Catalogue Query Results
Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley)NOMENCLATURE:
Chionaspis minor; Cooley, 1898: 89-90. Misidentification.
Hemichionaspis minor strachani Cooley, 1899: 54-55. Type data: NIGERIA: Abeokuta, on unknown host, by H. Strachan. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Hemichionaspis Marchali Cockerell, 1902b: 81-83. Type data: GUINEA: Konakry, on Elaeis guineensis, by Dr. Marchal. Syntypes, female (examined). Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris & Rao, 1947: 28.
Hemichionaspis townsendi Cockerell, 1905f: 135. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Luzon, Tayabas (=Quezon), on Gossypium sp., 12/04/????. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris & Rao, 1947: 29.
Chionaspis (Hemichionaspis) aspidistrae gossypii Newstead, 1906a: 74. Nomen nudum; discovered by Lindinger, 1935: 143.
Chionaspis (Hemichionaspis) aspidistrae gossypii Newstead, 1908b: 37. Type data: TOGO: Kpeme, on Gossypium hirsutum, ?/01/1905. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; type no. 3678. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1935: 143.
Hemichionaspis aspidistrae gossypii; Sanders, 1909a: 49. Change of combination.
Hemichionaspis proxima Leonardi, 1914: 193-195. Type data: SENEGAL: Dakar, on Calotropis procera, Thiès, on Mango; GUINEA: Conakry, on Annona sp.; NIGERIA: Lagos; BENIN: Cotonou; ANGOLA; SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Balachowsky, 1954e: 284.
Hemichionaspis (Pinnaspis) marchali; Lindinger, 1914: 244. Change of combination.
Hemichionaspis minor; Wilson, 1917: 35. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1966: 114.
Chionaspis (Hemichionaspis) minor; Newstead, 1917b: 133. Misidentification.
Chionaspis (Pinnaspis) proxima; Brain, 1920: 104. Change of combination.
Pinnaspis minor; Kuwana, 1926: 38. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1966: 114.
Pinnaspis minor strachani; Kuwana, 1926: 40. Change of combination.
Pinnaspis proxima; Lindinger, 1928: 107. Change of combination.
Pinnaspis (Hemichionaspis) aspidistrae gossypii; Mayné & Ghesquière, 1934: 36. Change of combination.
Pinnaspis temporaria Ferris, 1942: SIV-407. Type data: PANAMA: Armuelles, on Mangifera indica, by G.F. Ferris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ferris & Rao, 1947: 29, 39.
Hemichionaspis minor; Fulmek, 1943: 35. Misidentification.
Pinnaspis aspidistrae gossypii; Hall, 1946a: 528. Change of combination.
Pinnaspis gossypii; Hall, 1946a: 529. Change of combination.
Pinnaspis marchali; Hall, 1946a: 529. Change of combination.
Hemichionaspis gossypii; Hall, 1946a: 550. Change of combination.
Chionaspis (Hemichionaspis) gossypii; Ferris & Rao, 1947: 28. Change of combination.
Pinnaspis townsendi; Ferris & Rao, 1947: 29. Change of combination.
Pinnaspis strachani; Ferris & Rao, 1947: 39. Change of combination and rank.
Pinaspis minor strachani; Lindinger, 1957: 551. Misspelling of genus name.
Pinaspis strachani; Lindinger, 1958: 371. Misspelling of genus name.
Pinnaspis stracheni; Brookes, 1964: 18. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAMES: cotton white scale [Gill1997]; escama nieve menor [CoronaRuMo1997]; guagua nevada menor [AlayoS1976]; hibiscus snow scale [VelasqRi1969]; lesser snow scale [Dekle1954]; small snow scale [Newste1907a].
FOES: ACARI Hemisarcoptidae: Hemisarcoptes malus [GersonSc1981]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus nigritus [Sankar1984], Chilocorus semiflavus [AhmadGh1972], Cybocephalus sp. [Sankar1984], Microscymnus sp. [Mosque1976], Pharoscymnus flexibilis [GhaniMu1974], Pharoscymnus horni [Sankar1984], Pharoscymnus simmondsi [GhaniMu1974], Pseudoscymnus simmondsi [AhmadGh1972], Sticholotis sp. [AhmadGh1972]. Nitidulidae: Cybocephalus nigritus [AhmadGh1972], Cybocephalus semiflavus [AhmadGh1972, Lesche2000]. DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Dentifibula sp. [Sankar1984]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Aphelinus fuscipennis [Ruhl1913], Aphelinus quaylei [Ruhl1913], Aphytis chrysomphali [Fulmek1943], Aphytis diaspidis [DeSilv1961], Aphytis melinus [AhmadGh1972], Aphytis pinnaspidis [MyartsRu2000], Aphytis sp. nov. nr. citrinus [AhmadGh1972], Aspidiotiphagus citrinus [HertinSi1972, Ruhl1913], Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi [Simmon1957], Azotus sp. [AhmadGh1972], Coccobius albipodus [Sankar1984], Encarsia citrina [HuangPo1998], Encarsia sp. [Sankar1984], Marietta sp. [Sankar1984]. Encyrtidae: Adelencyrtus coxalis [HayatAlAg1975], Adelencyrtus funiculus [Mani1976], Arrhenophagus chionaspidis [Simmon1957], Habrolepis apicalis [Fulmek1943], Plagiomerus sp. [Sankar1984], Prospaltella aurantii [DeSilv1961], Prospaltella berlesei [DeSilv1961], Prospaltella flexibilis [AhmadGh1972], Prospaltella peruviana [Fulmek1943], Prospaltella simmondsi [AhmadGh1972], Prospaltella sp. [AhmadGh1972]. Eupelmidae: Eupelmus coccidivorus [Fulmek1943]. Signiphoridae: Neosigniphora nigra [Fulmek1943], Signiphora flavopalliata [Fulmek1943], Signiphora lutea [Fulmek1943], Signiphora sp. [Fulmek1943].
HOSTS: Manoranjitham sp. [SureshMo1996]. Acanthaceae: Justicia sp. [WilliaWa1988], Thunbergia grandiflora [AlayoS1976]. Agavaceae: Agave americana [CarnerPe1986], Agave sisalana [Mamet1959a], Furcraea gigantea [Mamet1949], Yucca sp. [MillerDa2005]. Amaryllidaceae: Agave fourcroytes [AlayoS1976], Crinum asiaticum [WilliaWa1988], Crinum sp. [WilliaBu1987], Eucharis sp. [Hinckl1963], Polianthes tuberosa [AlayoS1976]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [WilliaWa1988], Mangifera indica [Ferris1942, CarnerPe1986], Mangifera odorata [YunusHo1980], Mangifera sp. [MillerDa2005]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [AlayoS1976, CouturMaRi1985], Annona reticulata [AlayoS1976], Annona sp. [Leonar1914, MillerDa2005], Annona squamosa [AlayoS1976], Cananga odorata [Hinckl1963], Polyalthia longifolia [Sankar1984], Uvaria sp. [Balach1954e]. Apocynaceae: Nerium [Borchs1966], Nerium oleander [LincanHoCa2010], Pachypodium [Mamet1959a], Parsonsia sp. [Cooley1899], Plumeria alba [Cohic1958], Plumeria rubra [AlayoS1976], Plumeria sp. [MillerDa2005], Plumeria tuberculata [AlayoS1976], Vallesia glabra pubescens [Willia1977ML]. Araceae: Colocasia esculenta [WilliaWa1988], Rhaphidophora sp. [WilliaWa1988]. Araliaceae: Arailia sp. [MillerDa2005], Schefflera sp. [Hinckl1963]. Arecaceae: Acanthophoenix sp. [Mamet1943a], Attalea gomphocarpa [FerrisRa1947], Chamaerops [Borchs1966], Chrysalidocarpus sp. [MillerDa2005], Cocos nucifera [Mamet1943a, Borchs1966], Cocos sp. [MillerDa2005], Elaeis guineensis [Cocker1902b, FerrisRa1947, WilliaWa1988], Heterospathe sp. [MillerDa2005], Howea [Borchs1966], Kentia sp. [Balach1959a], Latania sp. [MillerDa2005], Licuala sp. [MillerDa2005], Livistona sp. [MillerDa2005], Phoenix dactylifera [AlayoS1976], Rhapis [Borchs1966], Roystonea regia [AlayoS1976], Sabal sp. [MillerDa2005], Thrinax sp. [MillerDa2005], Trachycarpus [Borchs1966], Veitchia joannis [Hinckl1963], Verschaffeltia [Borchs1966]. Asclepiadaceae: Calotropis procera [Leonar1914, Brain1920, ColonFMe1998]. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemum indicum [AlayoS1976], Fitchia sp. [WilliaWa1988], Psiadia [Mamet1954, Borchs1966], Scalesia affinis [Willia1977ML], Scalesia incisa [Willia1977ML]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentrandra [AlayoS1976], Ochroma [Borchs1966], Pachira insignis [AlayoS1976], Vitis vinifera [Cooley1898, AlayoS1976], Waltheria ovata [Willia1977ML]. Boraginaceae: Coldenia fusca [Willia1977ML], Heliotropium arborescens [AlayoS1976], Messerschmidia argentea [Beards1966], Tiquilia darwinii [LincanHoCa2010], Tournefortia argentea [WilliaWa1988], Tournefortia sp. [Willia1977ML]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [YunusHo1980], Bromelia sp. [AlayoS1976]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [WilliaWa1988]. Combretaceae: Conocarpus erecta [Willia1977ML], Terminalia calamansanay [WilliaWa1988], Terminalia catappa [WilliaWa1988], Terminalia complanata [WilliaWa1988], Terminalia sp. [WilliaWa1988, MillerDa2005]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [SchmutPiKl1978], Ipomoea grandiflora [Beards1966]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum pinnata [NakahaMi1981]. Cruciferae: Thelypodium [Borchs1966]. Cucurbitaceae: Benincasa cerifera [Ali1967a], Cucumis dipsaceus [LincanHoCa2010], Cucurbita maxima [WilliaWa1988], Cucurbita pepo [Mamet1943a], Cucurbita sp. [MillerDa2005], Sechium edulis [Mamet1943a], Sechium sp. [MillerDa2005], Trichosanthes sp. [FerrisRa1947]. Cycadaceae: Cycas revoluta [Kuwana1902, Heu2002], Cycas sp. [MillerDa2005], Dioon edule [AlayoS1976], Zamia sp. [TippinBe1970]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea alata [WilliaBu1987], Dioscorea bulbifera [WilliaWa1988], Dioscorea sp. [Hinckl1963, MillerDa2005]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros chloroxylon [Ali1967a], Diospyros kaki [WilliaWa1988]. Ehretiaceae: Cordia alba [AlayoS1976], Cordia leucophlyctis [LincanHoCa2010], Cordia lutea [Willia1977ML], Cordia macrostachya [Mamet1949, Borchs1966]. Elaeocarpaceae: Muntingia calabura [AlayoS1976]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron sp. [MartinLa2011]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha wilkesiana [Myers1926, AlayoS1976], Aleurites moluccana [WilliaWa1988], Chamaesyce amplexicaulis [Willia1977ML], Croton lucidus [AlayoS1976], Croton scouleri [LincanHoCa2010], Croton sp. [Ali1967a, MillerDa2005], Euphorbia heterophylla [WilliaWa1988], Euphorbia nivulia [Sankar1984], Euphorbia pulcherrima [AlayoS1976], Euphorbia sp. [Beards1966, MillerDa2005], Excoecaria agallocha [Hinckl1963], Hevea brasiliensis [Balach1954e, Foldi1988], Hippomane mancinella [Willia1977ML], Jatropha curcas [Newste1917b, AlayoS1976], Manihot esculenta [WilliaWa1988], Manihot sp. [MillerDa2005], Pedilanthus sp. [WilliaWa1988], Ricinus communis [WilliaWa1988, ColonFMe1998]. Fabaceae: Acacia melanoxylon [FerrisRa1947], Albizia sp. [MayneGh1934], Albizia stipulata [Ali1967a], Bahuinia variegata [AlayoS1976], Bauhinia pauletia [ColonFMe1998], Bauhinia purpurea [AlayoS1976], Bauhinia sp. [FerrisRa1947], Bauhinia sp. [MillerDa2005], Caesalpinia crista [Beards1966], Caesalpinia pulcherrima [Hinckl1963], Caesalpinia sp. [MillerDa2005], Cajanus cajan [AlayoS1976], Cajanus indicus? [AlayoS1976], Cajanus sp. [MillerDa2005], Canavalia microcarpa [Beards1966], Cassia alata [AlayoS1976], Cassia occidentalis [Balach1954e, WilliaWa1988], Cassia tora [Ali1967a], Crotalaria hirsuta [Ali1967a], Crotalaria sp. [WilliaWa1988, MillerDa2005], Crotalaria usaramoensis [WilliaWa1988], Delonix regia [AlayoS1976], Desmodium lasiocarpum [MayneGh1934], Enterolobium cyclocarpum [AlayoS1976], Erythrina glauca [Simmon1969], Erythrina indica [SureshMo1996], Erythrina lithosperma [WilliaWa1988], Erythrina poeppigiana [AlayoS1976], Erythrina sp. [Cocker1896d, Beards1966], Erythrina subumbrans [WilliaWa1988], Galactia striata [ColonFMe1998], Inocarpus fagiferus [Hinckl1963], Intsia bijuga [Beards1966], Lablab purpureus [ColonFMe1998], Leucaena leucocephala [WilliaWa1988], Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus [AlayoS1976], Macroptilium lathyroides [ColonFMe1998], Mimosa pigra [AlayoS1976], Mimosa pudica [Hinckl1963], Neptunia plena [LincanHoCa2010], Parkinsonia aculeata [LincanHoCa2010], Phaseolus vulgaris [WilliaWa1988], Pithecolobium saman [Ali1967a], Prosopis sp. [FerrisRa1947], Pueraria thunbergiana [MayneGh1934], Samanea saman [AlayoS1976], Sophora tomentosa [Hinckl1963], Tamarindus sp. [Varshn2002], Wistaria [Borchs1966]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [Borchs1966], Pelargonium radula [AlayoS1976], Pelargonium zonale [ColonFMe1998]. Gesneriaceae: Saintpaulia sp. [McKenz1956]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia sp. [WilliaWa1988]. Hernandiaceae: Hernandia ovigera [WilliaWa1988], Hernandia peltata [WilliaWa1988]. Labiatae: Hyptis sp. [LincanHoCa2010]. Lamiaceae: Ocimum gratissimum [WilliaWa1988]. Lauraceae: Cassytha filiformis [WilliaWa1988], Cinnamomum camphora [AlayoS1976], Persea americana [AlayoS1976]. Laxmanniaceae: Cordyline sp. [Borchs1966]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia asiatica [WilliaWa1988], Barringtonia butonica [WilliaWa1988], Barringtonia sp. [WilliaWa1988], Barringtonia thurstonii [Hinckl1963]. Liliaceae: Aloe [Borchs1966], Asparagus officinalis [FerrisRa1947], Asparagus plumosus [Hinckl1963], Asparagus sprengeri [AlayoS1976], Cordyline terminalis [WilliaWa1988, Heu2002], Ophiopogon intermedius [AhmadGh1972], Ophiopogon japonicus [Hadzib1983], Rhipogonum scandens [Cooley1899], Sansevieria [McKenz1956], Sansevieria metallica [AlayoS1976], Sansevieria trifusciata [LincanHoCa2010], Yucca gloriosa [AlayoS1976]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [AlayoS1976], Punica granatum [Cocker1893b]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora [AlayoS1976]. Malvaceae: Abutilon depauperatum [LincanHoCa2010], Abutilon hybridum [WilliaWa1988], Abutilon sp. [BeardsTu1959, WilliaBu1987], Althaea officinalis [AlayoS1976], Bastardia vicosa [AlayoS1976], Ceiba sp. [MillerDa2005], Dombeya sp. [MillerDa2005], Gossyparium darwinii [LincanHoCa2010], Gossypium arboreum [AlayoS1976], Gossypium barbadense darwinii [Willia1977ML], Gossypium hirsutum [Newste1908b, ColonFMe1998, OtanesBu1939], Gossypium sp. [Cocker1905f, Simmon1924a, FerrisRa1947, Hinckl1963, MillerDa2005], Hibiscus esculentus [CouturMaRi1985], Hibiscus manihot [WilliaWa1988], Hibiscus mutabilis [AlayoS1976], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Hinckl1963], Hibiscus sabdariffa [AlayoS1976], Hibiscus sp. [Mamet1949, Heu2002, MillerDa2005], Hibiscus syriacus [AlayoS1976], Hibiscus tiliaceus [AlayoS1976], Malvastrum americanum [AlayoS1976], Malvaviscus arboreus [WilliaWa1988], Sida acuta [AlayoS1976], Sida paniculata [LincanHoCa2010], Sida sp. [Ali1967a], Thespesia propulnea [WilliaWa1988], Thespesia sp. [SureshMo1996, MillerDa2005], Urena lobata [Hinckl1963]. Marantaceae: Calathea zebrina [AlayoS1976], Maranta sp. [WilliaWa1988]. Meliaceae: Cedrela salvadorensis [Mead1982], Melia azedarach [Cooley1899]. Menispermaceae: Cissampelos pareira [ColonFMe1998]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988], Artocarpus heterophyllus [WilliaWa1988, Tao1999], Ficus carica [Beccar1971], Ficus palmata [AhmadGh1972], Morus nigra [AlayoS1976]. Moringaceae: Moringa oleifera [AlayoS1976]. Musaceae: Musa sapientum [WilliaWa1988], Musa sp. [Hinckl1963, MillerDa2005]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus grandis [WilliaWa1988]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea sp. [Nakaha1983, MillerDa2005], Cryptocarpus pyriformis [Willia1977ML]. Ochnaceae: Lophira alata [Balach1954e]. Olacaceae: Schoepfia sp. [Butche1959]. Oleaceae: Jasminum grandifolium [AlayoS1976], Jasminum sambac [Sankar1984]. Orchidaceae: Aerides [Borchs1966], Cymbidium sp. [McKenz1956], Cypripedium sp. [FerrisRa1947], Dendrobium [Borchs1966], Odontoglossum sp. [MillerDa2005], Orchis sp. [WilliaWa1988], Paphiopedilum insigne [Komosi1961], Phalaenopsis sp. [Borchs1966, MillerDa2005], Renanthera [Borchs1966], Rhynchostylis [Borchs1966], Trichoglottis [Borchs1966]. Palmae: Chamaedorea erumpens [CulikMaVe2008]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus odoratissimus [WilliaWa1988], Pandanus sp. [WilliaBu1987, MillerDa2005]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [Brooke1964], Passiflora quadrangularis [LincanHoCa2010]. Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [RamachRa1934]. Poaceae: Cenchrus ciliaris [SureshMo1996], Cenchrus glauca [SureshMo1996], Cymbopogon sp. [SureshMo1996], Cynodon dactylon [SureshMo1996], Panicum sp. [SureshMo1996]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon leptopus [AlayoS1976], Antigonon sp. [FerrisRa1947], Coccoloba sp. [WilliaWa1988], Polygala andersonnii [Willia1977ML], Polygala galapageia [Willia1977ML], Polygala sancti-georgii oblanceolata [Willia1977ML], Polygonum glabrum [Sankar1984]. Polypodiaceae: Niphobolus fissus [SureshMo1996]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca sp. [Reyne1961, WilliaWa1988]. Proteaceae: Grevillea heliosperma [Green1916e], Grevillea robusta [AlayoS1976], Persoonia sp. [Cooley1898]. Pteridaceae: Asplenium nidus [WilliaWa1988]. Pteridophyta: Neottopteris rigida [Paik1978], Nephrolepis davalliodes [AlayoS1976], Platycerium grande [AlayoS1976]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Tang1986]. Rhamnaceae: Colubrina arborences [ColonFMe1998], Scutia pauciflora [Willia1977ML], Ziziphus jujuba [Nakaha1983], Ziziphus sp. [MillerDa2005]. Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera gymnorhiza [Hinckl1963], Rhizophora mangle [NakahaMi1981, WilliaWa1988]. Rosaceae: Prunus persica [AlayoS1976], Prunus sp. [MillerDa2005], Pyrus sp. [Mamet1943a]. Rubiaceae: Chiococca alba [LincanHoCa2010], Genipa sp. [MillerDa2005], Morinda citrifolia [WilliaWa1988], Morinda royoc [AlayoS1976], Randia sp. [MillerDa2005]. Ruscaceae: Dracaena sp. [McKenz1956, MillerDa2005], Liriope sp. [MillerDa2005]. Rutaceae: Aegle marmelos [AlayoS1976], Atlantia citrioides [AlayoS1976], Balsamocitrus chevaliere [AlayoS1976], Balsamocitrus dawei [AlayoS1976], Balsamocitrus paniculata [AlayoS1976], Casimiroa sp. [MillerDa2005], Citrus aurantifolia [Vilard1974], Citrus aurantium [AlayoS1976], Citrus grandis [Muraka1970], Citrus limon [AlayoS1976], Citrus macrophylla [Vilard1974], Citrus maxima [WilliaWa1988], Citrus paradisi [AlayoS1976], Citrus sinensis [Mamet1948], Citrus sinensis [CulikMaVe2008], Citrus sp. [Mamet1951, MillerDa2005], Citrus unshiu [Muraka1970], Feronia limonia [Borchs1966], Feroniella pentaphylla [Borchs1966], Limonia acidissima [AlayoS1976], Limonia glutinosa [AlayoS1976], Micromelum minutum [Hinckl1963], Murraya exotica [Maxwel1902], Murraya koenigii [HayatAlAg1975], Murraya paniculata [AlayoS1976], Zanthoxylum fagara [LincanHoCa2010], Zanthoxylum martinicense [AlayoS1976], Zanthoxylum sp. [HodgsoHi1990, MillerDa2005]. Salicaceae: Salix babylonica [AlayoS1976], Salix chilensis [AlayoS1976], Salix sp. [MillerDa2005]. Sapindaceae: Dodonaea viscosa [FerrisRa1947], Litchi chinensis [WilliaWa1988], Melicoccus bijugatus [AlayoS1976], Melicoccus sp. [MillerDa2005], Sapindus sp. [FerrisRa1947]. Sapotaceae: Pouteria obavata [Tao1999]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [WilliaWa1988], Capsicum frutescens [WilliaWa1988], Capsicum sp. [Cooley1898], Cestrum diurnum [AlayoS1976], Datura metel [WilliaWa1988], Lycopersicon esculentum [WilliaWa1988], Solanum erianthum [AlayoS1976], Solanum melongena [Beards1966], Solanum seaforthianum [AlayoS1976], Solanum sp. [MayneGh1934, MillerDa2005], Solanum torvum [AlayoS1976], Solanum wendlandii [AlayoS1976]. Sterculiaceae: Guazuma ulmifolia [Balach1959a], Sterculia sp. [AlayoS1976]. Strelitziaceae: Ravenala madagascariensis [AlayoS1976], Strelitzia sp. [WilliaBu1987, MillerDa2005]. Symplocaceae: Symplocos sp. [Ali1967a]. Tiliaceae: Triumfetta semitriloba [ColonFMe1998]. Ulmaceae: Trema guineensis [MayneGh1934], Trema micranthum [ColonFMe1998]. Urticaceae: Laportea sp. [WilliaWa1988], Soleirolia sp. [AbouEl2001]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendron thomsonae [YunusHo1980], Gmelina arborea [WilliaWa1988], Lantana involucrata [Beatty1944, ColonFMe1998], Lantana peduncularis [LincanHoCa2010], Stachytarpheta sp. [WilliaWa1988]. Viscaceae: Viscum sp. [MillerDa2005]. Vitaceae: Cissus sp. [MillerDa2005], Vitis sp. [MillerDa2005], Vitis tilifolia [MestreHaEv2011]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [WilliaWa1988], Zingiber officinale [WilliaWa1988].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1936a]; Angola [Leonar1914, Brain1920, FerrisRa1947]; Benin [Marcha1909a, Brain1920, FerrisRa1947]; Cameroon [Nakaha1982]; Cape Verde [Fernan1972]; Comoros [Matile1978]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985]; Gambia [Nakaha1982]; Ghana [Newste1917b, Nakaha1982]; Guinea [Cocker1902b, FerrisRa1947]; Kenya [DeLott1967a]; Madagascar [Mamet1951]; Mali [Vilard1974]; Mauritania [BalachMa1970]; Mauritius [Mamet1949, WilliaWi1988]; Mozambique [Almeid1971]; Nigeria [Cooley1899]; Reunion [Mamet1954a]; Rodriques Island [Nakaha1982]; Sao Tome and Principe (Principe [Simmon1969], Sao Tome [Simmon1969]); Senegal [Leonar1914, Brain1920, FerrisRa1947]; Seychelles [Nakaha1982]; South Africa [Leonar1914, Brain1920]; Tanzania [Nakaha1982]; Togo [Newste1908b]; Uganda [GreathPo1977]; Zaire [MayneGh1934]; Zanzibar [Mansfi1920]. Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Brooke1964]); Christmas Island [Nakaha1982]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966], Ponape Island [Beards1966], Truk Islands [Beards1966], Yap [Beards1966]); Fiji [Simmon1924a, FerrisRa1947]; French Polynesia (Society Islands [WilliaWa1988], Tahiti [FerrisRa1947, WilliaWa1988]); Guam [Beards1966]; Hawaiian Islands [MillerDa2005] (Hawaii [Nakaha1981a, Heu2002], Kauai [Nakaha1981a, Heu2002], Lanai [Nakaha1981a, Heu2002] (First observed in 1975.), Maui [Nakaha1981a, Heu2002], Molokai [Heu2002], Niihau [BeardsTu1959, Nakaha1981a], Oahu [Nakaha1981a, Heu2002] (First observed in 1910.)); Kiribati [Beards1966] (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966]); Marshall Islands [Beards1966]; Midway Islands [Suehir1960]; New Caledonia [Cohic1958, WilliaWa1988]; Niue [WilliaWa1988]; Northern Mariana Islands (Rota Island [Beards1966]); Palau [Beards1966]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988]; Tokelau [WilliaWa1988]; Tonga [Dumble1954, WilliaWa1988]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Wake Island [Beards1966]; Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988]. Nearctic: Mexico (Baja California Sur [MyartsRu2000], Oaxaca [FerrisRa1947], Sinola [MyartsRu2000], Veracruz [FerrisRa1947]); United States of America (Alabama [Nakaha1982, MillerDa2005], California [McKenz1956, MillerDa2005] (eradicated (Gill, 1997)), Florida [Cooley1899, Dekle1954, MillerDa2005], Georgia [TippinBe1970], Louisiana [Nakaha1982, MillerDa2005], Maryland [MillerDa2005], Mississippi [Nakaha1982, MillerDa2005], Texas [Nakaha1982, MillerDa2005]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [RileyHo1893]); Barbados [Dash1916]; Bermuda [Simmon1957]; Brazil (Amazonas [Foldi1988], Bahia [Azeved1923aA], Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2008], Pernambuco [CarvalCa1939], Rio Grande do Sul [WolffCo1994], Rio de Janeiro [SilvadGoGa1968]); Cayman Islands [Maxwel1902]; Chile [Charli1972]; Colombia [Figuer1952, Mosque1976]; Costa Rica [SuhJi2009]; Cuba [Myers1926, AlayoS1976, MestreHaEv2011]; Dominican Republic [Russo1929]; Ecuador [Ebelin1959]; El Salvador [Berry1959]; Galapagos Islands [Willia1977ML]; Grenada [Cocker1896d, WoodruBeSk1998]; Guyana [BenDovShMi1985]; Jamaica [Cocker1893b]; Netherlands Antilles (Curacao [Reyne1964]); Panama [Cooley1899]; Peru? [RosenDe1978]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [MiskimBo1970, Nakaha1983]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Saint Kitts [Gordon1978]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Maxwel1902]); U.S. Virgin Islands [Nakaha1983]; Venezuela? [Ballou1945]. Oriental: Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) [Mamet1943a]; China (Fujian (=Fukien) [Hua2000], Guangdong (=Kwangtung) [Tang1986], Hainan [Tao1999]); Hong Kong [MartinLa2011]; India [FerrisRa1947] (Andhra Pradesh [HayatAlAg1975], Jammu & Kashmir [Varshn2002], Karnataka [Sankar1984], Kerala [RamachRa1934], Tamil Nadu [SureshMo1996], Tripura [GangulGh1964], West Bengal [Green1908a]); Indonesia (Irian Jaya [Reyne1961, WilliaWa1988], Java [Ali1969a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Nickel1979]; Malaysia [YunusHo1980]; Nepal [Nakaha1982]; Pakistan [AhmadGh1972]; Philippines (Luzon [Cocker1905f]); Singapore [Nakaha1982]; Sri Lanka [FerrisRa1947]; Taiwan [FerrisRa1947]; Thailand [Nakaha1982]; Vietnam [Nakaha1982]. Palaearctic: Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, MatileOr2001]; Croatia [MastenSi2008] (Found only in greenhouses.); Egypt [AbouEl2001]; France [Germai2008]; Germany [HertinSi1972]; Italy [PellizDa1997] (Pellizzari & Danzig (1997) cite this species as invasive from Africa.); Japan [Kuwana1902] (Honshu [TakahaTa1956], Kyushu [TakahaTa1956], Shikoku [TakahaTa1956]); Poland [Komosi1961, DanzigPe1998] (Found in greenhouses.); Saudi Arabia [Shalab1961]; Slovenia [Seljak2008]; United Kingdom (England [Green1934d, BoratyWi1964]).
BIOLOGY: Hadzibejli (1983) indicated that there was a full generation and a partial second in the warmer parts of Georgia. According to Johnston and Lyon (1976) lesser snow scale engages in continuous reproduction in the subtropics, producing several generations each year. The development in Cuba was 22.6 and 44.5 days for males and females, respectively on grapefruit (Fernandez et al. 1996). The biology of this species probably is very similar to the life history of the fern scale. Brown (1965) sampled populations on various hosts from Mexico, Jamaica, Brazil, and Peru and found only the diaspidoid sexual chromosome system. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
GENERAL REMARKS: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Ferris & Rao (1947) and Takagi (1970).
STRUCTURE: Female scale white or slightly gray. Adult female with median pygidial lobes somewhat variable in size and form but usually moderately large and projecting somewhat past the neighboring structures, their lateral margins twice or thrice-notched (Ferris & Rao, 1947).
SYSTEMATICS: Ferris & Rao (1947) state that most references to Hemichionaspis minor Maskell probably refer to this species. Many authors have misidentified strachani as minor such as Green (1908a, 1934d), Mamet (1943a) and Boratynski & Williams (1964). Rugman-Jones, et al. (2009) state that this species can be separated from other pests on "Hass" avocados by using the polymerase chair reacion (PCR) on ribosomal DNA.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. Considered to be a pest of soursop in Costa Rica (Soto & Saunders, 2001). Beardsley and González (1975), Miller and Davidson (1990), and Arnett (1985) treat this species as a serious pest. According to Rosen and DeBach (1978) the cotton white scale of Peru is probably the same as the lesser snow scale. Based on the material in the U.S. National Museum, we agree. This pest was first noted in Peru in 1905 on perennial cotton in the Rio Piura and Chira cotton districts. A poorly documented biological control program was carried out during 1909 1912. Introduced parasites along with changes in cotton cultivation practices were credited with providing economically satisfactory control of lesser snow scale in Peru. This scale has seriously damaged coconut palm in Guam (Vandenberg 1929). Bondar (1926) considered it to be a pest of pineapple in Brazil, while Gowdey (1925) reported it as the worst pest of citrus in Jamaica. It occasionally causes serious damage to Hibiscus spp. in the Seychelles (Dupont 1918), New Caledonia (Cohic 1958), and Florida (Dekle 1965). It also is reported as a pest on tamarind (Butani 1978), citrus (Delucchi 1975, Fernandez et al. 1998), black pepper (Koya et al. 1996), arecanut (Areca catechu) (Nair et al. 1963), olives (Canales Canales and Valdivieso Jara 1999), and several wild plants (Sankaran et al. 1984). (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
KEYS: Suh & Ji 2009: 1041-1043 (female) [Key to species of armored scales intercepted on imported plants (slide mounted females)]; Colón-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud 1998: 119 [Key to species of Pinnaspis of Puerto Rico]; Gill 1997: 230 (female) [Key to California species of Pinnaspis]; Danzig 1993: 312 [Key to species of Pinnaspis]; Williams & Watson 1988: 212 (female) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]; Howard & Oliver 1985: 61 (female) [Key to Pinnaspis species of Louisiana]; Chen 1983: 18 (female) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]; Chou 1982: 92 (female) [Key to Chinese species of Pinnaspis]; Paik 1978: 375 (female) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]; Beardsley 1966: 554 (female) [Key to known Micronesian species of Pinnaspis]; Takagi 1963c: 68 [Key to species of Pinnaspis]; Takagi 1961a: 75 (female) [Key to species of Pinnaspis of Japan]; McKenzie 1956: 34 (female) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]; Balachowsky 1954e: 277 (female) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]; Ferris & Rao 1947: 44 (female) [Key to species of Pinnaspis]; Hall 1946a: 529 (female) [as Pinnaspis marchali, Pinnaspis gossypii; Key to species of Ethiopian species of Pinnaspis]; Ferris 1942: SIV-446:60 (female) [as Pinnaspis temporaria; Key to species of Pinnaspis]; Archangelskaya 1929: 190 (female) [as Pinnaspis minor; Key to species of Pinnaspis]; MacGillivray 1921: 341, 343, 344 (female) [as Hemichionaspis marchali, H. minor strachani, H. townsendi; Key to species of Hemichionaspis]; Cockerell 1902b: 82 [as Hemichionaspis marchali; Key to species of Hemichionaspis]; Cooley 1899: 45 (female) [as Hemichionaspis minor; Key to species of Hemichionaspis].
CITATIONS: AbouEl2001 [biological control, distribution, host: 187]; AhmadGh1970 [taxonomy: 106]; AhmadGh1972 [biological control, distribution, host: 95]; AlayoS1976 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 16-18]; Ali1967a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 39]; Ali1969a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 65-66]; Almeid1971 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 15]; AndersWuGr2010 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 997-1003]; AnneckPr1974 [biological control, distribution: 38]; Archan1929 [taxonomy: 190]; Azeved1923aA [p. 153]; Balach1954e [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 277, 284-288]; Balach1959a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 363]; BalachMa1970 [distribution: 1083]; Ballou1945 [distribution, host: 18, 94]; Beards1966 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 554, 555-557]; BeardsTu1959 [distribution, host: 58]; Beccar1971 [distribution, host: 195]; BenDovShMi1985 [distribution, host: 2128]; Berry1959 [distribution, host: 228, 244]; BesheaTiHo1973 [distribution, host: 13]; BoratyWi1964 [distribution: 88]; Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 114]; Brain1920 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 104-105]; Brooke1964 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 18]; Butche1959 [distribution, host: 364]; CarnerPe1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 46]; CarvalCa1939 [p. 30]; CharleHe2002 [distribution, taxonomy: 590,609]; Charli1972 [distribution: 216]; ChatteBo1934 [biological control: 8]; Chen1983 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 24-26, 115]; Chou1982 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 92, 95-96]; Chou1986 [illustration: 497]; Cocker1893b [p. 160]; Cocker1896d [distribution, host: 307]; Cocker1902b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 82-83]; Cocker1905f [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 135]; Cohic1956 [distribution, host: 17, 25, 74]; Cohic1958 [distribution, host: 18, 22, 25, 29, 34]; ColonFMe1998 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 121-122]; Cooley1898 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 89-90]; Cooley1899 [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 45, 52-55]; CoronaRuMo1997 [distribution, economic importance, host: 40]; CotoSa2001 [economic importance: 60]; CouturMaRi1985 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 278-279]; CulikMaVe2008 [distribution, host: 1-6]; Danzig1993 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 312, 316-317]; DanzigPe1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 335-336]; Dash1916 [p. 42]; DeBachRo1976 [economic importance, taxonomy: 175]; Dekle1954 [distribution, host: 227]; Dekle1965a [distribution, host: 1-2]; Dekle1965c [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 13, 114]; Dekle1976 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 132]; DeLott1967a [distribution, host: 117]; DeSant1979 [biological control: 252]; DeSilv1961 [biological control, distribution: 121]; Dumble1954 [distribution, host: 45, 112]; Ebelin1959 [distribution, economic importance, host: 227, 250, 273, 279,]; FDACSB1983 [distribution, host: 7]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 240, 241]; Fernan1972 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 13-14]; Ferris1942 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: SIV-407, SIV-446:60]; FerrisRa1947 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 26, 28, 29, 36, 37,]; Figuer1946 [p. 215]; Figuer1952 [distribution: 210]; Foldi1988 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 86]; Fulmek1943 [biological control, distribution: 35]; GangulGh1964 [distribution, host: 359]; Garcia1930 [distribution, host: 70]; Germai2008 [distribution: 77-87]; GermaiAtBa2008 [distribution: 129-135]; GermaiVaMa2010 [distribution: 127]; GersonSc1981 [biological control, economic importance: 201]; GhaniMu1974 [biological control, distribution, host: 63]; Gill1997 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 230, 233-234]; GonzalAt1984 [distribution, host: 214, 221]; Gordon1978 [p. 206]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 631]; GreathPo1977 [biological control, distribution: 268]; Green1908a [p. 39]; Green1928a [distribution, host: 31]; Green1934d [pp. 112-113]; GreveIs1983 [distribution, economic importance: 109]; Hadzib1983 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 185-186, 275]; Hall1946a [distribution, taxonomy: 529, 550]; HayatAlAg1975 [biological control, distribution, host: 79]; HertinSi1972 [biological control, distribution: 189]; Heu2002 [distribution, host: 50]; HillNe1982 [distribution: 228]; Hinckl1963 [distribution, host: 55-56]; HodgsoHi1990 [distribution, host: 7]; HodgsoLa2011 [distribution, host: 26]; HowardOl1985 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 61-62]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 158]; HuangPo1998 [biological control: 1860]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy: 304]; Komosi1961 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 226-228]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 28]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 86]; Kuwana1902 [distribution, host: 75]; Kuwana1917a [distribution: 16]; Kuwana1926 [distribution, taxonomy: 36, 38, 40]; Leonar1914 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 193-195]; Leonar1933 [distribution: 106]; Lesche2000 [biological control: 919]; LincanHoCa2010 [distribution, host: 5]; Lindin1914 [taxonomy: 244]; Lindin1928 [structure: 107]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 143]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 551]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 371]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 128]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 149]; MacGil1921 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 341, 343, 344]; Mallam1954 [distribution: 115]; Mamet1936a [distribution, host: 153]; Mamet1943a [distribution, host: 166]; Mamet1948 [distribution, host: 25]; Mamet1949 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 47-48]; Mamet1951 [distribution, host: 229]; Mamet1954 [distribution, host: 20]; Mamet1954a [distribution, host: 264, 265]; Mamet1957 [distribution, host: 369, 377]; Mamet1959a [distribution, host: 384]; Mani1976 [biological control, distribution: 68]; Mansfi1920 [p. 147]; Marcha1909a [distribution, host: 587]; Marcha1909d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 177-178]; MartinLa2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 42]; MastenSi2008 [catalogue, distribution, host: 105-118]; Matile1977 [taxonomy: 151]; Matile1978 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 40, 56]; Matile1978a [taxonomy: 37]; Matile1984c [distribution, host: 222]; MatileOr2001 [distribution: 190]; Maxwel1902 [distribution, taxonomy: 251]; MayneGh1934 [distribution, host: 36]; McComb1986 [distribution, host: 69]; McDani1973 [taxonomy: 390]; McKenz1956 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 34, 151-153]; Mead1982 [distribution, host: 3]; Medler1980 [distribution: 89]; Merril1953 [distribution, host: 72]; MestreHaEv2011 [catalogue, distribution, host: 13]; MillarChMc2012 [host: 497]; Miller2005 [distribution: 488]; MillerDa1990 [economic importance, taxonomy: 304]; MillerDa2005 [description, distribution, host, economic importance: 344]; MiskimBo1970 [distribution, host: 31]; Moghad2004 [distribution, host: 29]; MorseNo2006 [phylogeny, taxonomy: 340]; Mosque1973 [description, distribution, host: 61]; Mosque1976 [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 59, 94]; Muraka1970 [distribution, host: 93]; MyartsRu2000 [biological control, distribution, host: 12, 25]; Myers1926 [distribution, host: 107]; Nakaha1981a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 403-404]; Nakaha1982 [distribution, host: 70-71]; Nakaha1983 [distribution, host: 14]; NakahaMi1981 [distribution, host: 35]; Newste1906a [taxonomy: 74]; Newste1907a [distribution: 10]; Newste1908b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 37]; Newste1917b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 133]; Nickel1979 [distribution: 61]; NikolsYa1966 [biological control, distribution: 199, 261]; Nishid2002 [catalogue: 142]; NormarJo2010 [ecology, host: 3]; OtanesBu1935 [economic importance: 168]; OtanesBu1939 [economic importance, host: 365]; Paik1978 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 375, 378-379]; PanisFeTo1974 [distribution, host: 24]; PellizDa1997 [distribution, host: 175]; PellizGe2010a [distribution, host: 504]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 215]; PerezGCa1985 [distribution: 317]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 351]; RamachRa1934 [distribution, host: 70]; Ramakr1937 [distribution, host: 146]; Reyne1961 [distribution, host: 167]; Reyne1964 [distribution, host: 99]; RileyHo1893 [p. 50]; Robins1917 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 38-39]; RosenDe1978 [biological control, distribution, host: 118-119]; RugmanMoSt2009 [DNA sequencing, economic importance, taxonomy: 1948-1953]; Ruhl1913 [biological control: 80]; Russo1929 [p. 3]; Samway1984 [biological control: 99]; Sander1909a [taxonomy: 49]; Sankar1984 [biological control, distribution, host: 35-36, 42]; Schmut1957b [taxonomy: 149]; Schmut1959 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 215, 218-220]; SchmutPiKl1978 [distribution, host: 330-331]; Seljak2008 [distribution, host: 121-127]; Shalab1961 [distribution, host: 216]; SilvadGoGa1968 [distribution, host: 178]; Simmon1924a [distribution, host: 61]; Simmon1957 [biological control, distribution, host: 5]; Simmon1969 [distribution, host: 21]; Suehir1960 [p. 292]; SuhJi2009 [distribution, illustration, taxonomy: 1039-1054]; SureshMo1996 [distribution, host: 257-258]; SzentI1959 [distribution, host: 426]; Takagi1961a [taxonomy: 71, 75]; Takagi1963c [taxonomy: 66, 68]; Takagi1969a [taxonomy: 24]; Takagi1970 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 108-110]; TakahaTa1956 [distribution, host: 11]; Tang1977 [taxonomy: 164]; Tang1986 [distribution, host, illustration: 298]; Tao1978 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 105-106]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 110]; TippinBe1970 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 11]; Varshn2002 [distribution, host: 72]; Vayssi1913 [distribution, host: 430]; Vayssi1930 [distribution, host: 404]; VelasqRi1969 [distribution, host: 196]; Vilard1974 [distribution, host: 73-75]; WalkerDe1979 [biological control, distribution, host: 76]; Watson2002 [taxonomy: 117]; Whitne1933 [distribution, host: 67]; Willia1977ML [distribution, host: 95]; WilliaBu1987 [distribution, host: 95]; WilliaWa1988 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 218]; WilliaWi1988 [distribution, host: 71]; Wilson1917 [distribution, host: 35]; Wolcot1948 [distribution, host: 178-179]; WolffCo1994 [pp. 131-133]; WoodruBeSk1998 [distribution, taxonomy: 108]; Yang1982 [taxonomy: 232]; YunusHo1980 [distribution, host: 35]; Yust1958 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 30, 55, 65]; YustCe1956 [distribution, host: 428]; Zacher1913 [economic importance: 224]; Zimmer1948 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 387, 390].
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