Catalogue Query Results

Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell

NOMENCLATURE:

Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell, 1893j: 255. Nomen nudum.

Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell, 1893m: 160. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Capsicum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pulvinaria grabhami Cockerell, 1903e: 261. Type data: MADEIRA: Funchal, Public Garden, on Jossinia tinifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 2007: 91-96.

Pulvinaria antigoni Green, 1907: 204. Type data: SEYCHELLES: on Antigonum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1923b: 88.

Lecanium nicotianae Newstead, 1908: 6. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Fenerivo, on Nicotiana tabacum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2007: 91. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1968a: 163. Notes: A second description of Lecanium nicotianae as n.sp. was given by Newstead, (1909: 352).

Coccus nicotianae; Sanders, 1909b: 45. Change of combination.

Pulvinaria subterranea Newstead, 1917a: 22. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on roots of Chrysanthemum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2007: 91. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1968: 163.

Pulvinaria africana Newstead, 1917a: 23. Type data: GHANA: Accra, on guava [=Psidium guajava]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2007: 91. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Hodgson, 1968: 163.

Pulvinaria floccifera; Brain, 1920a: 19. Misidentification; discovered by Hodgson, 1968: 163.

Pulvinaria peninsularis Ferris, 1921: 88. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, San Barton, on undetermined shrub. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2007: 92. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 2007: 92.

Coccus nicotianae; Mamet, 1943a: 152.

Pulvinaria grabhami; Ben-Dov, 1993: 263. Revived combination.

COMMON NAME: urbicola soft scale [HamonWi1984].



FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) [BlumbeGo1992, Blumbe1997], Encyrtus lecaniorum (Mayr) [BlumbeGo1992].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Hemigraphis palmata [Nakaha1983], Pseuderanthemum [Beards1966], Ruellia [Nakaha1981a], Tetramerium nervosum [LincanHoCa2010]. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes asper [VanHarCoWi1990], Alternathera [QinGu1992], Celosia floribunda [Ferris1921, Steinw1946]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [LincanHoCa2010]. Apocynaceae: Melochia tomentosa [NakahaMi1981], Plumeria [Beards1966]. Araceae: Alocasia macrorhiza [WilliaWa1990], Monstera deliciosa [WilliaWa1990]. Arecaceae: Caryota rumphiana [Ballou1926]. Asclepiadaceae: Philibertia tomentella [Ferris1921, Steinw1946]. Asteraceae: Ageratum [MatileEt2006], Artemisia gorgonum [VanHarCoWi1990], Bidens pilosa [NakahaMi1981], Chrysanthemum [Newste1917a, Newste1917b, Hodgso1968], Cynara scolymus [WilliaWi1988], Dahlia pinnata [QinGu1992], Eupatorium [Nakaha1981a], Sonchus oleraceus [Nakaha1981a]. Bignoniaceae: Catalpa speciosa [HamonWi1984], Jacaranda [Hodgso1968], Tecoma stans [WilliaWa1990]. Boraginaceae: Cordia subcordata [WilliaWa1990]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas [WilliaWa1990]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus caryophyllus [QinGu1992]. Chenopodiaceae: Beta maritima [Balach1939], Chenopodium [VanHarCoWi1990]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Ipomoea horsfalliae [Nakaha1981a]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum pinnatum [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988, LincanHoCa2010]. Cucurbitaceae: Luffa acutangula [Green1916a, Hodgso1968], Momordica balsamina [Nakaha1981a]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [Nakaha1983]. Ericaceae: Erica scoparia [Balach1939]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia heterophylla [WilliaWa1990], Ricinus communis [Mamet1943a, WilliaWa1990]. Fabaceae: Melilotus [HodgsoHi1990]. Gentianaceae: Eustoma exaltatum [HamonWi1984]. Hernandiaceae: Hernandia sonora [WilliaWa1990]. Lamiaceae: Mentha [HodgsoHi1990]. Liliaceae: Cordyline cannaefolia [Ballou1926]. Lythraceae: Nesaea salicifolia [Ferris1921, Steinw1946]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia glabra [QinGu1992, TanakaAmUe2006]. Malvaceae: Solandra [HodgsoHi1990]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Newste1917a, Newste1917b, Almeid1973b, Nakaha1983, HamonWi1984]. Nyctaginaceae: Mirabilis jalapa [Ballou1926, HamonWi1984], Pisonia grandis [SmithPaHa2004]. Piperaceae: Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1990]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon [Green1907, Mamet1943a], Coccoloba [HodgsoHi1990], Coccoloba diversifolia [HamonWi1984], Coccoloba uvifera [Nakaha1983, Panis2010], Polygonella fimbriata [HamonWi1984]. Polypodiaceae [BenDov1987]. Primulaceae: Anagallis [HodgsoHi1990]. Pteridaceae: Adiantum [QinGu1992]. Rhamnaceae: Karwinskia humboldtiana [Ferris1921, Steinw1946]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Steinw1946]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [WilliaWa1990]. Scrophulariaceae: Penstemon multiflorus [HamonWi1984]. Solanaceae: Capsicum [Cocker1893o, Cocker1895a, Cocker1895x, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983], Capsicum annuum [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988, VanHarCoWi1990], Capsicum frutescens [Nakaha1981a, QinGu1992, TanakaAmUe2006], Capsicum grossum [WilliaWa1990], Cestrum nocturnum [Ballou1926], Datura metel [WilliaWa1990], Lycium carolinanum [HamonWi1984], Lycopersicon [Nakaha1983], Lycopersicon esculentum [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988, WilliaWa1990], Nicotiana glauca [Green1923b, Balach1939, Almeid1973], Nicotiana tabacum [Newste1908a, Newste1909, Mamet1943a, Mamet1950], Physalis peruviana [WilliaWa1990, QinGu1992], Solanum [Steinw1946, HodgsoHi1990], Solanum indicum [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Solanum melongena [Nakaha1983, WilliaWa1990], Solanum nigrum [WilliaWa1990]. Umbelliferae: Daucus carota [Nakaha1983], Foeniculum [Balach1939, HodgsoHi1990], Petroselinum crispum [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990], Peucedanum japonicum [TanakaAmUe2006], Smyrnium [HodgsoHi1990]. Verbenaceae: Citharexylum spinosum [BenDov1987, Nakaha1981a], Clerodendrum inerme [WilliaWa1990], Lantana [Green1923b, Balach1939, Mamet1978], Lantana camara [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988, VanHarCoWi1990, WilliaWa1990, QinGu1992], Lippia [HodgsoHi1990], Premna [Beards1966]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [Nakaha1981a]. Zygophyllaceae: Porlieria angustifolia [Steinw1946].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1943a, Mamet1978]; Angola [Almeid1973b]; Ascension Island [WilliaMe2007]; Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990]; Ghana [Newste1917a, Hodgso1968]; Madagascar [Newste1909, Mamet1943a, Mamet1950, Hodgso1968]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Seychelles [Green1907, Mamet1943a, GaigheSaHe2011]; South Africa [Hodgso1968]; Tanzania [Hodgso1968]; Togo [Panis2010]; Uganda [Newste1917a, Hodgso1968]; Zanzibar [Green1916a, Mamet1943a]; Zimbabwe [Hodgso1968]. Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [QinGu1992], Queensland [QinGu1992]); Cook Islands; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands); Fiji; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii); Kiribati; New Caledonia; Northern Mariana Islands; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Tuvalu; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Western Samoa. Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Sur [Ferris1921]); United States of America (Alabama, California, Florida, Louisiana, Texas). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHi1991]; Colombia [Kondo2001]; Cuba [Ballou1926]; Dominican Republic; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006, LincanHoCa2010]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Cocker1895a, Cocker1895x]; Martinique [MatileEt2006]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Barthelemy [MatileEt2006], Saint Martin [MatileEt2006]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]. Palaearctic: Israel [BenDov1987]; Japan [TanakaAmUe2006]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, Balach1939, Mamet1943a].

BIOLOGY: Panis & Maro (1977) described a method for mass rearing. The encapsulation of eggs of Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) was determined by Blumberg & Goldenberg (1992).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman (1948), Hamon & Williams (1984), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Tanaka et al. (2006).Good description and illustartion of adult female by Hodgson (1994a).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Hamon & Williams (1984) and Tanaka et al. (2006).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Smith et al. (2004) reported on successful biological control of this soft scale on the Coringa South West Island (Queensland, Australia), where it became a destructive pest to Pisonia grandis forest.

KEYS: Tanaka et al. 2006: 180 (female) [Pulvinaria species of Ryuku archipelago]; Williams & Watson 1990: 148 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 87 (female) [USA, Florida]; Beardsley 1966: 491 (female) [Micronesia]; Zimmerman 1948: 333 (female) [Hawaii].

CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 5]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 257-258]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 36]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 491,493]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; BenDov1987 [host, distribution : 114]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 263-264,274, 286-287]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeGo1992 [life history, biological control: 57-65]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; Cocker1893j [taxonomy: 255]; Cocker1893m [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160-161]; Cocker1894d [taxonomy: 311]; Cocker1895a [host, distribution: 102]; Cocker1895x [taxonomy, host, distribution: 258]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 330]; Cocker1903e [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 261-262]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 140]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-89]; FrancoRuMa2011 [distribution: 2,6,22]; GaigheSaHe2011 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; Green1907 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199,204]; Green1916a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 375]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 105-107]; Hodgso1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2,6,10,13-14,20]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 137]; HodgsoLa2011 [host, distribution: 21]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 76, 78]; LincanHoCa2010 [host, distribution: 4]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 145]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 153]; Mamet1949 [distribution: 27]; Mamet1950 [host, distribution: 17]; Mamet1978 [host, distribution: 106]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 41,73,146,164]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 167]; Miller1996 [distribution: 71]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 392]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 6]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; Newste1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 6-7]; Newste1909 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352]; Newste1917a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-24]; Panis2010 [host, distribution, life history: 421-422]; PanisMa1976 [host, distribution: 7-8]; PanisMa1977 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 599-606]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; QinGu1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-157]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 125]; Reyne1964 [host, distribution: 98-99]; Sander1909a [catalogue: 45]; SmithPaHa2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 61-68]; Steinw1946 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10,23]; TanakaAmUe2006 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-181]; VanHarCoWi1990 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 135]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 103-104]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 49]; Willia1985a [host, distribution: 225]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; Willia2007 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 91-96]; WilliaBe2009 [taxonomy: 34]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaMe2007 [host, distribution: 132]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-159]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 58]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 340-342].



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