Catalogue Query Results
Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus ceriferus Fabricius, 1798: 546. Type data: INDIA: Coromandel Coast, probably collected on Maytenus emarginatus. Syntypes, female. Notes: For details on the type material see De Lotto, 1971.
Coccus (Ceroplastes) chilensis Gray, 1828: 7. Type data: CHILE: on branches and peduncles of unidentified tree. Syntypes, preadult female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Green, 1899: 191.
Ceroplastes australiae Walker, 1852: 1087. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Sydney. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Synonymy by Green, 1899: 191.
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Walker, 1852: 1087. Change of combination.
Columnea cerifera; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 144. Change of combination.
Columnea chilensis; Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 145. Change of combination.
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Signoret, 1869: 848. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Anderson.
Lacca alba Signoret, 1869: 848. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1993: xxiii.
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Signoret, 1872a: 40. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Anderson.
Ceroplastes australae; Green, 1904b: 375. Misidentification.
Seroplastes ceriferus; Seabra, 1925: 32. Misspelling of genus name.
Ceroplastes ceriferus; Kiritchenko, 1932a: 248. Notes: Author incorrectly cited as Anderson.
Ceroplastes vayssierei Mahdihassan, 1933: 561. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by.
Gascardia cerifera; De Lotto, 1965a: 198. Change of combination. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus; Paik, 1978. Misidentification.
Ceroplastes ceriferens; Tao, 1978: 79. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Ceroplastes ceriferens; Su, 1982: 61. Misspelling of species name. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Ceroplastes cerifera Gill, 1988: 18. Unjustified emendation.
COMMON NAMES: Indian wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984, Gill1988, Koszta1996]; indian wax scale [GimpelMiDa1974, HamonWi1984, Gill1988, Koszta1996].
FOES: DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Pectinodiplosis erratica (Felt) [GagneEt2009]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anicetus rarisetus Xu & He [XuHe1997], Anicetus zhejiangensis Xu & Li [XuLi1991].
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer japonicus [Green1921a]. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Anacardiaceae: Buchanania [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Mangifera indica [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, KinjoNaHi1996], Rhus succedanea [Kuwana1907, Kuwana1923c], Schinus molle [QinGu1994], Spondias purpurea [MatileEt2006]. Apocynaceae: Carissa spinarium [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Thevetia peruviana [GimpelMiDa1974]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex cornuta [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex crenata [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex japonicus [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex latifolia [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex opaca [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex serrata [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex vomitoria [GimpelMiDa1974]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Lindin1911a], Fatsia japonica [GimpelMiDa1974]. Asclepiadaceae: Asclepiadron [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Asteraceae: Artemisia abrotanum [WilliaKo1972], Artemisia capillaris [Ali1971]. Berberidaceae: Berberis julianae [WilliaKo1972], Berberis tricanthophora [WilliaKo1972], Mahonia [GimpelMiDa1974]. Betulaceae: Betula pendula [WilliaKo1972]. Bignoniaceae: Pandora pandorana [DeLott1971]. Burseraceae: Boswellia [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Bursera simaruba [NakahaMi1981]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [GimpelMiDa1974]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum [HamonWi1984]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Celastraceae: Celastrus ceriferus [Fabric1798, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Celastrus ceriferus [Westwo1853b, Targio1866], Euonymus europaeus [GimpelMiDa1974], Euonymus japonicus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Combretaceae: Terminalia [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [GimpelMiDa1974]. Dennstaedtiaceae: Pteridium esculentum [DeLott1971, QinGu1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Kuwana1923c, DanzigKo1990]. Epacridaceae: Monotoca elliptica [DeLott1971]. Ericaceae: Azalea [GimpelMiDa1974], Vaccinium arboreum [GimpelMiDa1974]. Fabaceae: Cassia [Iherin1897]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [MatileEt2006]. Icacinaceae: Phytocrene [Morris1920, Ali1971]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [QinGu1994], Persea gratissima [DeLott1971, Ali1971]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [GimpelMiDa1974], Lawsonia alba [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora [WilliaKo1972], Magnolia virginiana [HamonWi1984]. Malvaceae: Abutilon indicum [AvasthSh1986, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Melastomataceae: Melastoma candidum [Ali1971]. Moraceae: Ficus [Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971, Beards1986], Ficus hauili [Morris1920, Ali1971], Ficus hispida [WilliaMi2010], Ficus montana [WilliaMi2010], Ficus religiosa [ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus retusa [Ali1971], Morus alba [Kuwana1923c, Ali1971], Morus indica [Green1937, Ali1971]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus deglupta [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia malaccensis [WilliaWa1990], Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [Ali1971]. Ochnaceae: Sauvagesia erecta [NakahaMi1981]. Philadelphaceae: Deutzia [WilliaKo1972]. Pinaceae: Keteleeria [Ali1971], Tsuga canadensis [GimpelMiDa1974]. Piperaceae: Piper [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [GimpelMiDa1974]. Platanaceae: Platanus [HamonWi1984]. Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus macrophyllus [GimpelMiDa1974], Podocarpus nagi [GimpelMiDa1974]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon [Green1896, Green1909a, Ali1971], Polygonum [Ali1971]. Polypodiaceae: Pteris aquilina [DeLott1971], Pyrrosia lanceolata [WilliaWa1990]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [ShafeeYoKh1989]. Rosaceae: Armeniaca vulgaris [Kuwana1923c], Chaenomeles japonica [WilliaKo1972], Cormus tschonoskii [Kuwana1923c], Crataegus [GimpelMiDa1974], Malus sylvestris [Kuwana1923c], Persica vulgaris [Kuwana1923c], Prunus domestica [Kuwana1923c], Prunus yedoensis [Kuwana1923c], Pygeum preslii [Ali1971], Pyracantha coccinea [GimpelMiDa1974], Spiraea [GimpelMiDa1974]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Newste1911a], Gardenia florida [Kuwana1923c], Ixora triflora [WilliaWa1990], Neonauclea calycina [WilliaMi2010]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Ali1971, GimpelMiDa1974, KomuraMiMi1982, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Salicaceae: Salix [HamonWi1984]. Sapindaceae: Euphoria longana [Ali1971, Takaha1942a], Nephelium lappaceum [GimpelMiDa1974]. Sapotaceae: Pometia pinnata [Ali1971]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [DeLott1971], Tamarix aphylla [QinGu1994], Tamarix gallica [GimpelMiDa1974]. Theaceae: Camellia japonica [GimpelMiDa1974], Camellia sasanqua [HamonWi1984], Camellia sinensis [Green1900c, Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971, GimpelMiDa1974, ShafeeYoKh1989], Camellia sinensis [Tamaki1964, Tamaki1966, DanzigKo1990], Taonabo japonica [Kuwana1907]. Ulmaceae: Celtis occidentalis [WilliaKo1972], Ulmus [GimpelMiDa1974]. Urticaceae: Pouzolzia [Green1896, Ali1971], Pouzolzia walkeriana [Green1909a]. Verbenaceae: Callicarpa [GimpelMiDa1974], Duranta [QinGu1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Newste1911a] (The records from Tanzania and Uganda by Newstead (1910a, 1910b, 1911b) and those of Lindinger (1907, 1913) were based on "specimens of Gascardia destructor" (now Ceroplastes destructor), a species that was described only later by Newstead (1917). It is considered doubtful whether this species has been recorded from the Afrotropical Region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)); Uganda [Newste1910a, Newste1910c] (The records from Tanzania and Uganda by Newstead (1910a, 1910b, 1911b) and those of Lindinger (1907, 1913) were based on "specimens of Gascardia destructor" (now Ceroplastes destructor), a species that was described only later by Newstead (1917). It is considered doubtful whether this species has been recorded from the Afrotropical Region. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012)). Australasian: Australia [Green1899b, Kirkal1902, Frogga1915, Beards1986, DanzigKo1990, QinGu1994] (New South Wales [DeLott1971, QinGu1994], Queensland [Brimbl1956a, DeLott1971, QinGu1994], Western Australia [QinGu1994]); Christmas Island [AbbottGr2007]; Cook Islands; Fiji [Beards1986]; Guam [Beards1986]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, DanzigKo1990]); New Caledonia; New Zealand [HodgsoHe2000]; Palau [Beards1986]; Papua New Guinea; Tonga; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]. Nearctic: Mexico [Kirkal1902, KomuraMiMi1982, DanzigKo1990]; United States of America (Alabama, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York, North Carolina, Ohio [Koszta1996], Oklahoma, Pennsylvania [Koszta1996, Stimme1998], South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia). Neotropical: Brazil [Iherin1897]; Chile [Gray1828, DanzigKo1990, KondoGu2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Jamaica [Kirkal1902]; Panama [Beards1986]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [Fabric1798, Targio1866, Kirkal1902, ShafeeYoKh1989, DanzigKo1990] [Green1899b, Frogga1915, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971] (Assam [Green1900c, Ali1971], Bihar [Ali1971], Madhya Pradesh [Ali1971], Tamil Nadu [Newste1894c, AvasthSh1986], West Bengal); Indonesia [Beards1986] [WilliaMi2010]; Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [MuniapShWa2011]; Malaysia; Philippines [Ali1971]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1899b, Green1900c, Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971, DanzigKo1990]; Taiwan [Ali1971]; Thailand; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Canary Islands [Lindin1911a]; China [Westwo1853b, Ali1971, DanzigKo1990] (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Italy [MoriPeTo2001]; Japan [Kuwana1917, Tamaki1964, Tamaki1966, Beards1986, KomuraMiMi1982, PawlakTeIw1983, DanzigKo1990]; Netherlands [FetykoKo2012]; United Kingdom (England [Green1921a]).
BIOLOGY: Ohgushi & Nishino (1975) studied the life tables in Japan. A parthenogenetic species in USA, Virginia; develops one annual generation in USA, Maryland and Virginia; overwinters as an adult female (Kosztarab, 1996).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1971), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gimpel et al. (1974), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Kosztarab (1996), Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Description and illustration of adult male by Gimpel et al. (1974).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.58, a,b), Hamon & Williams (1984) and in Mori et al. (2001, 2001a). Body covered by thick white (young female) to pinkish white (old female) wet wax, convex, circular or irregular in outline, with an anteriorly projecting horn visible only on older females, without nuclei. Wax bands near both spiracles, anterior bands directed dorsally. Dry wax with filaments as follows: cephalic filament trifurcate; anterolateral and mediolateral simple; posterolateral bifurcate; caudal simple.(Lee, et al., 2012)
SYSTEMATICS: The authorship of this species was erroneously credited to Anderson (1790) for almost 200 years. However, the correct name is Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius, 1798). For a detailed discussion on this topic see De Lotto (1971), Williams (2002) and Hodgson & Peronti, 2012. Lee, et al, 2012 examined 143 specimens labeled as C. pseudoceriferus, deposited at the National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea and determined that they were actually C. ceriferus. According to Gimpel et al. (1974), C. ceriferus is close to C. pseudoceriferus Green and C. albolineatus Cockerell. C. ceriferus differs from C. pseudoceriferus in having significantly smaller legs and ntennae,few or no multilocular disc-pores near the procoxae and many fewer stigmatic setae in each cleft. C. pseudoceriferus also has 40 marginal setae between the anterior stigmatic furrows (less than 15 in C. ceriferus). C. albolineatus differs from C. ceriferus in having 7-segmented antennae and a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis. Neither C. pseudoceriferus nor C. albolineatus has been recorded from Africa. (Hodgson & Peronti, 2012) Deng, et al. (2012) determined DNA COI barcoding sequences for six Chinese Ceroplastes species. Ceroplastes ceriferus generated a distinct COI sequence. GenBank Accessions JQ795609-JQ795722. 28S DNA sequences: GenBank Accessions JQ795495-JQ795608.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of economic importance to many ornamentals in U.S.A. (Gimpel et al., 1974; Kosztarab, 1996). C. ceriferus is a highly polyphagous pest, and many of its host plants are citivated in Europe for fruit production or ornamental purposes. Its recent introduction into Italy showed that the pest is able to survive in parts of Europe. Although more data is needed on the impact of this scale on fruit crops, it seems that it is more a threat for ornamental crops. Control of scales is usually difficult in practice, although biological control agents exist in other parts of the world, it is not known whether they could reduce populations sufficiently under European conditions.
KEYS: Fetykó & Kozár 2012: 293 (female) [Key to species of Ceroplastes in the Palaearctic Region based on slide-mounted adult females]; Lee et al. 2012: 159-160 (female) [Key to the wax tests of adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Lee et al. 2012: 160 (female) [Key to slide mounted adult females Ceroplastes in Korea]; Kondo & Gullan 2010: 13-14 (female) [Coccidae species of Chile]; Mori, Pellizzari & Tosi 2001: 42 (female) [Italy]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 185 (female) [New Zealand]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Tang 1991: 297 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Kawai 1980: 166 (female) [Japan]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 71 (male) [USA]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 36 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Green 1909a: 270-271 (female) [Ceylon]; Cockerell 1895: 8 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AbbottGr2007 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 1238-1246]; Ali1971 [catalogue: 16]; Antonu2003 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; AvasthSh1986 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 330-332]; Beards1986 [host, distribution: 9]; Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: xxiii, 24-26]; Blanch1883 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 238-239]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 457-459]; Brimbl1956a [taxonomy, host, distribution : 159-161]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 224-225]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 7-8]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331,333]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 253]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 43]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; DeBach1958a [biological control: 759-768]; DeLott1965a [taxonomy: 198]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 133-140,142-143]; DengYuZh2012 [distribution, molecular data, taxonomy: 791-796]; Fabric1798 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 546]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 148-150]; Ferris1950a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 75]; FetykoKo2012 [distribution, taxonomy: 291-295]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 421-422]; GagneEt2009 [host, distribution, biological control: 348-349]; Gill1988 [distribution: 18]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 23-29,71-73]; Gowdey1921 [host, distribution]; Gray1828 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution : 7]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1899b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 190-192]; Green1900c [host, distribution: 8]; Green1904b [taxonomy, description, distribution: 375]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 270-271]; Green1921a [taxonomy, host, distribution : 259]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 310]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-22]; Hodges2001 [host, distribution, life history: 1-122]; Hodges2002b [taxonomy: 208]; HodgesBr2004 [host, life history, ecology: 611-622]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-186,191]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 19]; HodgsoPe2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 33-37,50,53,54,234]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 183]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; Iherin1897 [host, distribution: 408-409]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 167-169]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 248]; Kirkal1902 [taxonomy, distribution: 105]; Kirkal1904 [taxonomy, distribution: 228]; KomuraMiMi1982 [structure, taxonomy, host, distribution : 3053-3054]; KondoGu2010 [host, distribution: 13]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance : 326-327]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 81]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution : 190]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 71-72]; Kuwana1923b [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 43-50]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; LeeWuSu2012 [description, distribution, host, illustration, molecular data: 157-162]; Lindin1911a [host, distribution: 33]; MaChZh1995 [host, distribution: 117-119]; Mahdih1933 [taxonomy: 561]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution: 34]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 32,233]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 216-217]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 12]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 164]; MoriPeTo2001 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41-43]; MoriPeTo2002 [host, distribution: 331-336]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 188]; MuniapShWa2011 [distribution, economic importance, host: 168,169]; NakahaMi1981 [distribution: 29]; Newste1894c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 21-23]; Newste1910a [host, distribution: 66]; Newste1910c [host, distribution: 195]; Newste1911a [host, distribution: 167]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 128]; Ohgush1986a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 59-62]; Ohgush1986b [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 147-149]; Ohgush1987a [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 82-85]; Ohgush1988 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 75-77]; OhgushNi1975 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1-21]; PawlakTeIw1983 [structure, distribution: 1069-1072]; Pearso1794 [chemistry, life history,: 383]; PellizAnGa2005 [life history, distribution: 350]; PellizGaMo2004 [host, distribution, life history, chemical control, biological control: 39-46]; Pezzi2002 [host, distribution: 31-33]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 928-930]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 301]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy: 541-549]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 29]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 346]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 39]; RosaPeSo2011 [structure: 19]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 97-98]; Seabra1925 [taxonomy: 32]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 47-48]; Signor1869 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 844,848,849]; Signor1872a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40, 44-45]; SmithOtMc1971 [host, distribution, control, economic importance: 889-893]; Stimme1998 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, control: 17-19]; Su1982 [taxonomy, distribution: 61]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 345]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 104]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 30]; Takaha1952 [host, distribution: 17]; Tamaki1964 [chemical control, host, distribution: 159-164]; Tamaki1966 [host, distribution: 297-300]; Tanaka1953 [illustration, host, distribution: 57,58]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-93]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 128]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 298-299]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 79]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 51-52]; Targio1866 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 144-145]; Trembl1988b [host, distribution: 116]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 340-341]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 155-158]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 1079, 1086, 1087]; Westwo1853b [host, distribution: 484]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2002 [taxonomy: 239]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 15]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36-43]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 45]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-69]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 38-40]; XieXu2005 [taxonomy, structure: 837-848]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; XieXuZh2005a [taxonomy, wax, infra-red: 133-143]; XieXuZh2006a [morphology, wax secretion, chemistry: 21-202]; XuHe1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 91-94]; XuLi1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 219-221]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 187].
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