Catalogue Query Results

Pulvinaria psidii Maskell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, 1893b: 223. Type data: HAWAII [=SANDWICH ISLANDS]: on Psidium sp. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pulvinaria cupaniae Cockerell, 1893m: 159. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Cupania edulis. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1909: 265.

Pulvinaria psidii philippina Cockerell, 1905f: 132. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Lucena, Tayabas, on Ficus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Morrison, 1920: 185.

Pulvinaria darwiniensis Froggatt, 1915: 414. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Palmerson, on palm. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Qin & Gullan, 1992: 144. Type depository: NSWA. Described: female. Synonymy by Qin & Gullan, 1992: 144.

Lecanium vacuolatum Dash, 1916: 42. Nomen nudum.

Pulvinaria cussoniae Hall, 1932: 188. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Macheke, on Cussonia arborea. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 144. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1968: 168.

Pulvinaria gymnosporiae Hall, 1932: 189. Type data: ZIMBABWE: Salisbury, on Gymnosporia sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 144. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1968: 168.

Chloropulvinaria psidii; Borchsenius, 1957: 217. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria psidii; Ben-Dov, 1993: 278. Revived combination.

COMMON NAMES: green shield scale [HamonWi1984, CABI1994]; guava mealy scale [CABI1994].



FOES: DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Megommata psidii Barnes [Barnes1939]. FUNGI : Verticilium lecanii [Naraya1985]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus scutellaris [AbdRab2002b]. Encyrtidae: Argutencyrtus luteolus Prinsloo & Annecke [PrinslAn1974]. HYMENOPTYERA Encyrtidae: Microterys nietneri (Motschulsky) [Fullaw1932].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Sanchezia [EzzatHu1969]. Aizoaceae [QinGu1992]. Amaranthaceae: Alternathera versicolor [Newste1911]. Amaryllidaceae: Crinum moorei [CarnerPe1986]. Anacardiaceae: Comocladia [Podsia1983], Mangifera indica [Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Balach1957c, Hodgso1968, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Mangifera indica [ShafeeYoKh1989, KondoKa1995, KinjoNaHi1996], Pistacia atlantica [CarnerPe1986], Schinus [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Schinus molle [Nakaha1981a], Schinus terebinthifolius [Balach1927, Nakaha1981a, AbouElAbEl1997], Spondias dulcis [Hodgso1968a], Toxicodendron [HodgsoHi1990]. Annonaceae: Annona [Balach1927]. Apocynaceae: Alstonia scholaris [QinGu1992], Carissa [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, ShafeeYoKh1989], Carissa carandas [Mamet1943a], Nerium [HodgsoHi1990], Plumeria [Nakaha1981a], Plumeria acutifolia [WilliaWa1990], Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1990], Pteralyxia macrocarpa [Nakaha1981a]. Araceae: Anthurium [Nakaha1981a], Anthurium cubense [MestreHaEv2011], Anthurium triumphorus [QinGu1992], Colocasia antiquorum [CarnerPe1986], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaWa1990], Monstera deliciosa [WilliaWa1990], Philodendron [Willia2010], Zantedeschia aethiopica [CarnerPe1986]. Araliaceae: Aralia [HamonWi1984], Aralia papirifera [Balach1927], Brassaia actinophylla [Nakaha1981a], Cussonia arborea [Hall1932, Nakaha1981a], Hedera helix [CarnerPe1986], Meryta macrophylla [WilliaWa1990], Schefflera [WilliaWa1990]. Arecaceae: Livistona chinensis [CarnerPe1986]. Asclepiadaceae: Centrosema plumieri [MestreHaEv2011]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium [Nakaha1981a], Asplenium nidus [Mamet1943a]. Asteraceae: Bidens pilosa [Nakaha1981a], Chrysanthemum indicum [CarnerPe1986], Dahlia variabilis [CarnerPe1986], Eupatorium [HamonWi1984], Gerbera [WilliaWa1990], Wedelia biflora [WilliaWa1990]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [CarnerPe1986], Stenolobium [HamonWi1984], Tecoma [Green1909a, Ali1971], Tecoma stans [CarnerPe1986], Tecomaria [HodgsoHi1990]. Boraginaceae: Cordia [HodgsoHi1990], Cordia alliodora [WilliaWa1990], Cordia myxa [Mamet1943a]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [CarnerPe1986]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus [QinGu1992]. Celastraceae: Euonymus frigidus [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Gymnosporia [Hall1932, Hodgso1969a]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium pumilio [QinGu1992]. Clusiaceae: Clusia rosea [Nakaha1981a], Garcinia [Green1909a, Ali1971, HodgsoHi1990], Garcinia mangostana [Nakaha1981a]. Combretaceae: Terminalia brassii [WilliaWa1990]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea grandiflora [WilliaWa1990]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Kalanchoe [Nakaha1981a], Sedum [HodgsoHi1990]. Dicksoniaceae: Cibotium [Nakaha1981a]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Kuwana1902]. Euphorbiaceae: Antidesma [Green1909a, Ali1971], Antidesma bunius [CockerRo1915a], Antidesma membranaceum [Hodgso1969a], Bischofia javanica [WilliaWa1990], Codiaeum [WilliaWa1990, HodgsoHi1990], Euphorbia [QinGu1992], Macaranga [WilliaWa1990], Mallotus philippinensis [Ali1971], Uapaca kirkiana [Hall1932, Hodgso1969a]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [CarnerPe1986]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola floribunda [WilliaWa1990], Scaevola gaudichaudiana [Hodgso1968, Nakaha1981a]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia humilis [WilliaWa1990]. Lauraceae: Laurus [HodgsoHi1990], Persea [Nakaha1981a]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia [WilliaWa1990]. Liliaceae: Cordyline terminalis [Nakaha1981a]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia [ShafeeYoKh1989], Lagerstroemia indica [Hodgso1968], Lagerstroemia lanceolata [Ali1971]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus [HodgsoHi1990], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [WilliaWa1990], Hibiscus syriacus [WilliaWa1990], Malvaviscus arboreus [WilliaWa1990], Thespesia populnea [Nakaha1981a]. Melastomataceae [WilliaWa1990], Miconia robinsoniana [LincanHoCa2010]. Moraceae: Artocarpus heterophyllus [TaoWoCh1983], Artocarpus integrifolia [Ali1971], Ficus [Green1904a, Green1908a, Green1909a, Newste1917b, EzzatHu1969, Ali1971, HodgsoHi1990], Ficus [Cocker1905f, QinGu1992], Ficus benghalensis [Matile1976], Ficus benjamina [Jansen1995], Ficus capensis [Hodgso1969a], Ficus elastica [Balach1927, WilliaWa1990], Ficus glomeratus [Hall1926a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus indica [CarnerPe1986], Ficus macrophylla [Balach1927], Ficus membranacea [MestreHaEv2011], Ficus religiosa [Balach1927], Ficus retusa [Ramakr1930, Ali1971], Ficus rubiginosa [Hall1926a], Ficus thonningii [VanHarCoWi1990], Morus alba [CarnerPe1986], Morus indica [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Myristicaceae: Myristica castanaefolia [WilliaWa1990]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon [QinGu1992], Eucalyptus deglupta [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia [Green1908a, Green1909a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, HodgsoHi1990], Eugenia calophyllipholia [Ramakr1930], Eugenia caryophyllata [Mamet1943a], Eugenia feruginosa [Ballou1926], Eugenia jambolana [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, ShafeeYoKh1989], Eugenia jambos [CockerRo1915a, Mamet1943a, HamonWi1984, Nakaha1981a], Eugenia malaccensis [WilliaWa1990], Metrosideros [Nakaha1981a], Myrtus communis [Green1909a], Psidium [Kirkal1902, Ali1971], Psidium guajava [Green1908a, Green1909a, CockerRo1915a, Newste1917b, Ballou1926, Balach1927, Laing1933], Psidium guajava [Ramakr1919a, Brain1920a, Balach1957c, Hodgso1968, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Psidium guajava [Green1896, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, ShafeeYoKh1989, EtiennMa1993], Psidium pomiferum [Mamet1954], Syzygium malaccense [LincanHoCa2010]. Nyctaginaceae: Pisonia cuspidea [Green1907, Mamet1943a], Pisonia macrophylla [Green1907, Mamet1943a]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [Nakaha1981a]. Onagraceae: Ludwigia capitata [WilliaWa1990]. Orchidaceae: Vanilla [WilliaWa1990]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [WilliaWa1990]. Pinaceae: Pinus caribaea [WilliaWa1990]. Piperaceae: Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1990]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [HodgsoHi1990], Pittosporum macrophyllum [CarnerPe1986], Pittosporum tobira [Nakaha1981a]. Polemoniaceae: Phlox [Nakaha1981a]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon leptopus [EzzatHu1969], Muehlenbeckia platyclados [CarnerPe1986]. Pteridaceae: Pteridium [QinGu1992], Pteris caudata [Ballou1926]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Hodgso1968, Nakaha1981a]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Photinia serrata [Balach1927], Prunus cerifera [Cocker1895a]. Rubiaceae: Bouvardia [Nakaha1981a], Chiococca alba [LincanHoCa2010], Cinchona [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, Ali1971], Coffea [Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Hall1932, Laing1933, Ali1971, Almeid1973b], Coffea [Green1909a, Green1937, Nakaha1981a, ShafeeYoKh1989], Coffea arabica [Hodgso1968, Ali1971, Almeid1973b, Nakaha1981a], Coffea canephora [Hodgso1968, Almeid1973b], Coffea liberica [Green1904a], Gardenia [Nakaha1981a], Gardenia florida [Ali1971], Gardenia jasminoides [Hodgso1968, Nakaha1981a], Ixora [Nakaha1981a], Ixora chinensis [MartinLa2011], Ixora coccinea [WilliaWa1990], Ixora macrothyrsa [WilliaWa1990], Morinda [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Morinda citrifolia [Nakaha1981a], Psychotria elliptica [Ali1971], Psychotria rubra [TaoWoCh1983], Randia tahitensis [WilliaWa1990], Straussia [Nakaha1981a], Tarenna sambucina [WilliaWa1990]. Rutaceae: Boronia serrulata [QinGu1992], Citrus [Green1909a, Balach1927, Green1930c, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Citrus [Green1937, ShafeeYoKh1989], Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1990, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Citrus aurantium [Nakaha1981a], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1990], Citrus maximus [MatileEt2006], Citrus reticulata [MatileEt2006, LincanHoCa2010], Citrus sinensis [WilliaWa1990], Poncirus trifoliata [Nakaha1981a]. Salicaceae: Salix [Willia2010]. Sapindaceae: Blighia sapida [Ballou1926], Dodonaea [WilliaWa1990, HodgsoHi1990], Dodonaea triquetra [QinGu1992], Euphoria longana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Litchi chinensis [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, Waite1986, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Ballou1926], Bassia butyracea [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Chrysophyllum cainito [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Chrysophyllum oliviforme [HamonWi1984], Pometia pinnata [WilliaWa1990]. Scrophulariaceae: Russelia [HodgsoHi1990]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annum [Newste1911a], Capsicum frutescens [WilliaWa1990], Lycopersicon esculentum [Mamet1943a, WilliaMa2009b]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix gallica [CarnerPe1986]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Green1896, Green1909a, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, WilliaWa1990], Lasianthus lanceolatus [Ballou1926], Thea [Green1908a]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [WilliaWa1990], Duranta [Green1909a, Hodgso1968, Ali1971, HodgsoHi1990], Stachytarpheta [WilliaWa1990]. Violaceae [QinGu1992]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia [Green1909a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Alpinia purpurata [Hodgso1968, Nakaha1981a], Cardamomum [Green1909a, Ali1971], Hedychium [Nakaha1981a], Phaeomeria [Nakaha1981a], Zingiber [Nakaha1981a], Zingiber officinale [Nakaha1981a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Hodgso1968, Almeid1973b, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Ascension Island [CABI1994, WilliaMe2007]; Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Comoros [GermaiAtBa2008]; Congo [Hodgso1968]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Ghana [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Kenya [Newste1917b, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Madagascar [Mamet1954, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Malawi [Hodgso1969a, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Mozambique [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Nigeria [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Reunion [Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Saint Helena [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Seychelles [Green1907, Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, CABI1994] (Aldabra Island [Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, CABI1994, WilliaMa2009b], Farquhar Island [Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, CABI1994], Providence Island [Green1907, Mamet1943a, BenDov1993, CABI1994]); South Africa [Brain1920a, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1968, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Sudan [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Tanzania [Newste1911a, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Uganda [Newste1911, Newste1917b, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1968, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Zaire [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Zimbabwe [Hall1932, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1968, Hodgso1969a, BenDov1993, CABI1994]. Australasian: Australia [Hodgso1968, QinGu1992] (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1992, CABI1994], New South Wales [QinGu1992, BenDov1993], Northern Territory [Frogga1915, Green1916e, QinGu1992, CABI1994], Queensland [QinGu1992, CABI1994]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987, CABI1994]; Cook Islands [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [CABI1994], Ponape Island, Truk Islands); Fiji [CABI1994]; French Polynesia (Tahiti); Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Cocker1896i, Kirkal1904, Hodgso1968, BenDov1993, CABI1994]); Kiribati [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Marshall Islands [CABI1994]; New Britain [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; New Caledonia [Laing1933, CABI1994]; New Zealand [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Niue [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Northern Mariana Islands [CABI1994]; Palau; Papua New Guinea [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Solomon Islands [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Tonga [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Western Samoa [BenDov1993, CABI1994]. Nearctic: Mexico (Oaxaca [CABI1994]); United States of America (Alabama [BenDov1993, CABI1994], District of Columbia, Florida [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Georgia [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Mississippi [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Missouri [BenDov1993, CABI1994], New York [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Pennsylvania [BenDov1993, CABI1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [BenDov1993, CABI1994]); Bahamas [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Barbados [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHi1991, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Brazil [Green1930c] (Distrito Federal (=Brasilia) [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Sao Paulo [BenDov1993, CABI1994]); Colombia [KondoKa1995, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Cuba [Ballou1926, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Dominican Republic [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Grenada [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c, BenDov1993, CABI1994, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [Jansen1995, Willia2010]; Guyana [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Cocker1895a, Newste1917b, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Martinique [Balach1957c]; Montserrat [CABI1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981, BenDov1993, CABI1994]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Saint Kitts [CABI1994]); Saint Vincent and the Grenadines [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [BenDov1993, CABI1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Venezuela [BenDov1993, CABI1994]. Oriental: Bangladesh [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Bhutan [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Brunei [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; China (Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Hubei (=Hupei) [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Hunan [HuHeWa1992], Zhejiang (=Chekiang) [Ali1971]); Hong Kong [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; India [Green1908a, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Bihar [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Gujarat [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Karnataka [Ali1971, BenDov1993, CABI1994], Kerala [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Maharashtra [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Orissa [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971, BenDov1993, CABI1994], Uttar Pradesh [BenDov1993, CABI1994], West Bengal [Ali1971]); Indonesia (Irian Jaya [BenDov1993, CABI1994], Java [Green1904a, CABI1994], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [CABI1994], Sumatra [CABI1994]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Ali1971, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Malaysia [Hodgso1968] (Sabah [CABI1994], Sarawak [CABI1994]); Nepal [CABI1994]; Philippines [Cocker1905f, CockerRo1915a, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, CABI1994]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Singapore [CABI1994]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1909a, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1971, Hodgso1968, CABI1994]; Taiwan [Ali1971, CABI1994]; Thailand [Ali1971, CABI1994]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan; Algeria [Balach1927, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; Canary Islands [GomezM1967O, BenDov1993, CABI1994]; China (Henan (=Honan) [HuHeWa1992, BenDov1993, CABI1994]); Egypt [Hall1926a, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1993, CABI1994, AbouElAbEl1997]; Israel [BenDov2001b]; Japan [CABI1994]; Tunisia [BenDov1993, CABI1994]; United Kingdom (England [Green1928a]).

BIOLOGY: Green (1909) reported on overlapping generation in Sri Lanka. Takahashi (1939b) recorded three generation per year in Taiwan. Salama & saleh (1970) reporetd two generatio per year in Egypt. El-Minshawy & Moursi (1976) studied the duration of development and fecundity on guava in Egypt. Sanaa et al. (1997) studied in Egypt the effect of treatment by various levels (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg K/L) of Schinus terebinthifolius seedlings, on their rate of infestation by P. psidii.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman (1948), Hodgson (1968), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991) and by Kosztarab (1996).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980, Figs. 6.24, a,b); Hamon & Williams (1984).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of mango in Egypt (Nada et al., 1990).

KEYS: Tanaka et al. 2006: 180 (female) [Pulvinaria species of Ryuku archipelago]; Kosztarab 1996: 375 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1991: 226 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 148 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 87 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 83 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 148-150 (female) [Japan]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 119 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 373 (female) [Egypt]; Beardsley 1966: 491 (female) [Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1957: 205 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 333 (female) [Hawaii]; Green 1909a: 264-265 (female) [Ceylon].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2002b [host, distribution, biological control: 39-44]; AbouElAbEl1997 [host, distribution, life history: 205]; Ali1971 [host, distribution: 48]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 6]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 185]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 36]; Barnes1939 [host, distribution, biological control]; Bartle1978 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 65-67]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 491-492]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 278-280]; BenDov2001b [host, distribution, economic importance: 262-263]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 217-219]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 21-22]; Butani1979 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 36-40]; CABI1955a [distribution: 1-2]; CABI1994 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1-4]; Capra1927 [host, distribution, biological control: 152-160]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 255]; Cocker1893m [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-160]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895a [host, distribution: 101-102]; Cocker1896b [host, distribution: 330-331]; Cocker1896i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 48-49]; Cocker1905f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 132-133]; CockerRo1915a [host, distribution: 427]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 275]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 31]; deVill2001a [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 174]; ElMinsMo1976 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 363-371]; ElSeraGhEl2004a [host, distribution, biological control: 87-95]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 255]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 388-390]; EzzatNa1987 [host, distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 131,137-138]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 414]; Fullaw1932 [biological control]; GermaiAtBa2008 [host, distribution: 129-135]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezM1967O [host, distribution: 133]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1904a [host, distribution: 207]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 199]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 32]; Green1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 264-265]; Green1916e [host, distribution: 64]; Green1928a [host, distribution: 24]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280-281]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 309]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19-20]; Hall1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 188-190,193]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 102-105]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-172]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 30]; Hodgso1995 [taxonomy, structure: 51]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 219]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 4,6-7,9-13,15,17-21]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 137]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 21]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 185]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 152]; Kawai1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 17]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 104]; Kirkal1904 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 227-228]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; Kondo2010 [host, distribution: 41-44]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; KondoLoQu2010 [biological control: 7-13]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76]; Kuwana1902 [host, distribution: 58]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 188]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33-35]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 38]; Laing1933 [host, distribution: 676]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136,154,222]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 154]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 28]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 14]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 36]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 51-261]; Maskel1893b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 223]; Maskel1898 [host, distribution: 242]; Matile1976 [host, distribution: 297]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 166]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 8-9]; MohammGh2008 [distribution: 150]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy, structure: 58]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 185]; NadaAbHu1990 [host, distribution, economic importance: 133-134]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 392]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 6]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; Naraya1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 90-101]; Newste1910a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67-68]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 94]; Newste1911a [host, distribution: 166]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 129-130]; PanisMa1976 [host, distribution: 8]; ParidaGh1984 [taxonomy, structure: 14-15]; Pember1964 [host, distribution: 689]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; PrinslAn1974 [host, distribution, biological control: 345-349]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-147]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 624]; Ramakr1919a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 347]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 36]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 125]; RezaGh2006 [chemical control, biological control: 327-331]; Ryan1946 [host, distribution: 124-125]; SalamaSa1970 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 380-385]; Sander1906 [catalogue: 7]; Schmut1990 [economic importance, host, distribution: 236]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 50]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 8-9]; Simmon1969a [biological control, host, distribution: 765-767]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-12,26]; Su1982 [host, distribution: 61]; SureshKuGe2005 [chemical control, biological control: 305]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 344]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 60-61]; Takaha1934 [host, distribution: 34]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 117]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 263]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 218]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 30]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 354-355]; TanakaAmUe2006 [taxonomy: 180]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 127]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 83]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 53]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86]; UedaQuIt2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, molecular data, distribution: 2319-2326]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 50]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 134]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 343]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 173]; Waite1986 [host, distribution: 42]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38]; Willia1985a [taxonomy: 224,228]; Willia1985b [host, distribution: 53]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2010 [host, distribution: 144-152]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaMa2009b [host, distribution: 119]; WilliaMe2007 [host, distribution: 132]; WilliaMi2010 [host, distribution: 45]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-156]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 59]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 106]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 10,48]; XianLiSo2005 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 34-36]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158-160,170]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 336-339,342].



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