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum japonicum [Kuwana1923c], Olea verrucosa [WilliaWa1990]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis exaltata [QinGu1994]. Orchidaceae: Grammatophyllum [GimpelMiDa1974], Stanhopea [Nakaha1981a]. Peperomiaceae: Peperomia [Nakaha1981a]. Phyllanthaceae: Antidesma [Nakaha1981a]. Pinaceae: Pinus [Nakaha1981a], Pinus caribaea [WilliaWa1990], Pinus densiflora [Kuwana1923c], Pinus elliotti [Brimbl1956a], Pinus montezumae [Brimbl1956a], Pinus parviflora [GimpelMiDa1974], Pinus radiata [Brimbl1956a], Pinus sinensis [Maskel1897a], Pinus taeda [Brimbl1956a, QinGu1994], Pinus thunbergii [Maskel1897a]. Piperaceae: Macropiper excelsum [WilliaWa1990], Piper [WilliaWa1990]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [QinGu1994, Nakaha1981a], Pittosporum bracteolatum [WilliaWa1990], Pittosporum tobira [Kuwana1923c], Pittosporum undulatum [Brimbl1956a]. Poaceae: Tristania conferta [QinGu1994]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [WilliaWa1990]. Polypodiaceae: Belvisia [WilliaWa1990], Phymatodes scolopendria [DeLott1965a], Platycerium bifurcatum [Brimbl1956a], Polypodium [GimpelMiDa1974]. Pteridaceae: Acrostichum [Mamet1943a], Acrostichum aureum [WilliaWa1990]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Brimbl1956a]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rosaceae: Chaenomeles [GimpelMiDa1974], Eriobotrya japonica [Kuwana1923c], Malus [GimpelMiDa1974], Malus sylvestris [Brimbl1956a], Photinia glabra [Kuwana1923c], Prunus domestica [Kuwana1923b], Prunus mume [Kuwana1923c], Pyrus communis [Ali1971], Pyrus serotina [Kuwana1923c], Spiraea thunbergii [TakahaTa1956]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [DanzigKo1990], Coffea arabica [Brimbl1956a], Gardenia [Brimbl1956a, Nakaha1981a], Gardenia jasminoides [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Gardenia taitensis [Nakaha1981a], Gouldia [Nakaha1981a], Ixora [Brimbl1956a, NakahaMi1981], Ixora coccinea [NakahaMi1981], Paederia tomentosa [Kuwana1923c], Psychotria [Green1909a, Ali1971], Randia fitzalanii [Brimbl1956a], Randia tahitensis [WilliaWa1990], Straussia [Nakaha1981a]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Citrus [Ferris1921a, Ferris1950a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus [Hall1924a, KomuraMiMi1982, ShafeeYoKh1989], Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990], Citrus deliciosa [GimpelMiDa1974], Citrus limon [Brimbl1956a, WilliaWa1990, QinGu1994], Citrus paradisi [Brimbl1956a, DanzigKo1990, WilliaWa1990], Citrus reticulata [Brimbl1956a, GimpelMiDa1974, QinGu1994, Nakaha1981a], Citrus sinensis [Brimbl1956a, Newste1917b, WilliaWa1990], Citrus unshiu [TakahaTa1956], Eremocitrus glauca [Brimbl1956a], Evodia littoralis [WilliaWa1990], Flindersia australis [Brimbl1956a], Flindersia bennettiana [Brimbl1956a], Flindersia bourjotiana [Brimbl1956a], Flindersia brayleyana [Brimbl1956a], Flindersia schottiana [Brimbl1956a], Pelea [Nakaha1981a], Poncirus trifoliata [Kuwana1923c]. Santalaceae: Exocarpos phyllanthoides [WilliaWa1990]. Sapindaceae: Cupaniopsis serrata [Brimbl1956a], Dimocarpus longa [QinGu1994], Euphoria longana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Litchi [GimpelMiDa1974, DanzigKo1990], Litchi chinensis [QinGu1994], Nephelium lappaceum [WilliaWa1990]. Sapotaceae: Calocarpum [GimpelMiDa1974], Pouteria caimito [QinGu1994], Pouteria sericea [QinGu1994]. Schisandraceae: Kadsura japonica [GimpelMiDa1974]. Sinopteridaceae: Aspidotis ficus [QinGu1994], Pellaea [GimpelMiDa1974]. Symplocaceae: Symplocos japonica [Kuwana1923c]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix chinensis [Kuwana1923c]. Taxaceae: Cephalotaxus [GimpelMiDa1974], Podacarpus [Jansen1995], Podocarpus nageia [Kuwana1923c]. Theaceae: Camellia japonica [GimpelMiDa1974], Camellia rusticans [GimpelMiDa1974], Camellia sasanqua [GimpelMiDa1974], Camellia sinensis [Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, WilliaWa1990, QinGu1994], Camellia sinensis [Green1937, ShafeeYoKh1989], Cleyera ochnacea [TakahaTa1956], Eurya emarginata [Kuwana1923c], Eurya japonica [TakahaTa1956], Eurya ochnacea [Kuwana1923c], Ternstroemia japonica [Kuwana1923c]. Thymelaeaceae: Daphne odora [Kuwana1923c]. Ulmaceae: Celtis [GimpelMiDa1974]. Verbenaceae: Premna [WilliaWa1990]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [GimpelMiDa1974, Nakaha1981a], Zingiber officinale [Nakaha1981a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1965a]; Seychelles; South Africa [DeLott1965a, DaneelMeJa1994]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Zanzibar [Newste1917b, Mamet1943a, DeLott1965a]. Australasian: Australia [Cocker1896b, Frogga1915, Mamet1943a, DanzigKo1990, QinGu1994] (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1994], New South Wales [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997], Northern Territory [QinGu1994], Queensland [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997, BenDovMaGa2000], Victoria [QinGu1994], Western Australia [QinGu1994]); Cook Islands; Fiji [HodgsoPe2012]; French Polynesia (Tahiti); Guam; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, Frogga1915, Mamet1943a]); Kiribati; New Caledonia [Laing1929]; Norfolk Island [QinGu1994]; Northern Mariana Islands [Mamet1943a] (Rota Island, Saipan Island); Palau; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Western Samoa. Nearctic: United States of America (Florida). Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2008]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [NakahaMi1981]). Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992], Yunnan [Ferris1950a, Ali1971]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Green1908a, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, AvasthSh1986, ShafeeYoKh1989] [ShafeeYoKh1989] (West Bengal); Indonesia (Java); Malaysia [Ali1971]; Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]; Philippines [Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Sri Lanka [Green1909a, Frogga1915, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Taiwan [Ferris1921a, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: China [Mamet1943a] (Henan (=Honan) [HuHeWa1992], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998], Xizang (=Tibet)); Egypt [Hall1924a]; Japan [Frogga1915, Kuwana1917, Mamet1943a, KomuraMiMi1982]; South Korea.
BIOLOGY: Life history in Japan studied by Kuwana (1923a, 1923c). Smith et al. (1997) reported 2 generations per year in Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia. Tanaka (1953) evaluated the suitability of 15 cultivars of potatoes for laboratory rearing of this wax scale. Ohgushi & Nishino (1975) studied the life tables in Japan. Mitsuhashi et al. (1956) described several methods for distinguishing between dead and live scale after treatment with hydrogen cyanide. Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968). Loch & Zalucki (1996; 1997; 1998) studied various aspects of the outbreaks on umbrella trees, Schefflera actinophylla in south-eastern Queensland, Australia.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman (1948), Gimpel et al. (1974), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984) and by Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991) and by Ben-Dov et al. (2001).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of external appearance of live, adult female by Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.59), Hamon & Williams (1984), Wong et al. (1988) and by Kondo (2008).
SYSTEMATICS: GeneBank Accession No. AB439530 (Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009). Ben-Dov et al. (2001) revised and evaluated earlier taxonomic descriptions of the adult female and provided an updated taxonomic description. Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes rubens generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A major pest of citrus in Australia (Sabine, 1969), Hawaii and Japan (Ebeling, 1959). Gimpel et al. (1974). Loch & Zalucki (1996; 1997; 1998) studied various aspects of the outbreaks on umbrella trees, Schefflera actinophylla in south-eastern Queensland, Australia.
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 90. Notes: Key to adult females of Ceroplastes rubens-group; Lee et al. 2012: 159-160 (female) [Key to the wax tests of adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Lee et al. 2012: 160 (female) [Key to slide mounted adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Hodson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa]; Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Tang 1991: 297 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 93 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 166 (female) [Japan]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Beardsley 1966: 480 (female) [Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Green 1909a: 273-274 (female) [Ceylon].
CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 18]; AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy: 334]; BalciuBuPu1995 [biological control: 247-267]; Bartle1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 58-59]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 480,482]; Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 49-51]; BenDovMaGa2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 423-433]; BennetRoCo1976 [economic importance, biological control: 359-395]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 468-471]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Brimbl1956a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 164-166]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 225]; Brown1975 [taxonomy: 275]; Butani1979 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 36-40]; CABI1960b [distribution: 1-2]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 37]; Clause1958 [biological control: 291-310]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; Cocker1898r [distribution: 240]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; Daneel2001a [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 214-216]; DaneelMeJa1994 [host, distribution: 72]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 43]; DeBach1958a [biological control: 759-768]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 30-31]; Dekle2001 [host, distribution, taxonomy, life history, economic importance: 237]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 187]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution, molecular data, taxonomy: 791-796]; DoaneFe1916 [host, distribution: 399]; Ebelin1959 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance]; ElliotOhWy1998 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 156]; Ferris1921a [host, distribution: 212]; Ferris1950a [host, distribution: 75]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 291-295]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 422-423]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Gahan1926 [host, distribution, biological control: 24]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-62]; Green1900c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 8-9]; Green1908a [distribution: 32]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 273-274]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 310]; Hall1924a [host, distribution: 26]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 30-32]; Hawkin1994 [biological control: 3]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 208]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy: 192]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 19]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 93-96,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 184]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; Ishii1923 [host, distribution, biological control: 69-114]; Jansen1995 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133]; JiangGu1983 [host, distribution, biological control: 249-250]; Kato1964 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 61-64]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 169]; KimMoPa1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 107-110]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 248-]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 104]; Kirkal1904 [taxonomy, distribution: 228]; KomuraMiMi1982 [taxonomy, host, distribution, structure: 3053-3054]; Kondo2008 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 66-68]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Kono1932 [chemistry, structure, distribution, economic importance: 1150-1160]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Krull2004 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-211]; KrullBa2005 [biological control: 323-329]; Kuwana1909 [host, distribution: 153]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 65-67]; Kuwana1923 [life history, host, distribution]; Kuwana1923b [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 18-34]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 37]; Laing1933 [host, distribution: 676]; LeeWuSu2012 [distribution, host: 158]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; LinGuCo2010 [host plant, species richness: 90-98]; Loch1997 [biological control, host, distribution: 303-306]; LochZa1996 [life history, ecology, economic importance, host, distribution: 599-609]; LochZa1997 [life history, ecology, economic importance, host, distribution: 399-407]; LochZa1998 [life history, ecology, economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 328-334]; MalipaDuSm2000 [biological control: 60,67]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 151]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 214-215]; Maskel1895a [host, distribution: 12]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 309]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; MitsuhYaNa1956 [chemistry, economic importance: 162-170]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy: 48]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 188]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 389]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 29-30]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 129]; Ohgush1956 [biological control: 183-186]; Ohgush1986a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 59-62]; Ohgush1986b [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 147-149]; Ohgush1987a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 82-85]; Ohgush1988 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 75-77]; OhgushNi1975 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1-21]; Paik1978 [host, distribution, economic importance]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy: 19]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy: 937-941]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Ramakr1930 [illustration, host, distribution: 40]; Roush1981 [biological control: 97-105]; Sabine1969 [chemical control: 83-88]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 48]; SinhaDi1984 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 11]; Smith1974 [host, distribution, chemical control: 225-226]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 53-55]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution: 9-10]; Su1982 [distribution: 61]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Takagi2003b [host, distribution, biological control: 351-355]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 345]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 67]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 104]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 117]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 264]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 30]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 17]; TamakiKa1967 [chemistry, structure: 63-69]; Tanaka1953 [illustration, host, distribution: 55,58]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-97]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 128]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 300-301]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 79]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; TaoChYa2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 38-41]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-97]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 341]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 172]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-22]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 288]; Watana1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 515-517]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 57]; WenLuHa2002 [host, distribution: 56-64]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaMi2010 [host, fistribution: 45]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-78]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 10,47]; XiaZhSu2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 439-442]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-42]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2005a [taxonomy, wax, infra-red: 133-143]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-153]; XuHe1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 91-94]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187]; Yasuma1953 [life history, biological control, distribution: 17-26]; Yasuma1953a [biological control, host, distribution, life history: 7-15]; Yasuma1969 [biological control: 773-780]; YasumaNa1957 [life history, ecology: 203-219]; YokogaYa2009 [molecular data, phylogeny, genebank: 57-66]; ZchoriBePo2005 [endosymbionts, Cardinium: 211-221]; ZengWaCh1990 [biological control: 93]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-347].
Ceroplastes rufus De LottoNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes rufus De Lotto, 1966b: 143. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Bitterfontein, on Ruschia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.
Cerostegia rufa; De Lotto, 1969b: 215. Change of combination.
HOST: Aizoaceae: Ruschia [DeLott1966b, DeLott1969b, Hodgso1994a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1966b, DeLott1969b, Hodgso1994a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1966b; 1969b) and by Hodgson (1994a).
STRUCTURE: "Test of young adult female rounded, low convex, with dorsal and lateral plates poorly marked; colour reddish brown with a large elongate opaque white boss on the centre of the dorsum; wax very soft." (De Lotto, 1966b).
SYSTEMATICS: De Lotto (1966b) suggested that this species is close to C. rubens (Maskell) but it is not clear why he thought this. They are unique in having the following combination of characters: (i) roundly convex stigmatic setae extending around most of the margin, mainly in a double band, the more dorsal setae largest (C. singularis Newstead also has stigmatic setae all around margin but they are more sharply pointed and not in this arrangement); (ii) ventral tubular ducts in a sparse submarginal band (De Lotto (1966b) stated that their frequency varied greatly between specimens); submarginal bands of tubular ducts are also found in C. deceptrix, C. madagascariensis, and C. rusticus; (iii) the shape and structure of the anal process - with a small area of sclerotisation (but which might be much larger in older specimens), and with the body margin extending to the apex of the anal process; (iv) only 6 dorsal clear areas; (v) very reduced legs (also known in C. brevicauda, C. destructor, C. luteolus, C. reunionensis and C. rubens), (vi) rather pointed dorsal setae, and (vii) 7- or 8-segmented antennae (although some other specimens might not have complete pseudoarticulations and thus appear 6 segmented). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 51]; DeLott1966b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-144]; DeLott1969b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-216]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 96-98,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus rusci Linnaeus, 1758: 456. Type data: ITALY: Apulia, on Myrtus and Ruscus. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost; D.J. Williams, 1990, Personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov. Neotype designated by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: labelled Ceroplastes rusci (L.), Italy, Legnaro, on Ficus carica, 6/29/2007, G. Pellizzari (BMNH): 1/4 (good; neotype specimen labelled and arrowed,left-hand specimen closest to collection-data label (left); remaining specimens good).
Coccus caricae Fabricius, 1794: 225. Type data: GALLIA [=FRANCE]: on Ficus carica. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Fonscolombe, 1834: 205. Notes: Type material lost (Zimsen, 1964).
Coccus artemisiae Rossi, 1794: 56. Type data: ITALY: on twigs of Artemisia sp. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1872a: 37. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).
Calypticus radiatus Costa, 1829: 12. Type data: ITALY: Livedia, near Capo di Bova, on oleander. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1869: 871. Notes: Type material probably lost (G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication).
Calypticus testudineus Costa, 1829: 12. Type data: ITALY: on seven host plants, including myrtle, oleander and fig. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1869a: 870. Notes: Type material probably lost (G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication).
Coccus hydatis Costa, 1829: 14. Type data: ITALY: on oleander. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1869: 871. Notes: Type material probably lost: G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Coccus mirti Costa, O.G., 1829: 7. Nomen nudum; discovered by Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 32.
Lecanium rusci; Walker, 1852: 1072. Change of combination.
Lecanium radiatum; Walker, 1852: 1078. Change of combination.
Lecanium testudineum; Walker, 1852: 1078. Change of combination.
Columnea testudiniformis Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 142. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 52.
Columnea caricae; Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 12. Change of combination.
Chermes caricae; Boisduval, 1867: 320. Change of combination. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Columnea testudinata Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 35. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: 52.
Calypticus hydatis; Signoret, 1869: 871. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes rusci; Signoret, 1872a: 35. Change of combination.
Lecanium artemisiae; Signoret, 1872a: 37. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes denudatus Cockerell, 1893f: 82. Type data: ANTIGUA: on Annona muricata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Synonymy by Nakahara, 1978: 657.
Ceroplastes nerii Newstead, 1897: 101. Type data: ALGERIA: Constantine, on Nerium oleander. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1957: 455.
Coccus caricae; Fernald, 1903b: 156. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Ceroplastes rusci Borg, 1919: 37. Unjustified emendation. Notes: As Lecanium oleae Bernard.
Ceroplastes cirripediformis; Borg, 1919: 40. Misidentification.
Ceroplastes quadrilineatus simplex Brain, 1920a: 33. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Victoria West, on Rhus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female.
Ceroplastes simplex De Lotto, 1965a: 187. Homonym of Ceroplastes simplex Hempel, 1900.
Ceroplastes fumidus De Lotto, 1978: 138. Replacement name for Ceroplastes simplex De Lotto, 1965a; synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 135-142.
COMMON NAMES: donagit hateena; fig wax scale [BenDov1993]; kermes du figuier [BenDov1993]; qenimat shaava shel hateena.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Nitidulidae: Cybocephalus assiduous Kirejtshuk & Fallahzadeh [KirejtFa2008]. FUNGI : Oospora saccardiana Berlese [Berles1905]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [SengonUyKa1998]. Encyrtidae: Paraceraptrocerus italicus Masi [ArgyriStMo1976]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus toddaliae (Risbec) [FallahNaSh2006]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista cyaneae Motschulski [ArgyriStMo1976].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [CarnerPe1986], Pistacia lentiscus [Bodenh1928, GomezM1954, GomezM1958b, BenDov1970], Pistacia terebinthus [GomezM1954, GomezM1958b, Marott1987], Rhus [Brain1920a], Rhus coriaria [Marott1987], Rhus viminalis [Brain1920a], Schinus [Hall1922, EzzatHu1969], Schinus molle [Bodenh1928, GomezM1958b, CarnerPe1986], Schinus terebinthifolius [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970], Spondias purpurea [LincanHoCa2010]. Annonaceae: Annona [Nakaha1983], Annona cherimolia [Borg1932, GomezM1948, GomezM1958b, CarnerPe1986], Annona muricata [Nakaha1983], Annona squamosa [Nakaha1983]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Bodenh1924, Balach1927, Melis1930, Aziz1977, Marott1987, KozarPaPa1991, UygunSeEr1998], Thevetia peruviana [BenDov1970]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [Marott1987]. Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Bodenh1924, BenDov1970, UygunSeEr1998]. Arecaceae: Chamaerops humilis [Marott1987], Cocos [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Phoenix [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Asteraceae: Argyranthemum frutescens [Lindin1911a, CarnerPe1986], Artemisia [CarnerPe1986]. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens sultani [CarnerPe1986]. Boraginaceae: Cordia lutea [LincanHoCa2010], Cordia myxa [BenDov1970]. Buxaceae: Buxus balearica [Balach1939]. Clusiaceae: Psorospermum [Hodgso1994a], Psorospermum febrifugum [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Combretaceae: Laguncularia racenosa [LincanHoCa2010]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [Marott1987], Ipomoea [Borg1932], Ipomoea batatas [Nakaha1983]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Hall1922], Cyperus communis [CarnerPe1986], Cyperus flabelliformis [BenDov1970]. Ebenaceae: Euclea [DeLott1978], Euclea schimperi [Hodgso1969]. Ericaceae: Arbutus unedo [Balach1931a]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum variagatum [Hodgso1994a], Euphorbia longan [CarnerPe1986]. Fabaceae: Albizia [KozarPaPa1991], Phaseolus caracalla [Borg1932], Tamarindus [GomezM1958b]. Flacourtiaceae: Flacourtia ramontchii [WilliaMa2009b]. Juncaceae: Juncus acutus [CarnerPe1986]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [UygunSeEr1998], Persea americana [BenDov1970]. Lythraceae: Lawsonia inermis [Hall1923]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [CarnerPe1986], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [LincanHoCa2010]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hall1931, Danzig1972b, Aziz1977, Nakaha1983, Matile1988, KozarPaPa1991, Hodgso1994a], Ficus [Green1917a, Hall1924a, Hodgso1994a, Granar1999], Ficus avi avi [WilliaMa2009b], Ficus benghalensis [Hall1922, BenDov1970], Ficus benjamina [Marott1987, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ficus carica [Hall1922, Green1923b, Bodenh1926, Balach1927, Balach1939, GomezM1958b, Hodgso1969, BenDov1970], Ficus carica [Bodenh1924, Bodenh1926, Bodenh1935, Bodenh1944a, KhasawTa1964, KfirRo1980, Argyri1983, BenDov1993], Ficus carica [Lindin1911a, Borg1932, Inserr1971, Granar1999], Ficus dekdekena [Hodgso1994a], Ficus elastica [Marott1987], Ficus indica [Marott1987], Ficus infectoria [Hall1922, Bodenh1924], Ficus macrophylla [Balach1927], Ficus nitida [Balach1927, GomezM1958b, EzzatHu1969], Ficus obliqua [BenDov1970], Ficus pseudosycomorus [Hall1922], Ficus retusa [BenDov1970], Ficus rubiginosa [BenDov1970], Ficus sycomorus [Hall1923, Bodenh1924, Hall1927b, BenDov1970], Morus alba [BenDov1970], Morus nigra [Marott1987]. Musaceae: Musa [Hall1924a], Musa cavendishi [Marott1987], Musa sapientum [Hall1922]. Myrtaceae: Myrtus [Bodenh1928], Myrtus communis [Balach1930, Balach1931a, Balach1933e, BenDov1970, Aziz1977, Marott1987, UygunSeEr1998], Psidium guajava [Hall1922, Hall1924a, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1970]. Ochnaceae: Ochna ciliata [WilliaMa2009b]. Pinaceae: Cedrus deodora [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Piperaceae: Piper [Hall1924a], Piper nigrum [GomezM1958b]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Balach1927, KozarPaPa1991], Pittosporum tobira [Marott1987]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [GomezM1946, GomezM1948, GomezM1958b, BenDov1970]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [BenDov1970]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Bodenh1926]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis [PerezGCa1987], Crataegus [Newste1911, Hall1922], Crataegus azarolus [BenDov1970], Cydonia [DeLott1978], Cydonia oblonga [Brain1920a, BenDov1970], Cydonia vulgaris [CarnerPe1986], Mespilus germanica [Marott1987], Prunus dulcis [CarnerPe1986], Pyrus communis [Borg1932, BenDov1970]. Rubiaceae: Pavetta [DeLott1978]. Ruscaceae: Ruscus aculeatus [Marott1987]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Hall1922, Hall1924a, Melis1930, Borg1932, Inserr1971], Citrus aurantium [Bodenh1926, BenDov1970], Citrus limon [Nakaha1983], Citrus paradisi [BenDov1970]. Salicaceae: Populus alba [Marott1987], Populus deltoides [BenDov1970], Salix babylonica [Hall1923]. Santalaceae: Osyris alba [KozarPaPa1991]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [Hodgso1994a], Litchi chinensis [CarnerPe1986], Nephelium lappaceum [BenDov1970], Sapindus saponaria [Marott1987]. Sapotaceae: Sideroxylon oxyacantha [Hodgso1994a]. Smilacaceae: Smilax aspera [KozarFr1995]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Strelitzia reginae [CarnerPe1986]. Umbelliferae: Bupleurum subfructicosum [GomezM1946, GomezM1958b]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Hall1923, Balach1927, Borg1932, GomezM1958b, BenDov1970].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Fernan1989]; Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990, Hodgso1994a]; Eritrea [Hodgso1994a]; Mali [MuniapWaVa2012]; Sao Tome and Principe [Fernan1993]; South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1978]; Tanzania [Newste1911a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969, Hodgso1994a]. Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Hodges2002b]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Cocker1893gg, Mamet1943a, Granar1999]); Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999]); Brazil; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guyana [Newste1917b, Mamet1943a]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: Indonesia (Irian Jaya); Vietnam [VuEaNg2006]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Albania [FetykoKo2012]; Algeria [Balach1927, FetykoKo2012]; Azores [Fernan1981, FrancoRuMa2011]; Canary Islands [Lindin1911a, GomezM1967O, LongoMaPe1995, Jansen1995]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [Ayouta1940, PellizPoSe2011]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Egypt [Newste1911, Hall1922, Hall1923, Hall1924a, Hall1927b, EzzatHu1969]; France [Balach1930, Balach1931a, Balach1933e, Balach1939, Hodgso1994a]; Greece [Bodenh1928, ArgyriSa1980, Argyri1983, Kozar1985, KozarPaPa1991]; Hungary [FetykoKo2012]; Iran [Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009, MoghadTa2010]; Iraq [Bodenh1944a, Aziz1977, KirejtFa2008]; Israel [Bodenh1924, Bodenh1935, Rosen1967, BenDov1970, KfirRo1980, Hodgso1994a]; Italy [Hodgso1969, Hodgso1994a, LongoMaPe1995, Granar1999]; Jordan [new]; Lebanon [Bodenh1926]; Libya [FetykoKo2012]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, FrancoRuMa2011]; Malta [Borg1932]; Morocco [Vayssi1920, Balach1927, Rungs1970]; Netherlands; Portugal [Seabra1930, Fernan1992, KozarFr1995, CarvalFrAg1996, FrancoRuMa2011]; Sardinia [Melis1930, Pelliz2011]; Saudi Arabia; Sicily [Liotta1970, Inserr1971]; Spain [Balach1935b, GomezM1946, GomezM1948, LongoMaPe1995]; Syria [Bodenh1926]; Tunisia [FetykoKo2012]; Turkey [Tuncyu1970a, UygunSeEr1998, KaydanUlEr2007]; United Kingdom (England [Green1917a]).
BIOLOGY: Khasawinah & Talhouk (1964) studied the biology and phenology in Lebanon. Life history and economic importance in Israel studied by Bodkin (1927). Inserra (1970) studied the phenology and natural enemies on citrus in Sicily, Italy. Develops two generations a year in Greece (Argyriou & Santorini, 1980). Benassy & Franco (1974) observed one annual generation on fig trees in Southern France. A minor pest of citrus in Israel, but occasionally a serious pest (Ben-Dov, 1988). A pest of fig in the Mediterranean region (Bodkin, 1927; Bodenheimer, 1951b; Talhouk, 1959).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969, 1994a) and by Hodgson & Peronti (2012). Description and illustration of the adult male and male nymphal instars (based on material which originated from Kalamata, Greece) by Rainato & Pellizzari (2010). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957) and by Granara de Willink (1999).
STRUCTURE: Adult female with a thick, broadly oval, hemispherical test of quite hard wax; dorsal plate domed, apex with a small depressed oval dark nuclear spot with an elongate pad of white dry wax; marginal area thickened into a series of eight quadrate plates, each with a depressed centre and separated by marginal indentations. Colour generally pale pink, deepening to red at the junction of the marginal area but often almost pure white; usually with numerous fine radiating pinkish lines but these often absent; each marginal nucleus with 1 or more small dry-wax points, plus a line of very white stigmatic wax from each stigmatic area. With wax removed, mature female smoothly globular, margin slightly recurved, particularly anteriorly; venter reddish brown, stigmatic clefts shallow but distinct; caudal process short and stout, extending dorso-posteriorly. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Mounted material. Body oval, rather convex, with shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with small indistinct tubercles. Caudal process short and stout. Length 1.3-3.25 (1.9-3.0) mm, total width of mounted specimen 0.9-2.2 (1.0-2.0) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: The record of Ceroplastes rusci in Granara de Willink (1999: 57) as occurring in USA, is incorrect. Dug Miller of USNM (personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov, 4.2.2002) have looked at the slide, upon which Granara de Willink based the record, and found that it was a quarantine lot that was intercepted in Houston, Texas, from Jordan.
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [as C. fumidus; Ceroplastes species of South Africa]; Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Mori, Pellizzari & Tosi 2001: 42 (female) [Italy]; Granarara de Willink 1999: 49 (female) [Argentina]; Pellizzari & Camporose 1994: 177 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 371 (female) [Egypt]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [Antigua].
CITATIONS: AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; AksitOzCa2003 [host, distribution: 181-189]; AlAwam2009 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, chemical control: 1-147]; AllahHaHe2000 [chemistry: 103-111]; Argyri1970 [host, distribution, biological control: 57-65]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; ArgyriSa1980 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 593-600]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 23]; Ayouta1940 [host, distribution: 2-4]; Aziz1977 [host, distribution: 46]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 186]; Balach1927a [host, distribution: 72]; Balach1930 [host, distribution: 313]; Balach1931a [host, distribution: 100]; Balach1932d [host, distribution: xxiii]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 5]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 264]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 258]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Benass1969 [ecology, distribution: 793-799]; BenassBi1963 [life history, ecology, biological control, host, distribution: 213-217]; BenassFr1974 [ecology, host, distribution: 11-39]; BenDov1970 [host, distribution: 87-89, 92]; BenDov1988a [economic importance, host, distribution: 1076]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 36-37,51-54]; BenDov2006a [host, distribution: 206]; Berles1905 [host, distribution, biological control: 8-14]; Blanch1883 [chemistry, economic importance: 235-238]; Bodenh1924 [host, distribution: 65-66]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 44]; Bodenh1928 [host, distribution: 192]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [distribution: 219]; Bodenh1944a [host, distribution: 84]; Bodenh1951a [host, distribution, economic importance: 388-389]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution, economic importance: 112-113]; Bodkin1927 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 259-261]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 109]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 154-155]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 455-457]; Borg1919 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 37-39]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 16]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 33-35]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 235]; CABI1977 [distribution: 1-2]; CamporPe1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 177-180]; Carles1985a [economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control: 56-58]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution, biological control: 11-12]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution: 614]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 208]; Cocker1893gg [distribution: 373]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6,8]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 330-331]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 394]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 199]; Danzig1972c [host, distribution: 582]; DelGue1906 [host, distribution: 257-263]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 187]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 138-139]; Delucc1975 [host, distribution, economic importance]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 386-388]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fabric1794 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 225]; FallahNaSh2006 [host, distribution, biological control: 44]; FaurotMi1965 [chemistry: 93-97]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 129,151,154-157]; Fernan1973a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 262-265]; Fernan1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48]; Fernan1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 129-131]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 59]; Fernan1993 [host, distribution: 111]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 81]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; FoldiCa1985 [structure: 33-50]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,4,22]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; GantneJaGo2004 [host, distribution: 181-189]; Georgh1977 [host, distribution: 148]; Gertss2008 [taxonomy: 55-58]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Goeze1778 [taxonomy: 337]; GomezC1950 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-18]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 307-313]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 91]; GomezM1948 [host, distribution: 88]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 122-128]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; GomezM1960O [host, distribution: 200]; GomezM1967O [host, distribution: 134]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 57]; Green1917a [host, distribution: 210]; Green1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88,94-95]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17-18]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38-39]; Hall1924a [host, distribution: 10]; Hall1927b [host, distribution: 163-165]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 298]; HamonMa2001 [host, distribution, taxonomy, life history, economic importance: 187]; HernanNiMa2011 [host: 379-380]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy, distribution: 208]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-9]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-188]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy: 192]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 135-142,242]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Inserr1971 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 77-97]; IsmailAb2001 [host, distribution, chemical control: 355-364]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134,141]; KaracaErYa2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 372-377]; Katsoy1996 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 15,19-21,81-83]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 1]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; KfirRo1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 114]; KhasawTa1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 113-131]; KirejtFa2008 [host, distribution, biological control: 83-86]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 248]; Koteja1974b [structure: 81]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 202]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarFr1995 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; LattinOm1983 [distribution, economic importance: 93]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 356-361]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Lindin1911a [host, distribution: 33]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 68,77,102,154,21]; Linnae1758 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 456]; Linnae1767 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 741]; Liotta1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 33]; LiottaMiRa1977 [host, economic importance: 29-67]; LongoMaPe1995 [host, distribution: 134,141]; LongoRu1986 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 150]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 67-68]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 8,75,118,125,128]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Matile1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 205]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14-15]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 6]; MoghadTa2010 [host, distribution: 31]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; Monast1962 [biological control, economic importance, description, host, distribution: 129-147]; MoriPeTo2001 [taxonomy: 42]; MorsiMo2004 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 59-64]; MuniapWaVa2012 [distribution, host: 3-6]; Nakaha1978 [taxonomy: 657-658]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 3]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 206-207]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 97]; Newste1911a [host, distribution: 167]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; OnderTu1984 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 200-212]; Paoli1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 244-248]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 60]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizCa1994 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 177-180]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 294,296]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 127]; Picard1919 [host: 3]; PietriBiCo1969 [chemical control: 909-915]; Podsia1983a [host, distribution: 273]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; RainatPe2010 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-62]; Rosen1966 [biological control, host, distribution: 46-48]; Rosen1969 [biological control: 45-53]; Rosen1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 289-292]; Rossi1794 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 56]; Rungs1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-94]; Scorti1987 [host, distribution: 35-40]; Seabra1930 [host, distribution, economic importance: 129-130]; Seabra1941 [distribution: 7]; SengonUyKa1998 [host, distribution, biological control: 128-131]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 843,847,869,870-872]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35-38]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 88]; Talhou1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-106]; Talhou2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 88-90]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 142-143]; Targio1867MH [chemistry: 246-247]; Targio1884 [host, distribution: 400-401]; Tranfa1981 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 22-23]; TranfaVi1987a [economic importance: 215-221]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 254]; Tuncyu1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 67-80]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 133]; Vayssi1920 [host, distribution: 258]; Vicido2007 [host, distribution: 1-7]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 94-95]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 47-55]; Vilar1951 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 177-181]; Vilar1952 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 7]; VuEaNg2006 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 196-201]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, distribution: 1072,1078]; WaltonKrSa2009 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; Willia2007b [taxonomy: 454, 427-490]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 9,14,22,26,32,42]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 118]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 80]; Wood1962 [biological control, distribution: 8-11]; Woodwo1903 [taxonomy: 33].
Ceroplastes rusticus De LottoNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes rusticus De Lotto, 1961b: 318. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Hartman's Kloof, on Selago glutinosa. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.
Gascardia rustica; De Lotto, 1965a: 204. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Scrophulariaceae: Selago corymbosa [DeLott1965a], Selago glutinosa [DeLott1961b].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1961b, DeLott1965a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961b).
STRUCTURE: Test of fully mature adult female dried in situ, highly convex, with a shallow mediodorsal depression carrying a minute elongate white boss; colour evenly pale yellow; wax fairly soft. Dimensions: up to 8 mm long; 7 mm wide and 5 mm high. (De Lotto, 1961).
SYSTEMATICS: C. rusticus De Lotto is most similar C. deceptrix but differs in having many more ventral tubular ducts submarginally plus some ducts medially on both the abdomen and posteriorly on the thorax. In addition, on C. rusticus, the clear areas dorsad to the stigmatic clefts appear to have coalesced into one large clear area on each side and there appears to be no clear areas latero-posteriorly on the abdomen, so that there are perhaps only 4 clear areas in all; C deceptrix has the normal 8 clear areas. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 40 [Key to adult females of C. deceptrix-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 54]; DeLott1961b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 318-319]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 204]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 47-49,241]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes sanguineus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes sanguineus Cockerell, 1905d: 162. Type data: PARAGUAY: Villa Encarnacion, on Maytenus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
HOST: Celastraceae: Maytenus [Cocker1905d, Cocker1905g].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Paraguay.
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 54]; Cocker1905d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 162]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 9]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 7]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229].
Ceroplastes schrottkyi CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes schrottkyi Cockerell, 1905d: 162. Type data: PARAGUAY: Villa Encarnacion, on Salix chilensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
HOST: Salicaceae: Salix chilensis [Cocker1905d, Cocker1905g].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Paraguay.
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 54]; Cocker1905d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 161-162]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 7]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 229].
Ceroplastes sinensis Del GuercioNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio, 1900: 3. Type data: ITALY: Liguria, on Citrus sinensis. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material probably lost (G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication).
COMMON NAMES: Caparreta blanca [Lloren1990]; carrapeta-branca [CarvalAg1997]; Chinese wax scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, SmithBeBr1997]; chinese wax scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, SmithBeBr1997]; craca [CarvalAg1997]; hard wax scale [SmithBeBr1997]; hard wax scale [HodgsoHe2000].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) [Pen1960, StathaKaEl2003], Chilocorus renipustulatus Scriba [Pen1960], Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) [StathaKaEl2003], Halmus chalybeus [LoCh2001]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [ArgyriStMo1976]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus ceroplastae Girault [ArgyriStMo1976]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) [MonacoSa1980, StathaKaEl2003]. LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae: Coccidophaga scitula [MonacoSa1980]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa carnea Stephens [ArgyriStMo1976].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [CarnerPe1986], Rhodosphaera rhodanthema [Snowba1970], Schinus molle [Balach1931a, Borg1932, GimpelMiDa1974], Schinus terebinthifolius [Snowba1970]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimolia [Snowba1970], Annona squamosa [Marott1987]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [GimpelMiDa1974, MonacoSa1980], Ilex crenata [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex vomitoria [GimpelMiDa1974]. Araliaceae: Aralia [CarnerPe1986]. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sericofera [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Hoya carnosa [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Asteraceae: Aster formosissima [Marott1987], Baccharis [GimpelMiDa1974], Baccharis halimofolia [DauphiMa2003], Cassinia laevis [QinGu1994], Chrysanthemum frutescens [Marott1987], Chrysanthemum grandiflora [Marott1987], Chrysanthemum indicum [CorseuBa1971], Dahlia variabilis [Marott1987], Felicia angustifolia [Snowba1970], Olearia paniculata [Snowba1970], Osteospermum moniliferum [Marott1987]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [Balach1939, Marott1987], Bignonia unguiscati [VieiraCaPi1983], Jacaranda mimosifolia [QinGu1994]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [VieiraCaPi1983]. Celastraceae: Euonymus europaeus [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Euonymus japonicus [Marott1987]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita pepo [Marott1987]. Dennstaedtiaceae: Pteridium esculentum [HodgsoHe2000]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros fasciculosa [Snowba1970], Diospyros ferrea [Snowba1970], Diospyros kaki [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Ericaceae: Arbutus unedo [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Erica arborea [GimpelMiDa1974], Vaccinium myrtillus [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Escalloniaceae: Escallonia rubra [GimpelMiDa1974]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton scouleri [LincanHoCa2010], Drypetes australasica [Snowba1970], Euphorbia longan [CarnerPe1986], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Snowba1970], Mercurialis annua [Marott1987]. Fabaceae: Caesalpinia sepiaria [Snowba1970], Cytisus scoparius [Marott1987], Pultenaea villosa [QinGu1994]. Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sylvestris [CorseuBa1971]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hippocastanum [Marott1987], Aesculus pavia [Marott1987]. Lamiaceae: Melissa officinalis [CarnerPe1986], Rosmarinus officinalis [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Salvia splendens [Marott1987]. Lauraceae: Apollonias barbujana [Snowba1970], Cinnamomum burmannii [Snowba1970], Cinnamomum zeylanicum [VieiraCaPi1983], Laurus [Marott1987], Persea americana [CarnerPe1986, QinGu1994]. Loranthaceae: Amyema congener [QinGu1994], Loranthus [CorseuBa1971]. Malvaceae: Hoheria populnea [HodgsoHe2000], Lagunaria patersonii [VieiraCaPi1983]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [Borg1932, Marott1987], Ficus virens [Snowba1970], Ficus watkinsiana [Snowba1970], Myrtus communis [PellizPoSe2011]. Musaceae: Musa nana [Snowba1970]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum [Argyri1983], Myoporum acuminatum [VieiraCaPi1983]. Myrsinaceae: Aegiceras corniculatum [QinGu1994], Myrsine africana [Marott1987]. Myrtaceae: Acmena [Snowba1970], Baeckea camphorata [QinGu1994], Baeckea virgata [DeLott1971, QinGu1994], Callistemon citrinus [Snowba1970], Callistemon linearis [Snowba1970], Callistemon polandii [QinGu1994], Callistemon viminalis [QinGu1994], Eucalyptus curtisii [QinGu1994], Eugenia [QinGu1994], Eugenia greggii [Snowba1970], Feijoa sellowiana [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Melaleuca armillaris [Snowba1970, QinGu1994], Melaleuca bracteata [QinGu1994], Melaleuca decussata [Snowba1970], Melaleuca diasmifolia [Marott1987], Melaleuca elliptica [QinGu1994], Melaleuca hypericifolia [Snowba1970], Melaleuca linariifolia trichostachya [QinGu1994], Melaleuca pauciflora [Snowba1970], Melaleuca quinquenervia [QinGu1994], Psidium guajava [Marott1987], Rhodomyrtus psidioides [Snowba1970], Syncarpia glomulifera [Snowba1970], Syzygium [QinGu1994], Syzygium floribundum [GimpelMiDa1974], Syzygium francisii [Snowba1970], Syzygium luehmannii [Snowba1970], Syzygium moorei [Snowba1970], Syzygium paniculatum [QinGu1994], Tristania conferta [Snowba1970]. Ochnaceae: Ochna mauritiana [Snowba1970]. Oleaceae: Syringa vulgaris [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Philadelphaceae: Philadelphus coronaria [Marott1987]. Pittosporaceae: Bursaria spinosa [Snowba1970]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Plumbaginaceae: Ceratostigma willmottianum [Snowba1970]. Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia platyclada [Marott1987]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca oleracea [Marott1987]. Proteaceae: Banksia ericifolia [QinGu1994], Grevillea [QinGu1994], Grevillea banksii [QinGu1994], Grevillea pteridifolia [QinGu1994], Hakea salicifolia [QinGu1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Snowba1970, MonacoSa1980, QinGu1994]. Rhamnaceae: Frangula alnus [Marott1987]. Rosaceae: Chaenomeles lagenaria [Snowba1970], Cotoneaster dammeri [GimpelMiDa1974], Crataegus [MonacoSa1980], Osteomeles schwerinae [Snowba1970], Prunus persica [MonacoSa1980], Pyrus communis [GimpelMiDa1974, MonacoSa1980], Rosa [MonacoSa1980]. Rubiaceae: Burchellia bubalina [Snowba1970], Canthium ventosum [Snowba1970], Coprosma [HodgsoHe2000], Coprosma rhamboides [HodgsoHe2000], Coprosma robusta [HodgsoHe2000], Gardenia florida [CorseuBa1971], Gardenia thunbergia [Snowba1970], Rondeletia amoena [Snowba1970]. Rutaceae: Calodendron capense [QinGu1994], Citrus [Balach1931a, Balach1939, Argyri1983, FrancoPa1991, Jansen1995, CarvalAg1997, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus aurantium [GomezM1958b], Citrus limon [DeLott1971, QinGu1994], Citrus nobilis [Balach1927], Citrus paradisi [QinGu1994], Citrus reticulata [Snowba1970, QinGu1994], Citrus sinensis [DelGue1900, QinGu1994], Coleonema pulchrum [Snowba1970], Medicosma cunninghamii [Snowba1970], Melicope simplex [HodgsoHe2000]. Sapindaceae: Arytera divaricata [Snowba1970], Dodonaea tenuifolia [QinGu1994], Dodonaea triquerta [Snowba1970], Dodonaea viscosa [Snowba1970], Harpullia pendula [Snowba1970], Litchi chinensis [QinGu1994], Sapindus saponaria [Marott1987], Sarcopteryx stipitata [Snowba1970]. Sapotaceae: Achras [Snowba1970], Martiusella imperialis [Snowba1970], Planchonella australis [Snowba1970], Planchonella myrsinoides [Snowba1970], Pouteria wakere [Snowba1970]. Scrophulariaceae: Galvezia leucantha [LincanHoCa2010], Halleria lucida [Marott1987], Hebe stricta [HodgsoHe2000], Veronica salicifolia [Marott1987]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [Marott1987], Cyphomandra betacea [Marott1987], Lycium minimum [LincanHoCa2010], Lycopersicon esculentum [Marott1987], Solanum [Balach1933e], Solanum aviculare [HodgsoHe2000], Solanum nigrum [Marott1987], Solanum paniculatum [CorseuBa1971], Streptosolen [Green1923b], Streptosolen jamesonii [GimpelMiDa1974, QinGu1994]. Styracaceae: Styrax officinalis [Marott1987]. Theaceae: Thea [Pen1960]. Tiliaceae: Grewia flava [Marott1987], Grewia opositifolia [Marott1987]. Ulmaceae: Trema micrantha [Marott1987]. Urticaceae: Urtica dioica [Marott1987]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia marina [QinGu1994, HodgsoHe2000], Avicennia officinalis [DeLott1971], Duranta plumieri [Green1923b, Marott1987], Vitex lucens [HodgsoHe2000]. Viscaceae: Korthalsella salicornioides [HenderSuRo2010].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [DeLott1971] (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1994], New South Wales [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997], Queensland [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997], South Australia [QinGu1994], Western Australia [QinGu1994]); New Zealand [DeLott1971, HodgsoHe2000, LoCh2001, HenderSuRo2010]; Norfolk Island; Solomon Islands [DeLott1971]. Nearctic: Mexico (Veracruz); United States of America (California, North Carolina, Pennsylvania [Stimme1998], Virginia). Neotropical: Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991]; Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina [HickelDu1995]); Chile [KondoGu2010]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]. Oriental: Philippines [Baltaz1962]. Palaearctic: Algeria [HodgsoPe2012]; Azores [CarvalFrAg1996, LopesFiMa2008, FrancoRuMa2011]; Canary Islands [PerezGCa1987]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [PellizPoSe2011]; Croatia [Masten2007]; Cyprus [SismanUl2010]; Egypt [Hall1924a]; France [Balach1931a, Balach1933d, Balach1939, Foldi2000, DauphiMa2003]; Georgia [YasnosTaCh2005]; Greece [ArgyriStMo1976, Argyri1983, StathaKaEl2003]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996, Moghad2009]; Italy [DeLott1971, Marott1987, LongoMaPe1995]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, DeLott1971, CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Malta [Borg1932]; Morocco [Rungs1970]; Netherlands [FetykoKo2012]; Portugal [Seabra1942, Fernan1992, CarvalFrAg1996]; Russia (Caucasus); Sardinia [Marott1987, Pelliz2011]; Sicily [Liotta1970, Marott1987]; Spain [Balach1935b, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]; Tunisia [HodgsoPe2012]; Turkey [Tuncyu1970a, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007].
BIOLOGY: One annual generation was reported in Italy on citrus (Monastero & Zaami, 1959; Frediani, 1967); in USA, Virginia (Kosztarab, 1996); on pears in Italy (Frediani, 1960). Snowball (1970) outlined the life history in New South Wales. Life history in Spain described by Llorens Climent (1984). Beattie et al. (1990) studied the effect of nutrients in citrus (New South Wales, Australia) on the growth, size and phenology.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1971), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gimpel et al. (1974), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Kosztarab (1996) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 3-7 mm long; convex. Dorsal wax cover formed of plates not very distinctly divided; anterior portion of the cover slightly lower than posterior; anterior portion white while the posterior is light brown or pink. Colour photograph by Gill (1988), Katsoyannos (1996), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Hodgson & Henderson (2000) and by Germain et al., (2003).
SYSTEMATICS: Based on their cladistic analysis of wax scale insects, Qin et al. (1994) predicted that the native range of C. sinensis was within Central or South America. This supposition was supported later by the discovery of heavily parasitized individuals of C. sinensis in Argentina. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957). A sporadic pest of citrus in Italy and Spain. A serious pest of citrus in Australia (Snowball, 1970; Qin & Gullan, 1994).
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa]; Mori, Pellizzari & Tosi 2001: 42 (female) [Italy]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 185 (female) [New Zealand]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Pellizzari & Camporose 1994: 177 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Gill 1988: 17 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 36 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Kosztarab 1966: 325 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Argyri1970 [host, distribution, biological control: 57-65]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 23]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 186]; Balach1931a [host, distribution: 100]; Balach1932d [taxonomy, host, distribution: xxxiv]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 5]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 264]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 258]; BalciuBuPu1995 [viological control: 247-267]; Baltaz1962 [host, distribution: 6,12]; Beatti1979 [host, distribution, chemical control: 35]; Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; Benass1969 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 793-799]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 54-56]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 90]; Bodenh1951a [host, distribution: 387]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 113-114]; Bolu2012 [biological control: 109]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79-80]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 154]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 451-454]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 16]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; CABI1980 [distribution: 1-2]; CamporPe1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 180-182]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 12-13]; Carrer1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 625-631]; CarvalAg1997 [life history, economic importance, description, host, distribution: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; Castel1951a [biological control: 95-98]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 208]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 37]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; Costan1948 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 85-88]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 199]; DauphiMa2003 [host, distribution: 161-263]; DelGue1900 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 3-26]; DelGue1906 [host, distribution: 257-263]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-145]; Delucc1975 [host, distribution]; Dzhash1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 182]; Evlakh1941 [host, distribution, biological control: 64-65]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 157]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 59]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Fletch1951 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-24]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 5,22]; Fredia1960 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 89-95]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 255]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 23]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21,25]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-67]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 313-316]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 128-134]; GradyRe1940 [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 1-32]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; Greig1944 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 153-154]; Hall1924a [host, distribution: 23]; HamonWi1984 [life history, economic importance, taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-34]; HenderSuRo2010 [host, distribution: 2]; HickelDu1995 [host, distribution: 665-668]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190,193-194]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 152-154, 243]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134]; JohnsoLy1988 [host, distribution]; Katsoy1996 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 15,81-83]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 1]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 248]; Kiritc1935 [host, distribution: 3]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 71]; KondoGu2010 [host, distribution: 12]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 332-333]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 81]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 364-366]; LimonMeBl1976a [host, distribution, biological control: 263-276]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 115,219,307]; Liotta1970 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 33]; LiottaMiRa1977 [host, economic importance: 29-67]; Lloren1984 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; LoBlPe1996 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 315-321]; LoCh2001 [biological control, life history, host, distribution: 57-66]; LongoMaPe1995 [host, distribution: 134]; LongoRu1986 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41]; LopesFiMa2008 [host, distribution: 153-154]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 99-100]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 68]; Masten2007 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-242]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; Moghad2009 [host, distribution: 6]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 149]; MonacoSa1980 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, host, distribution: 3-6]; Monast1958 [economic importance, control: 131-165]; MonastZa1959 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 4-26]; MoriPeTo2001 [taxonomy: 42]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 207-208]; Panis1982 [distribution, biological control: 12-22]; Paoli1927a [host, distribution: 382-387]; Pelliz2011 [distribution: 311]; PellizCa1994 [life history, taxonomy, host, distribution: 180-182]; PellizPoSe2011 [distribution, host: 274,297]; Pen1960 [biological control: 104-112]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 127]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 14-20]; PietriBiCo1969 [chemical control: 909-915]; Priore1967 [life history, ecology: 46-46]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 941-953]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 541-549]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; Rungs1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-94]; SandsVa2003 [host, biological control: 41-53]; Scorti1987 [host, distribution: 35-40]; Seabra1942 [distribution: 2]; Silves1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 3-17]; Silves1921 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-11]; Silves1926a [control, host, distribution: 97-101]; SismanUl2010 [host, distribution: 219-224]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 59-61]; Snowba1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 57-66]; StathaKaEl2003 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 271-275]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution: 10]; Stimme1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 17-19]; TabataLo2002 [chemical control: 30]; Tranfa1980 [host, distribution, taxonomy, description: 701-704]; Tranfa1981 [host, distribution, life history: 23-26]; TranfaVi1987a [economic importance: 215-221]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 251-254]; Tuncyu1970a [life history, exonomic importance, host, distribution: 67-80]; Valent1963 [biological control: 6-13]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 95]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 47-55]; Vilar1951 [taxonomy, illustration: 177-181]; Vilar1952 [taxonomy, illustration: 8]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-54]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-81]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 103]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187]; Yasnos1987 [economic importance: 229-234]; Yasnos1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 247-251]; YasnosTaCh2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 295-302].
Ceroplastes singularis NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes singularis Newstead, 1910c: 188. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on Psidium guajava. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Ceroplastes hololeucus De Lotto, 1969a: 413. Type data: ANGOLA: Novo Redondo, on Elaeis guineensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 143-145.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [DeLott1969a, Almeid1973b]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Newste1910c]. Urticaceae: Musanga cecropioides [HodgsoPe2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1969a, Almeid1973b]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Uganda [Newste1910c].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. C. singularis: "Test of adult female hemispherical; thin and very hard; texture fairly smooth; dorsum with a faintly indicated plate, almost circular in outline, with indications also of 3 lateral plates; colour dirty ochreous." (Newstead, 1910). Unmounted material. C. hololeucus: "Immature adult females flattish, disc-like in shape; wax test faintly divided into plates: three bilateral, 1 cephalic and 1 dorsal; at the centre of each of them there is a small and elongate boss; colour in the test in material stored in alcohol evenly white; wax rather brittle in texture" (De Lotto, 1969). Mounted material. Body broadly elliptical to roundly circular, length 1.3-2.4 [about 2] mm, width 0.9-1.75 [?] mm. Dermal processes obscure. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Ceroplastes singularis differs from most other species in the C. rusci-group in having: (i) stigmatic setae around of the entire margin (restricted to near stigmatic clefts on C. rusci and related species, never forming a complete band anteriorly on head); and (ii) ventral tubular ducts absent (otherwise only totally absent on C. balachowskyi, C. galeatus and C. ghesquierei. C. rufus also has stigmatic setae extending around most of the margin but the stigmatic setae are all rather sharply pointed on C. singularis rather than roundly conical, as on C. rufus.
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].
CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 2]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 39,56]; DeLott1969a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 413-415]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 143-145,243]; Newste1910c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-190]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 66].
Ceroplastes sinoiae HallNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes helichrysi sinoiae Hall, 1931: 296. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Sinoia, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Ximbabwe [Southern Rhodesia]: top label: Ceroplastes / helichrysi var. / sinoiae Hall / Ficus sp. / S. Rhodesia.
Gascardia sinoiae; De Lotto, 1965a: 204. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asclepiadaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda mimosaefolia [DeLott1965a]. Clusiaceae: Hypericum revolutum [DeLott1965a]. Euphorbiaceae [HodgsoPe2012]. Fabaceae: Acacia [Hodgso1969], Brachystegia spiciformis [Almeid1973b]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [Hodgso1969]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos innocua [HodgsoPe2012]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hall1931], Ficus burkei [DeLott1965a]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia [Hodgso1969]. Verbenaceae [HodgsoPe2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973b]; Madagascar [HodgsoPe2012]; South Africa [DeLott1965a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].
BIOLOGY: A uniparental species, which develops one annual generation on Jacaranda in South Africa. Bedford (1968) produced a comprehensive study on various aspects of the biology of this wax scale.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1965a).
STRUCTURE: "Test of full-grown adult female hemispherical, not divided into plates, with a shallow medio-dorsal depression at the centre of which is situated a minute elongate boss; wax evenly white in colour; dimensions 8 mm long; 8 mm wide; 6 mm high." (De Lotto, 1965).
SYSTEMATICS: This species was originally described as a variety of C. helichrysi Hall. As pointed out by De Lotto (1965), C. sinoiae, although bearing a close superficial resemblance to C. helichrysi, is clearly specifically different and, in fact, is rather easily distinguished from the latter species. Some of the main differences between these 2 species are (character-states of C. helichrysi in brackets): (i) caudal process heavily sclerotised (barely sclerotised); (ii) loculate microducts of the complex type (simple type); (iii) tubular ducts on abdominal segments restricted to anogenital fold (also present medially and submarginally); (iv) tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis present (absent), and (v) dorsal setae mainly longer than width of basal sockets (subequal or shorter). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: An urban pest of Jacaranda trees in South Africa (Bedford, 1968).
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 64 (female) [Key to adult females in the C. longicauda-group.]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 5]; Bedfor1968 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control, chemical control, chemistry, structure, ecology: 1-111]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 56-57]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-207]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Hall1931 [host, distribution: 296]; Hodgso1969 [host, distribution: 37]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 73-75,241]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19].
Ceroplastes solanaceus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes solanaceus Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 175. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Santa Rita do Passa Quatra, Parque Estadual de Vassununga; collected A.L.B.G. Peronti, 24.vii.2002. Holotype female. Type depository: Sáo Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva da UNiversidade Federal de Sáo Carlos, Sáo Paulo, Brazil; type no. 405. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Solanaceae: Solanum [PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, iluustration, host, distribution: 175-176].
Ceroplastes speciosus HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes speciosus Hempel, 1900a: 464. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Ypiranga, on various plants of Myrtaceae; . Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 176. Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil; type no. 82-a. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae [Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photo of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 57]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 158]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 464-465]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-177]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 131].
Ceroplastes stellifer (Westwood)NOMENCLATURE:
Vinsonia pulchella Signoret, 1869: 868. Nomen nudum.
Coccus stellifer Westwood, 1871a: iii. Type data: ENGLAND: Pant y Goitre, Abergavenny, on Cypripedium niveum, imported from the west coast of SIAM [=THAILAND]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Oxford: Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, England. Described: female. Notes: Unmounted female syntypes are available at the Natural History Museum, Oxford, UK (Yair Ben-Dov, visit at OXUM, on December 15, 2002).
Coccus stellifer; Westwood, 1871b: 1006.
Vinsonia pulchella Signoret, 1872a: 34. Type data: REUNION ISLAND: on Mangifera indica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1877a: 608.
Vinsonia stellifera; Douglas, 1888b: 152. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes stellifer; Lindinger, 1913: 81. Change of combination.
Vinsonia stelifera; Seabra, 1925: 38. Misspelling of species name.
Vinsonia estellifera; Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1929: 4. Misspelling of species name.
Vinzonia stellifera; Danzig & Konstantinova, 1990: 45. Misspelling of genus name.
Vinsonia pulohella; Tang, 1991: 311. Misspelling of species name.
Vinsonia steliftra; Tang, 1991: 312. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Signoret" as author.
Vinsonia stellftra; Tang, 1991: 312. Misspelling of species name.
Winsonia stellifera; Fernandes, 1993: 111. Misspelling of genus name.
Ceroplastes stellifer; Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 177. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: stellate scale [HamonWi1984, BenDov1993].
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Eriaphytis chackoi Rao [Rao1980].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera [Ramakr1919a, Hodgso1994a], Mangifera indica [Cocker1892a, Cocker1892b, Cocker1893k, Mamet1943a, DeLott1965a, Ali1971], Mangifera indica [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, Almeid1973b, Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Mangifera indica [DanzigKo1990, KondoKa1995]. Apocynaceae: Alstonia scholaris [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971], Ervatamia orientalis [WilliaWa1990], Plumeria acutifolia [Mamet1943a]. Araliaceae: Schefflera [QinGu1994], Schefflera arboricola [MatileEt2006, PerontSoGr2008]. Arecaceae: Cocos [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990], Cocos nucifera [Green1896, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, DeLott1965a, Ali1971, Nakaha1983], Cocos nucifera [Cocker1893k, Green1909a, Green1937, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium [Cocker1896k]. Clusiaceae: Clusia [Cocker1896k], Garcinia [Ballou1926, HamonWi1984], Garcinia indica [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Garcinia mangostana [Hempel1904, HamonWi1984], Garcinia spicata [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971, HamonWi1984]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros discolor [TaoWoCh1983]. Euphorbiaceae: Bischofia javanica [WilliaWa1990]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora [Jansen1995], Persea americana [Mamet1943a]. Liliaceae: Asparagus sprengeri [CorseuBa1971]. Moraceae: Artocarpus integra [Beards1966], Ficus antimesma [Green1896], Ficus benghalensis [Mamet1943a]. Musaceae: Musa [Hodgso1994a]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia polycephala [Cocker1893k]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Nakaha1983], Eugenia [Mamet1943a], Eugenia aquea [Mamet1943a], Eugenia jambolana [Newste1914, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Eugenia jambos [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Syzygium cuminii [AvasthSh1986], Syzygium jambos [MestreHaEv2011]. Orchidaceae [HodgsoHi1990], Brassia caudata [MestreHaEv2011], Broughtonia sanguinea [Cocker1895a], Cattleya [Nakaha1983], Cypripedium niveum [Cocker1893k, Ali1971], Epidendrum [Jansen1995], Epidendrum ciliare [Nakaha1983], Maxillaria purpurea [MestreHaEv2011], Stanhopea [Cocker1895u]. Phyllanthaceae: Antidesma bunius [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971]. Poaceae: Oryza sativa [MestreHaEv2011]. Pteridaceae: Adiantum [CorseuBa1971]. Rubiaceae: Ixora coccinea [PerontSoGr2008]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Citrus [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990], Citrus aurantium [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1990], Glycosmis pentaphylla [Green1909a, Ali1971], Jambolana [Cocker1893gg]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [HamonWi1984], Lucuma caimito [Hempel1900a], Manilkara zapota [MestreHaEv2011], Palaquium [Green1907, Mamet1943a]. Strelitziaceae: Ravenala madagascariensis [Nakaha1983]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [WilliaWa1990].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973b]; Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Hodgso1994a] (Intercepted in Spain.); Kenya [DeLott1965a]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Reunion [Cocker1894t, Cocker1895a, Mamet1943a, Mamet1957]; Sao Tome and Principe (Principe [Seabra1921], Sao Tome [Seabra1921, Seabra1925]); Seychelles [Green1907, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1994a]; Tanzania [HodgsoPe2012]; Zanzibar [DeLott1965a]. Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [QinGu1994]); Federated States of Micronesia (Ponape Island); Fiji [HodgsoLa2011]; Niue; Palau [Mamet1943a]; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Tonga. Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [HamonWi1984] (In Distribution Map XLIII, page 129), Florida [HamonWi1984, Hodges2002b], Georgia [HamonWi1984] (In Distribution map XLIII, page 129.)). Neotropical: Bahamas [BlackwPr2007]; Barbados [Cocker1893k]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHi1991]; Brazil (Para [PerontSoGr2008], Pernambuco [PerontSoGr2008], Rio Grande do Sul [PerontSoGr2008], Rio de Janeiro [Hempel1904, PerontSoGr2008], Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]); Colombia [KondoKa1995, Kondo2001]; Cuba [Ballou1926, MestreHaEv2011]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Grenada [Cocker1896d]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Willia2010]; Guyana [Newste1914, Jansen1995]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Cocker1892a, Cocker1892b, Cocker1893k, Cocker1895a, Cocker1893gg]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1895u, Cocker1896k]); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Karnataka [Rao1980], Kerala [AvasthSh1986], West Bengal); Indonesia (Irian Jaya); Malaysia [Ali1971]; Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]; Pakistan [PerontSoGr2008]; Philippines [Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Sri Lanka [Cocker1895a, Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1971]; Taiwan [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Cocker1895a, Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Italy [FetykoKo2012]; Netherlands [Jansen1995].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1965a), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Peronti et al. (2008).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984), Wong et al. (1999) and Peronti et al. (2008). Unmounted material. "Adult female with a semi-translucent waxy test, the margins of which are flattened and produced into seven rays that give the insect the appearance of a miniature starfish. Median area strongly convex above, the apex with an oblong pad of opaque white wax. Colour of living [mature] examples pink darkening with age to purplish red. In dried examples, this tint fades to reddish brown. Anal opercular dark brown. Margin colourless during life; yellowish in dried examples. Each ray is tipped by a fairly long conical process of opaque white wax. The median anterior ray carries a supplementary white point on each side of terminal process. The following 2 rays on each side have a well-defined median ridge. A pair of small white waxy processes project from the posterior margin immediately behind the anal aperture. Undersurface flat. After oviposition, the median area shrinks and forms a cavity for the reception of the eggs. From below, it can be seen that the median area corresponds with the cephalic lobe. The following 2 rays on each side are associated with the 2 pairs of stigmata, while the 2 remaining rays proceed from the abdominal lobes. At the extremity of each ray, below the base of the terminal process, is a fringe of minute glassy points - the remains of the earliest larval fringe. Diameter across rays: 3.5-4.5 mm." (Green, 1909). Wax almost translucent when young but becoming first pale green and then often reddish when mature; ends of each arm with white dry wax. Rather beautiful. Unmounted, with wax removed. Body round to 6-sided but with a pronounced cephalic lobe. Old individuals with almost entire dorsum sclerotised apart from lateral clear areas (anterior clear area hidden beneath anterior swelling of cephalic lobe on available material); dorsal clear area sclerotised with rest of dorsum. Caudal process about as long as broad, sclerotised. Eyespots dorsal. Ventrally, cephalic lobe on older individuals heavily sclerotised. Stigmatic clefts obscure. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Mounted material. Body oval, but with anterior margin of head forming a pronounced prominence in mature specimens; stigmatic clefts shallow; dorsum without tubercles. Caudal process short and extending dorsoposteriorly. Derm membranous when young but most of dorsum covered in a sclerotised plate-like extension from caudal process in mature specimens. Ventral derm of cephalic prominence heavily sclerotised on old specimens. Length 0.8–2.0 mm, total width of mounted specimens 0.6-1.45 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: C. stellifera can be recognised by the following combination of characters: (i) more than 5 pairs of inter-antennal setae; (ii) very small loculate microducts, with primary loculus much larger than satellite loculi (when latter present); (iii) tibia and tarsus fused; (iv) pregenital disc-pores very few, even on abdominal segment VII; (v) stigmatic setae few, restricted to stigmatic cleft, with setae on margin small and roundly conical and more dorsal setae larger and sharply spinose; (vi) dorsal setae minute, when present, and (vii) caudal process rather small.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Considered a potential threat threat to crops in Florida, USA (Hamon & Williams, 1984).
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 19]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 6]; AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 335-337]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 44]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 497]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 338-339]; BlackwPr2007 [host, distribution: 413-414]; Bordag1914 [host, distribution]; Cocker1892a [host, distribution: 55]; Cocker1892b [host, distribution: 334]; Cocker1893gg [host, distribution: 373]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1893k [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 548]; Cocker1894c [host, distribution: 307]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1894t [host, distribution: 178]; Cocker1895a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 100-101]; Cocker1895u [host, distribution: 727]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy, distribution: 330]; Cocker1896d [host, distribution: 307]; Cocker1896k [host, distribution: iv]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 16]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 253]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 240]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 45]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 234-236]; Dougla1888c [taxonomy: 152]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 159]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 291-295]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezM1929 [taxonomy: 4]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 200]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-281]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 311]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 128-130]; Hempel1900a [host, distribution: 477]; Hempel1904 [host, distribution: 315]; Hodges2002a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 208]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 591-593]; HodgsoHi1990 [distribution, host: 6,15]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 137]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 22]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 155-158,243]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134,142]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 43]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Lindin1909c [host, distribution: 451]; Lindin1913 [taxonomy: 81]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 155]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 32]; Mamet1957 [host, distribution: 375]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 6-257]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 167]; MestreBaRo2001 [host, distribution: 31-36]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 6]; Morris1920 [host, distribution: 187]; Nair1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 72]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 7]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 32]; Nath1972 [host, distribution: 5-6]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Newste1914 [host, distribution: 306]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-178]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy: 954-955]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 541-549]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-31]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40-41]; Rao1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 41-45]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 58]; Schmut1990 [economic importance, host, distribution: 223-226]; Schmut1990a [host, distribution, economic importance]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 329]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 98]; Seabra1925 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 55]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 868]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34]; Signor1877 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 608]; SilvaCa1977 [host, distribution: 25-26]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 9]; Su1982 [host, distribution: 61]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 69]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 264]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 31]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 355]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 311-312]; Tao1978 [distribution, host: 84]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-99]; VanHarCoWi1990 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135]; Varshn1985a [host, distribution: 28]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 346-347]; VarshnMo1987 [taxonomy, structure: 175]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 149]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 57]; Westwo1871 [taxonomy: iii]; Westwo1871a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1006]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 44]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-174]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 60]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17-18,57]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-185].
Ceroplastes stenocephalus De LottoNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes stenocephalus De Lotto, 1961b: 320. Type data: KENYA: Magadi, on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Gascardia stenocephala; De Lotto, 1965a: 206. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [DeLott1961b].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1961b].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Tests crowded and fused together so as to form an indistinct mass of creamy-yellow wax, suffused with a pinkish tinge; wax rather hard." (De Lotto, 1961b). Mounted material. Body roundly oval and convex, with distinct, quite deep, stigmatic clefts; dorsum without lateral tubercles. Caudal process large but probably not very convex, set almost medially on dorsum. Body length 2.2-2.25 (1.9-2.5) mm, width across abdomen 2.07-2.08 (1.8-2.4) mm; caudal process 0.87-1.0 mm long and 1.17-1.23 mm wide. Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: The adult female of C. stenocephalus is very distinctive, with the broad group of densely packed, narrow, sharply-conical setae in each stigmatic cleft. Other diagnostic characters are: (i) the size and position of the caudal process; (ii) the absence of clear areas on the dorsum; (iii) dorsal setae quite large and sharply-spinose; (iv) antennae 7 or 8 segmented; (v) loculate microducts smaller than width of basal socket of dorsal setae, and (v) ventral tubular ducts absent from cephalic region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 57]; DeLott1961b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-321]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 206,209]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 159-161,243]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes stipulaeformis (Haworth)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus stipulaeformis Haworth, 1812: 308. Type data: INDIA: Described from specimens taken off plants in the Herbarium of Sir Joseph Banks. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material lost (Williams, 1957).
Ceroplastes stipulaeformis; Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 44. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [DeLott1971].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 90]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 146]; Hawort1812 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 308-309]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 44].
Ceroplastes subrotundus LeonardiNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes subrotundus Leonardi, 1911: 266. Type data: ARGENTINA: Mendoza, Cacheuta, on Cercidium andicolum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Granara de Willink, 1999: 76. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
Ceroplastidia subrotunda; Granara de Willink, 1999: 76. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Caesalpinia praecox [Granar1999], Cercidium [Granar1999], Cercidium andicolum [Leonar1911, Sassce1912], Cercidium praecox [Lizery1939], Geoffroea decorticans [Granar1999].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina [Sassce1912] (Entre Rios [GranarCl2003], La Pampa [Granar1999], La Rioja [GranarCl2003], Mendoza [Granar1999, GranarCl2003], Tucuman [GranarCl2003]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1999).
KEYS: Granara de Willink 1999: 59 (female) [Argentina].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 57]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-77]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 627]; Leonar1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 266-268]; Lizery1939 [host, distribution: 197]; Sassce1912 [host, distribution: 88].
Ceroplastes sumatrensis ReyneNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes sumatrensis Reyne, 1965b: 155. Type data: SUMATRA: at Buo, on a dicotyledone shrub or tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Amsterdam: Institut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, The Netherlands.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Ali1971]).
CITATIONS: Ali1971 [host, distribution: 18]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 57]; Reyne1965b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-159].
Ceroplastes tachardiaformis BrainNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes tachardiaformis Brain, 1920a: 35. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Aberdeen, on Elytropappus rhinocerotis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Notes: Lectotype female (designated in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012): South Africa, left label: Messrs Watermeyer Br. / Aberdeen C.P. / November 1915 / on rhenosterbosch / CKB 94; right label: Ceroplastes / tachardiaformis (SANC): 1/1 (poor).
Gascardia tachardiaformis; De Lotto, 1965: 182. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Elytropappus rhinocerotis [Brain1920a], Metalasia muricata [HodgsoPe2012], Stoebe cinerea [DeLott1978].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1920a, DeLott1978].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Adult female tests aggregated in huge masses on stems of the host plant, often completely covering the stems for a distance of several inches. Female test Tachardia-like, globular, slightly flattened above, hard, thin, brittle, almost transparent resinous brown, due to the colour of the insect inside; without protuberances but with a slight apical depression containing the opaque white larval exuvia. Adult female denuded of wax moderately dense, globular, smooth and shiny. Caudal protuberance short, very dense, surrounded by a coarsely perforated plate." (Brain, 1920a). Specimens collected by Gullan had dark purple-red wax with distinct white stigmatic bands, whereas those from Vermont on Metalasia had soft white wax. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Mounted material. Young adults broadly oval, without lateral or dorsal protuberances (cephalic and anterior lateral processes well developed; median and posterior lateral ones fused together, forming a single large, broadly rounded process). Stigmatic clefts quite deep. Caudal process conical, pointing dorso-posteriorly. Length about 0.5.?3.0+ (1.0) mm, width 0.5.?2.5+ (0.8) mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Within the C. tachardiaformis-group, C. tachardiaformis differs from C. delottoi in having fewer than 20 stigmatic setae in each cleft, from C. elytropappi in having ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region; and from C. paucispinus in lacking a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis (present and distinct in C. paucispinus), much shorter dorsal setae, and loculate microducts with only 1 or 2 satellite loculi (up to 4 in C. paucispinus). (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 161 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes tachardiaformis-group]; Hodgson et al. 2009: 102-104 (female) [Ceroplastes species of South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 57-58]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35]; DeLott1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-144]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 168-171,243]; HodgsoWiGi2009 [taxonomy: 102-104].
Ceroplastes tenuitectus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes tenuitectus Green, 1907: 204. Type data: ALDABRA ISLAND: on "Bois la fumee".. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.
Ceroplastes rusci; Green, 1923b: 94. Incorrect synonymy.
Ceroplastes tenuitectus; Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 145-148. Revived status.
HOSTS: Celastraceae: Mystroxylon aethiopicum [HodgsoPe2012]. Ochnaceae: Ochna ciliata [HodgsoPe2012]. Sapotaceae: Sideroxylon inerme [HodgsoPe2012].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Seychelles (Aldabra Island [Green1907, HodgsoPe2012]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Body rather roundly oval and convex, with shallow stigmatic clefts; dorsum with distinct lateral tubercles. Caudal process short. Body length 1.35–1.6 mm (2.25-4.5), width of venter 0.68-1.05, total width 0.8-1.38 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: Adult female C. tenuitectus appear to be similar to those of C. eugeniae Hall. The distribution of the stigmatic setae and the frequency of ventral tubular ducts are similar. However, the data for the material listed above showed very little variance and all differed from those for C. eugeniae in having significantly smaller limbs and anal plates. Although synomomized with C. rusci by Green (1923b), these specimens are also significantly different, particularly in the distribution of the stigmatic setae, with many more non-marginal setae (about 1/3rd of the total per cleft) and with each group at least 3 deep (many fewer and usually only 2 deep on C. rusci). Hodgson & Peronti, 2012, determined that C. tenuitectus was not a synonym of C. rusci and recognised C. tenuitectus Green as a good species. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].
CITATIONS: Green1907 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 200, 204-5]; Green1923b [taxonomy: 94]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, illustration, host, physiology, taxonomy: 145-148,242].
Ceroplastes theobromae NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes theobromae Newstead, 1906a: 74. Nomen nudum.
Ceroplastes theobromae Newstead, 1908b: 38. Type data: CAMEROON: Soppo and Bamba, on cacao. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Ceroplastes coniformis Newstead, 1913: 72. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, Botanic Gardens, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 189-194.
HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [Newste1913, Sassce1915]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Newste1908b].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [Newste1908b]; Congo [HodgsoPe2012]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [HodgsoPe2012]; Uganda [Newste1913, Sassce1915].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustrations in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. C. theobromae. "Test of adult female reddish pink, darker in older examples, nucleated; margin with two large bilateral, stout, white appendages; caudal process uncovered at the tip; posterior extremity with two large mammiform swellings. Length 4-5; width 3.50-4.75 mm." (Newstead, 1908b). Unmounted material. C. coniformis. Female test "thin and distinctly cone-shaped, with the apex bluntly pointed; not divided into plates, but with a more or less distinct, minute, ovate patch of secretion at the apex of the test, and in the more perfect individuals some small white patches of secretion over the stigmatic clefts. Colour translucent yellowish-brown, sometimes with indefinite darker markings due evidently to foreign matter. Height 3.9-4.7 mm; greatest diameter at base 2.8-4 mm." (Newstead, 1913). Mounted material. Body probably quite broad and convex; stigmatic clefts quite deep; lateral tubercles small. Caudal process well developed and dorsal, probably forming a shallow cone. Length perhaps 1.3-4.0 (2.25) [4-5] mm, total width 1.0 (1.3-?) [3.5-4.75] mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) (The data in [..] brackets are those given for C. theobromae by Newstead (1908b))
SYSTEMATICS: A fairly diagnostic combination of C. theobromae include: (i) legs without a tibio-tarsal articulation; (ii) claw digitules clearly different; (iii) distribution of the stigmatic setae in a group extending dorsally away from a rather deep cleft; (iv) each stigmatic spine mainly rounded and almost as wide as long; (v) each group of stigmatic setae with a single slightly larger spine; (vi) anal plates rather rounded; (vii) dorsal loculate microducts of the rusci-type, those with 2 satellite loculi scarce, and (viii) caudal process dorsal and probably not very convex. Hodgson and Peronti, 2012, determined that on the basis of the present knowledge of C. theobromae, C. coniformis appeared to be indistinguishable and was synonymised with C. theobromae Newstead. C. theobromae is very similar to C. lamborni.
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 29, 58]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 181]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 189-194,243]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 62]; Newste1906a [taxonomy: 74]; Newste1908b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38]; Newste1913 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-73]; Sassce1915 [host, distribution: 31]; Strick1947a [taxonomy: 499]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 430].
Ceroplastes titschaki LindingerNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes titschaki Lindinger, 1942: 113. Type data: PERU: South Peru, near Apurimac, on Salix humboldtiana. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material lost (Weidner & Wagner, 1968).
HOST: Salicaceae: Salix humboldtiana [Lindin1942].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Peru.
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 58]; Lindin1942 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 113]; WeidneWa1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 174].
Ceroplastes toddaliae HallNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes toddaliae Hall, 1931: 299. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Embeza, on Toddalia austriaca, Annona senegalensis, Psorospermum febrifugum and Rhus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Rhus [Hall1931]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimolia [Hodgso1969], Annona senegalensis [Hall1931], Artobotrys brachypetalus [Hodgso1969]. Celastraceae: Cassine aethiopica [Hodgso1969]. Clusiaceae: Psorospermum febrifugum [Hall1931]. Ebenaceae: Euclea [Hodgso1969]. Lauraceae: Persea gratissima [Hodgso1969]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos innocua [Hodgso1969]. Moraceae: Ficus [Hodgso1969], Ficus capensis [Hodgso1969], Ficus natalensis [HodgsoPe2012]. Myricaceae: Myrica pululifera [Hodgso1969]. Ochnaceae: Ochna lanceolata [Hodgso1969]. Olacaceae: Coula edulis [CouturMaRi1985]. Rosaceae: Chaenomeles lagenaria [Hodgso1969], Cliffortia nitidula [Hodgso1969], Cliffortia polygonifolia [HodgsoPe2012]. Rubiaceae: Craterispermum caudatum [CouturMaRi1985]. Rutaceae: Citrus [EtiennMa1993], Toddalia austriaca [Hall1931, Hodgso1969]. Santalaceae: Osyris lanceolata [Hodgso1969]. Sapotaceae: Bequaertiodendron megalismontanum [Hodgso1969]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [CouturMaRi1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast); Malawi [Hodgso1969]; Mozambique [Hodgso1969]; Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; South Africa [HodgsoPe2012]; Zambia [Hodgso1969]; Zimbabwe [Hall1931, Hodgso1969].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Hodgson (1969).
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Test of the adult female highly convex; the dome with a shallow median depression carrying a very small elongate boss, longitudinally orientated, rising from its base. Submarginal depression confined to a lateral indentation on either side above the stigmatic areas. The test is waxy white, often somewhat semi-transparent, and is characterised by thin radiating lines of dark colour of indeterminate hue. These lines resemble a shaded pencil effect; they are fine, straight, close together as they leave the boss but gradually diverge and become fainter. Diameter of test of adult female 5-6.5 mm." "Denuded of wax, the female is not very convex, but the central portion of the dermis, or dome, assumes the form of a laterally compressed cone. Sub-marginal area flattened with what appears to be numerous irregularly shaped and distributed depressions of a darker colour. The marginal area is flattened, with 3 rounded bi-lateral tubercles and a cephalic tubercle. These tubercles have a few faint dark marks simulating those of the submarginal region, but less conspicuous. Beneath the extension of the integument carrying the tubercles there is a marked narrow but deep indentation separating it from the true margin which is correspondingly flattened. Caudal process very short, triangular, directed upwards at an angle of 30-45 degrees. The caudal process is dark brown with a clearly defined circular circumscribed chitinous area in the younger examples. Stigmatic clefts shallow but well marked." (Hall, 1931). Mounted material. Body oval, probably rather convex, with shallow, stigmatic clefts; dorsum probably with distinct tubercles. Caudal process short and stout. Length 1.5-3.0 mm, total width of mounted specimen 1.57-2.2 mm; width of venter 1.8 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: C. toddaliae is close to both C. eucleae and C. eugeniae. The main difference between C. toddaliae and these 2 species is the greater number of marginal stigmatic setae in each cleft, stretching outwards so that they generally clearly meet between clefts. C. toddaliae is similar to C. eucleae in having the stigmatic setae in each cleft 3 deep (usually 4 deep on C. eugeniae), and it resembles C. eugeniae in having more non-marginal stigmatic setae than on C. eucleae (2-13 on C. eucleae, 13-23 on C. eugeniae and 12-21 on C. toddaliae); however, the stigmatic setae never meet between clefts on C. eucleae and, when they do meet on C. eugeniae, they are clearly denser within each cleft than between the clefts (as dense on C. toddaliae). Hodgson & Peronti, 2012
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 100 (female, adult) [Key to adult females in the Ceroplastes rusci-group].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 58]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 255]; Hall1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 299-300]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-14]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 148-152,242]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes trochezi MosqueraNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes trochezi Mosquera, 1979: 618. Type data: COLOMBIA: Buga, on mango. Holotype female. Type depository: Bogota: Colleccion Taxonomica Nacional de Programa de Entomologia del ICA en el CNIA, Colombia. Described: female.
HOST: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Mosque1979].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 58]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; Mosque1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 618-625]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549].
Ceroplastes utilis CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes utilis Riley & Howard, 1892: 139. Nomen nudum.
Ceroplastes utilis Cockerell, 1893c: 83. Type data: GRAND TURK ISLAND: on undetermined tree or bush. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Gimpel et al., 1974: 67. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Ceroplastes dozieri Cockerell & Bueker, 1930: 7. Type data: HAITI: Sources Puantes, on Maytenus buxifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Gimpel et al., 1974: 67.
COMMON NAMES: candle wax scale [HamonWi1984]; Grand Turk wax-scale [Cocker1895].
HOSTS: Bignoniaceae: Catalpa longissima [GimpelMiDa1974]. Celastraceae: Maytenus buxifolia [GimpelMiDa1974]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia myrtoides [HamonWi1984]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia marina [GimpelMiDa1974].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida). Neotropical: Haiti [PerezG2008]; Turks and Caicos Islands (Grand Turk Island).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Gimpel et al. (1974) and by Hamon & Williams (1984).
KEYS: Hodges 2002b: 208 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Florida]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Cockerell 1895: 7 (female) [Grand Turk].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 59]; Cocker1893j [distribution: 254]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331]; CockerBu1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 158]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-70]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-37]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 208]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 212]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; RileyHo1892a [taxonomy: 139].
Ceroplastes uvariae MarchalNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes uvariae Marchal, 1909c: 68. Type data: GUINEA: near Labe, on Uvaria. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France.
Gascardia uvariae; De Lotto, 1965: 182. Change of combination.
Waxiella uvariae; Ben-Dov, 1986: 166. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes uvariae; Hodgson & Peronti, 2012: 194-196. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Uvaria [Vayssi1913]. Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [Almeid1973b].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973b]; Guinea [Vayssi1913, HodgsoPe2012].
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed description and illustration in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012.
STRUCTURE: Unmounted material. "Average diameter 8 mm. Similar to C. africanus senegalensis in size and appearance but differs from the latter species in having a unique combination of characters. This species tends to form a much larger mass of specimens, fused to form large clumps of wax around the branches so that it is difficult to distinguish individuals. However, some specimens are isolated, and these have an ear-shaped lobe of wax [marginal flange?] on each side, separated from the main wax by a groove, each side with two points of white wax that correspond to stigmas. The dorsal part of the wax test presents a rugged nipple-like central prominence, frequently very well developed and divided in two by a groove." "The insect, devoid of wax, is very similar to C. africanus senegalensis. The posterior horn (caudal process) is large and more prominent than in variety C. africanus senegalensis. The cephalic arch is less prominent, but it differs most in that the stigmatic setae typical of C. africanus senegalensis here resemble small buttons or short blunt cylinders, forming a dense group within each stigmatic furrow. In addition, the sclerotised areas surrounding each group of stigmatic setae typical of C. africanus senegalensis are poorly developed and obscure." (Rather free translation of Marchal, 1909 in Hodgson & Peronti, 2012). Mounted material. Body probably very convex and rather broadly oval, with distinct, quite deep, stigmatic clefts; dorsum with indistinct lateral tubercles. Caudal process short, probably extending semi-vertically. Length about 5 mm, width about 4 mm. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: C. uvariae is distinctive, with the following combination of characters: (i) absence of ventral tubular ducts in the cephalic region; (ii) each stigmatic setal group radially rather narrow; (iii) dorsal loculate microducts of the rusci-type; (iv) each tibio-tarsal articulation without a sclerosis; (v) preopercular pores mainly in a single line extending across anterior margin of anal plates and for a short distance down each posterior margin; (vi) anterior margin of anal plates rather rounded; (vii) each anal plate probably with at least 4 large setae on posterior half; (viii) dorsal setae bluntly spinose; (ix) most stigmatic setae roundly conical, and (x) pregenital discpores extending onto thoracic segments. C. uvariae is somewhat similar to C. royenae. Ben-Dov (1986) transferred Ceroplastes (Gascardia) uvariae to Waxiella, presumably based on Marchal’s description, which suggests a close similarity to Ceroplastes (now Waxiella) africana senegalensis. However, the morphology of C. uvariae is very different and so this species is here transferred back to Ceroplastes as Ceroplastes uvariae Marchal. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012
KEYS: Hodgson & Peronti 2012: 171-172 (female, adult) [Key to adult females of Ceroplastes theobromae-group].
CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 5]; BenDov1986 [taxonomy: 344]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 344]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 182]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy: 194-196,243]; Marcha1909c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-69]; Marcha1909d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 170-171]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302].
Ceroplastes variegatus HempelNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes variegatus Hempel, 1900a: 462. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo, Ypiranga, on Miconia sp. and various Myrtaceae. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 178. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Melastomataceae: Miconia [Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008]. Myrtaceae [Hempel1900a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hempel1900a, PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 59]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 158]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 462-464]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 560-561]; PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-179]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 131].
Ceroplastes vinsonioides NewsteadNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes vinsonioides Newstead, 1911: 96. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, Namukekera, on coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK.
HOSTS: Loganiaceae: Strychnos [DeLott1965a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [Newste1911, Sassce1912, Newste1917b, Almeid1973b], Coffea arabica [DeLott1965a, Hodgso1969], Coffea canephora [DeLott1968a, Boboye1971, Almeid1973b]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Hodgso1969, BenDovCa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1968a, Almeid1973b]; Cameroon; Guinea-Bissau [new]; Kenya [DeLott1965a]; Nigeria; Uganda [Newste1911, Sassce1912, Newste1917b]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1969].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1965a).
CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 2]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 60]; BenDovCa2006 [host, distribution: 326]; Boboye1971 [host, distribution: 309]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-189]; DeLott1968a [host, distribution: 83]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Hodgso1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-19]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 62]; Newste1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-97]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 129]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 88].
Ceroplastes willinkae Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}NOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes willinkae Peronti {in}: Peronti {et al.}, 2008: 179. Type data: BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Araçatuba, on undetermined plant; collected A. Hempel, June 1928. Holotype female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo, Brazil; type no. 94. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [PerontSoGr2008]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Peronti et al. (2008).
KEYS: Peronti {et al.} 2008: 142-144 (female) [Ceroplastes species of São Paulo, Brazil].
CITATIONS: PerontSoGr2008 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-180].
Ceroplastes xishuangensis Tang & Xie in TangNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes xishuangensis Tang & Xie in Tang, 1991: 301. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Jinghong Town, on Cycas siamensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female.
Ceroplastes xishuangensis; Ben-Dov, 1993: 60.
Ceroplastes xishungensis; Tao, 1999: 52. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [Tang1991]. Cycadaceae: Cycas siamensis [Tang1991].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1991).
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Tang 1991: 297 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1993 [catalogue: 60]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution: 791]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 292]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 301-302]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52].
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