The Scale March 1998

Editor:
Dug Miller
Systematic Entomol. Lab.
Plant Sciences Institute
Agric. Res. Service, USDA
Building 005, Room 137
BARC-West, Beltsville, MD
20705-2350 USA
FAX 01 301-504-6482
dmiller@sel.barc.usda.gov

We have been forced to make some changes on the Systematic Entomomology Laboratory server and these changes require that the address (URL) of ScaleNet will also need to be changed. It will now be http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm. The change is an addition of "scalenet/" between "gov/" and "scalenet.htm". Sorry for any inconvenience that this will cause. Use of the old URL will take you to a message telling you where to look for ScaleNet.

The early stages of preparation for the Eighth International Symposium on Insect Studies are well in hand. This is taking place at Wye in South East England between the 31st August and

the 6th September 1998. The Third Circular has been sent to all those who had indicated an interest by replying to the Second Circular. The 3rd circular included information on accommodation (all of which will be in the village of Wye), and details regarding payment, registration fees, papers, posters and abstracts, and that no itinerary is currently being planned for non-participants (if I know sufficiently far in advance how many non-participants are going to attend, this may be changed). It also stresses that you should contact me as soon as possible if you need an invitation. The next circular giving precise instructions regarding manuscripts, travel and other details will be sent to you during April, 1998. I would very much like to hear from you all and will need firm commitments by about the end of July. If you have not received the Third Circular and would like further details about this meeting, please do not hesitate to contact me. Please use E-mail as far as possible.

Chris Hodgson, Environment Department, Wye College, (University of London), Wye, Ashford, Kent, TN25 5AH, UK. Tel. No. (+44) (0)1233 812401; Fax. No. (+44) (0)1233 812855. E-mail: c.hodgson@wye.ac.uk or l.sessions@wye.ac.uk

News From Around the World

Editors Note: If you would like to participate in this part of the Scale in 1999, please send an E-mail to Dug Miller at the address given above. If you are unable to use E-mail, a fax or snail mail message will be accepted. Please submit your contribution by January 15, 1999.

From Kay Chadfield, Turners & Growers International, Auckland, NZ.

I have recently changed my job, but am still working as a Quarantine Scientist. I am in the middle of setting up a quarantine laboratory and hope to be identifying my beloved scales and mealybugs hopefully in a month or two. I am getting definite withdrawal symptoms from not being in front of a microscope daily.

From Bill Howard, Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Ft. Lauderdale, USA.

Issue 1. I wanted to know more about the Halimococcidae. I am interested in knowing if the covering produced by this family incorporates the exuviae as suggested by Ferris, Dietz, and others or if it is without the exuviae as suggested by Kohler. If without, is this true of the entire family or just Colobopyga? [Editor's note- if you know the answer please contact Bill at fwhoward@icon.ftld.ufl.edu.]

Issue 2. Would you please mention our website. http://www.ftld.ufl.edu/cycad.htm. We post updates on what we are doing about Aulacaspis yasumatsui in Miami, show graphics of cycads infested with it, will have a graphic showing the mature female, etc.

From Ray Gill, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, USA.

I have not been too active in the area of scale insect research, but you might mention that my armored scale book was published this year. I have done some preliminary work towards getting the mealybug volume ready, but that project is on hold at the moment.

From Evelyna Danzig, Institute of Zoology, St. Petersburg, RUSSIA

My monograph on the mealybugs of Russia etc. continues and will be published in the series "The fauna of Russia and neighboring countries". I have finished the genera Trionymus, Puto, Balanococcus and the complex of species with oral-rim tubular ducts, which are included inAtrococcus and Spilococcus. Rather than waiting for the completion of the monograph, I have decided to publish some parts separately. Trionymus was published in Zoosystematica Rossica in December and Atrococcus and Spilococcus will appear in the spring in Entomol. Rev.

I also am working on identifying the scale insects collected in Vietnam by Sugonyaev and in Mexico by Trijapitzin and his wife. Last summer, thanks to Daniéle Matile-Ferrero and colleagues of Nat. Hist. Museum in Vienna, I was able to study the collection of V. Signoret. Afterwards, we had a very nice time in Italy thanks to the hospitality of Giuseppina Pellizari. We discussed many coccidological problems in Padova with Giuseppina and her postgraduate student Paolo Comporese and had interesting collecting excursions.

From Chris Hodgson, Environment Department, Wye College (University of London), Wye, Ashford, Kent, UK:

Perhaps the most significant point is that ISSIS VIII is taking place from the 31st August to the 6th September, 1998, at Wye College in Kent, UK. The Third Circular has been E-mailed, faxed or posted to all of you who had replied to the Second Circular. If any of you are interested but have not heard from me, please get in touch as soon as possible at the address below. If it is at all possible, please use E-mail. I am very keen to have workers with a wide range of interests in the general area of scale insects participate in this Symposium, and so please try and come and add your expertise to the discussions etc.

About six years ago, Yair Ben-Dov was invited to edit a book on soft scales for the World Crop Pests Series published by Elsevier Press. He generously asked me to be co-editor and we have been hard at it ever since! This book had a long gestation period but has now been published as two volumes and is described in more detail by Yair elsewhere in this volume. I would very much like to take this opportunity of thanking all of you who agreed to write chapters - I hope that you have found the finished product useful!

About four years ago I decided to revise the soft scales of New Zealand. Luckily, Rosa Henderson of Landcare Research, Auckland was also interested in revising this group and so it was decided to do it as a joint project. At the time, the New Zealand indigenous fauna was rather poorly known and was considered to be rather depauporate. It had last been studied by Maskell at the end of the last century and, as New Zealand was one of the earliest landmasses to have been budded off Gondwanaland, it was thought that the soft scale fauna might belong to some of the more primitive families. In my earlier redescription of the type species of all genera, the type species of Ctenochiton had shown considerable variation (suggesting that there might be several species involved), while Lecanochiton and Inglisia appeared to be most unusual genera. The fauna of New Zealand, therefore, seemed a worthwhile group to study, especially as the total number of known species was about 17, a number which was considered to be very manageable. However, much material had been collected since Maskell's time, particularly recently by Clare Morales and Rosa Henderson, and it has become clear that 17 is a gross underestimate and that New Zealand is quite speciose, with probably about 50 species by the time we complete our revision. It is also apparent that it is highly likely that all species (and perhaps all genera, including at least two new ones) are probably endemic. Inglisia is almost certainly a monotypic genus and all other species presently placed here will have to be moved. In addition, it is felt quite likely that few, if any, of those currently in Ctenochiton from elsewhere in the world are congeneric with the type species and they also will probably have to be transferred to other genera.

As far as it is possible, it is intended to describe all stages of all these species, including the adult males. Rosa has been assiduous in collecting adult males and we now have males of about half the known species. A paper on one of the new genera is nearly complete and should be published in 1998, while at least part of this study is expected to be published in the Fauna of New Zealand Series. I shall be spending 2 months in New Zealand in the early part of 1998 and Rosa and I hope to nearly complete this work while I am over there.

About 18 months ago Penny Gullan in Australia sent me an interesting soft scale from New South Wales. It was apparent that this was a new genus and new species. Further work by Penny showed that Platylecanium cappari (Froggatt) was congeneric and so we have a joint publication coming out early in 1998 covering these species. In addition, after my visit to New Zealand, I shall be spending a month in Canberra with Penny when Penny and I will be reviewing the soft scales of Australia with the view of eventually redescribing them. It is hoped to produce a series of publications on the Australian fauna, also covering as many stages as are available.

In 1997, Dug Miller sent some slides of an eriococcid from Nothofagus in Chile. It is a new genus and species but very close to Eriochiton (from New Zealand). A paper is being prepared, yet again emphasizing the extraordinary similarity of Chilean and New Zealand biotas.

From Yair Ben-Dov, Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, ISRAEL

The major project carried out in our laboratory is the development of a computerized database of information on the scale insects of the world. When finalized, it will provide data on the systematics, geographical distribution, host plants, biology, ecology and economic importance of the species in all the 21 families of scale insects, as well as a complete database of publications since 1758. It is a joint project with Dr. Douglass R. Miller , Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Beltsville Maryland 20705, USA, and with Dr. Gary Gibson, Biological Resources Division, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. The project is carried out at Bet Dagan by Ben-Dov and assisted by Ms. Viktoria Germam and by Ms. Yulia Bir. The project was funded by the United States - Israel, Binational Agricultural Research and Development (BARD) for the year 1995-1996, and extended for the years 1997-1999. The project was based initially on the computerized databases compiled by Yair Ben-Dov, and were published in the Coccidae and Pseudococcidae Catalogues in 1993 and 1994. These databases have been converted to the new database system named BASIS, upon which the whole project will be based. BASIS was developed by Gary Gibson. A series of queries were developed and placed on the Internet as ScaleNet (http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm). You are encouraged to surf into the ScaleNet site, browse it and make your queries. We look forward to receiving your comments. Currently, three families are available in ScaleNet, the Eriococcidae (developed by Dug Miller and Maren Gimpel), the Conchaspididae (developed by Yair Ben-Dov and Ms. Yulia Bir), and the original unedited version of the Coccidae (developed by Yair Ben-Dov). Here at Bet Dagan, we are working on 'polishing' and proper adjustment of the Coccidae and Pseudococcidae databases, after they were converted (by Gary Gibson and Jennifer Read) to BASIS. We expect to add these families to ScaleNet in the near future. We are also developing the database for the Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Beesoniidae, Carayonemidae, Dactylopiidae, part of the Diaspididae, and Lecanodiaspididae, which hopefully will be added to ScaleNet in due course.

In August 1990 I was invited by Prof. Maurice W. Sabelis, Editor-in-Chief of the World Crop Pests series published by Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, to edit the book "Soft Scale Insects - their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control". I was advised by Elsevier to suggest a co-editor. Immediately I asked Chris Hodgson (Wye College, University of London, Wye, UK) who happily and willingly accepted the invitation. Forty five of our colleagues kindly agreed to contributed their knowledge and expertise to the 57 sections of the book. The book was finally finished in January 1997, and is being published in two volumes. Volume 7A appeared in October 1997, and Volume 7B in December 1997. Volume 7A (452 pp.) contains 30 chapters on soft scale morphology, systematics, phylogeny, biology, physiology, ecology and techniques, while Volume 7B (442 pp.) contains 27 chapters covering their natural enemies (pathogens, predators and parasitoids) and economic importance on the more important agricultural crops. Both volumes have extensive indexes covering general index, Coccoidea taxa, natural enemies and host plants.

Daniéle Matile-Ferrero (Laboratoire d'Entomologie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France) and I are working on a taxonomic revision of the mealybugs of the Mediterranean basin. The fauna of this region comprise about 270 species belonging to some 67 genera.

From Tino Russo, Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, via Valdisavoia, Catania, ITALY

Scale insects research that is planned at the Institute of Agricultural Entomology, (Santi Longo, Gaetana Mazzeo and myself) for the next several years, is as follows: 1) taxonomy and faunistics of the scale insects in Sicily, particularly mealybugs and soft scales; 2) development of monitoring procedures for Planococcus citri in Italian citrus-groves; monitoring models forPlanococcus citri in citrus groves; evaluation of changes in population density after application of mass-trapping of mealybugs populations; use of kairomone to select exotic natural enemies to improve biological control, using pheromone from the same scale insect species; evaluation of the effect of inundative release of natural enemies on damage caused by the mealybug in citrus orchards (E.U. project together with colleagues of France, Israel, Spain and Portugal); 3) integrated control in citrus groves: biological control of mealybugs and armored scale, development of forecasting models of Aonidiella aurantii.

We recently completed a study on a major outbreak of the oak eriococcin in a northern red oak seed orchard where 49% of the 787 trees in the plantation were lightly to heavily infested. We are in the process of preparing a manuscript on the project at this time. We also are continuing our work on assessing the wings of male scale insects and the diversity of scale insects in Tennessee. We are still collecting dry or slide material of any male scale species . If anyone has material we could borrow, we would deeply appreciate looking at it.

Christof Stumpf continues to progress in his effort to described and illustrate the asterolecaniids of the Neotropical region. In addition, he is evaluating the biogeography and host range for the pit scales and has developed a cladistic analysis of the family members based on the external morphological characters of the adult females.

From Jan Koteja, Institute of Applied Zoology, Krakow, POLAND

Even electronically it would be difficult to send greetings to all Members of the Coccid Society; as its Secretary, please take my hearty wishes for Christmas and the coming New Year to all of them.

From Michael Kosztarab, Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA

My old-time dream came true last spring when the Annual Review of Entomology published the article on adaptations in scale insects, co-authored with Penny Gullan.

Most of my free time this year was spent in finalizing and overseeing the printing of my autobiography, Transylvanian Roots. Getting the 105 illustrations together, including ten home-made maps, as well as a 20-page subject index, took some effort, but I hope it was not in vain. So far, all the printed book reviews have been complimentary. Some coccidologists will discover their names in the index, as well as their 10- or 25-year old photographs, from a time when they looked even better than now.

My wife lured me to accompany her on a southern Iberian trip last April. So, for the first time, I had a chance to collect scales in Portugal and found at least one species new to their fauna.

Dug Miller transported most of my donated scale library to his office, and after selecting those items that were additions to the USDA/NMNH collection, he forwarded the rest to Paris Lambdin to complement his library. I had already given Paris my collection of coccidologists' photographs. Paris, to my delight, continues training future young coccidologists and has already attracted a number of international students/scientists to his laboratory.

Because I don't have a laboratory, but only a small office on the fifth floor of our building, I can no longer host visiting scientists or advise graduate students. Matilda has set up a computer in our home where I can now receive email messages at mkoszt@vt.edu.

Our scale insect collection included as part of an insect collection of over one million specimens, is housed in the Virginia Tech Natural History Museum building, and I am still serving as curator. No systematist has been hired in the last five years to take over this and other responsibilities.

We tried to get our last green research bulletin printed on the revision of Sphaerococcinae mealybugs. This was Dr. Harlan Hendricks' dissertation, my last Ph.D. student. Unfortunately our school will publish it only electronically. Therefore, no more scale insect bulletins are expected to be issued in paper form from our university. Harlan's dissertation is to be printed in Europe in the series Das Tierreich.

Karen Veilleux continues her scale literature project. She is working with Dug Miller, Yair Ben-Dov, and associates, on ScaleNet, the web catalog of worldwide scale insects. The list of recent literature included in this issue of the Scale, reflects the more current papers added to ScaleNet during this past year.

Coccidogists who received a questionnaire from me on the status of manpower in coccidology for their geographic area, are reminded to complete and return these to me. If you did not receive one, and would like to participate, please let me know. I am looking forward to seeing you and reporting on the status of manpower at the ISSIS-VIII in Wye, next September.

With best wishes for the New Year.

From Dug Miller and the Beltsville gang, Systematic Entomology Lab., Maryland, USA

Our primary project is ScaleNet and this project has been described in detail by Yair and won't be repeated here. For this project, Maren Gimpel is doing the majority of the work and has entered data information in the database for the Eriococcidae, Ortheziidae, Kermesidae, Halimococcidae, Cerococcidae, Phenacoleachidae, and Phoenicococcidae. We currently are in the process of revising the ScaleNet query software and updating and adding new families to the web site. This project is being done through a contract with Richard Carson and Associates. Gary Gibson and Jennifer Read of Agriculture Canada have developed and implemented a series of enhancements for the BASIS program. Karen Veilleux has entered an enormous amount of new bibliographic information that soon will be available through ScaleNet. Some of that data is part of this number of "The Scale." We currently are working on a manuscript on the Eriococcidae Catalog which will be the first major hard-copy product from the project. Other research that is in the process of being completed or is in press is a paper on gall forming mealybugs with Doug Williams, a paper on Ortheziola and a paper on Afrotropical Newsteadia with Ferenc Kozár, a paper on two South American eriococcids with Chris Hodgson, a biological study with Sridhar Polavarapu and John Davidson on Diaspidiotus ancylus, description of a new species of economic armored scale with John Davidson, continuation of the book on economic armored scales of the US, a paper on the current placement of the species previously considered to be in the genus Sphaerococcus, and redescription of an obscure eriococcid from South America with Doug Williams.

Participants of ISSIS-VIII

Autographed copies of two recent books: Scale Insects of Northeast North America and Transylvanian Roots will be available from Michael Kosztarab to participants of ISSIS-VIII who preordered these from him by May 15. Address: Michael Kosztarab, 614 Woodland Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA. Research bulletins on scale insect studies from Virginia Tech can also be preordered for personal delivery at Wye. For price information please contact Michael. He is giving a special discount.

Book Review by Karen Veilleux:

The Autobiography of a Favorite Colleague

Transylvanian Roots: The True Life Adventures of a Hungarian American by Michael Kosztarab. Illustrated by Zoltán Albert. Blacksburg, VA: Pocahontas Press, 1997. 224 pp. (softcover).

Those of us who know and appreciate Michael Kosztarab understand that he has already accomplished a great deal in his life, both professionally and personally, and have no doubt of his capabilities. But the recent appearance of his autobiography reveals a new accomplishment: the ability to reflect and share his perspective on the ongoing history of his life. He accomplishes this in his energetic, matter-of-fact and persistently upbeat style.

Throughout the horrendous events of religious and ethnic persecution, invasions, toppled governments, and political upheavals surrounding his early years in tumultuous Transylvania, he manages not only to dream of a better life, but to hold onto his dream until he finds a way to make it come true. He treats us to the details of his life as a small child in Romania and Hungary, then as a young man moving through the unpredictable times of war-torn Eastern Europe. In those days he worked as a construction worker, floriculturist, extension horticulturist, entomologist, and professor, responding to whatever the situation allowed or required. We learn the harrowing story of his and his wife's escape from Communist Hungary, and the even more harrowing story of how he arranged for his infant daughter to be smuggled across the border to join them. Later, as an immigrant to the New World, he maintained his optimistic outlook. On numerous occasions when others might have been overwhelmed by the odds against them, he managed to attract the help he needed to obtain a car, a job, an apartment and, eventually, to become successful in his career.

In the middle and later years of his professional career, he found the opportunity to travel to Asia, Australia, Costa Rica, Israel, Italy, Mexico, and Sri Lanka, where he increased his scale collection and shared his knowledge. His discussions in this part of the book reflect not only his increasing connections to the international community of entomological researchers but also his growing contributions to the creation and strengthening of that community, through his participation in conferences and face-to-face meetings with other members. On a personal level, too, it is obvious to the reader that Michael has never forgotten those who have assisted him along the way, reciprocating when he had the opportunity and supporting other newcomers to his profession or community.

Another recurring theme is Michael's continuing love for his homeland and the people with whom he spent his early years. Although displaced long ago, he has returned repeatedly to visit family, friends and reconnect with his ethnic heritage. His book offers descriptions of these return visits to Transylvania, and are a treat for those of us for whom this region is an unknown mystery.

"Transylvanian Roots" serves as an inspiration and education to those of us in earlier stages of our careers and lives, as well as an opportunity to reflect upon fragments of our own histories, provoked by Michael's recounting of his.

RECENT LITERATURE

[Editor's note: As usual, Karen has done a wonderful job of searching, recording, and abstracting the literature on the Coccoidea. She is very careful and exacting and deserves special thanks from the scale insect community for her dedication to this task.]

Abou-Elkhair, S.S., Abou-Elkhair, K.S., Elsettawy, A.A. & Sami, M. 1997. Effect of potassium and va-mycorrhizae on the infestation by the soft scale insect (Pulvinaria psidii Mask) and growth of Schinus terebenthifolius seedlings. Proceedings of the XI World Forestry Congress 1: 205.

Almeida, L.M. & Carvalho, R.C.Z. 1996. A new species of Ayza Mulsant from Brazil (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) feeding on Pulvinaria paranaensis Hempel (Homoptera, Coccidae) on Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 13: 643-645.

Notes: This new species found feeding voraciously on Pulvinaria paranaensis from Ilex paraguariensis, an important crop in southern Brazil; several other scales are also hosts of Azya.

Almeida, L.M. de & Vitorino, M.D. 1997. A new species of Hyperaspis Redtenbacher (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and notes about the life habits. Coleopterists Bulletin 51: 213-216.

Notes: Hyperaspis delicata sp. nov. from Brazil, is described and illustrated. Brief biological notes are given. Larvae of H. delicata sp. nov. feed on Eriococcidae inside galls of Psidium cattleianum where they finish development. Adults emerge from the gall through a small hole.

Amin, A.H. & Emam, A.K. 1996. Relative susceptibility of three grape vine varieties to infestation with Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). Ann. Agricultural Science 41: 493-500.

Notes: Eight morpho-histological characters were used to evaluate the relative susceptibility of 3 grapevine varieties to infestation by M. hirsutus.

Barbier, R., Le Lannic, J. & Brun, J. 1996. [Sensory receptors of maxillary palps of adult aphidiphagous, coccidiphagous and phytophagous coccinellids.] Récepteurs sensoriels des palpes maxillaires de Coccinellidae adultes aphidiphages, coccidiphages et phytophages. (In French with summary in English). Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 12: 255-268.

Bastien, Y 1997. [A discussion of silvicultural treatments of beech in open, mixed high stands.] Pour l'education du hêtre en futaie claire et melangee. (In French). Revue Forestière Française 49: 49-68.

Notes: Many beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests in France are currently dense, even-aged, monospecific stands which lead to (1) poor ecological health - e.g., susceptibility to wind damage, pathogenic fungi and insect pests such as Cryptococcus sp., beech scale; and (2) poor economic return.

Battaglia, D., Tranfaglia, A., Franco, J.C. & Carvalho, C.J. 1997. Leptomastix dactylopiiHoward (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) fecundity and innate capacity for increase under the laboratory controlled conditions. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri'. Portici 52: 3-11.

Notes: L. dactylopii is an effective biological control agent of Planococcus citri found on citrus and ornamental plants.

Beardsley, J.W. 1997. 1.3.2 Gall formation. Pp. 337-338. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Gall-forming species have been described in eight major families of Coccoidea; of the more than 160 species of obligatory gallicolus Coccoidea, only Cissococcus fulleri produces plant galls.

Beardsley, J.W. 1997a. Hawaiian Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera): A group that Perkins missed. Pacific Science 51(4): 377-379.

Notes: Among the 16 or so recognized families of Coccoidea, only Pseudococcidae and the small, specialized Halimococcidae are represented in the endemic Hawaiian fauna. Why other large coccoid families failed to establish there is unknown. The endemic Pseudococcidae of Hawai'i currently include 31 described species in 13 genera. Ten genera are endemic. Around 40 undescribed endemic mealybug species belonging to both described and undescribed genera also are known.

Ben-Dov, Y. 1997. Chapter 1.1. Morphology, systematics and phylogeny. 1.1.1 diagnosis. Pp. 3-4. in: Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam and New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Definition and general characteristics of the Coccidae family; word translated into six languages.

Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J. 1997. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Part of series: World Crop Pests, 7A. This volume covers morphology of adult female, male, immature stages, the male test, internal anatomy of adult female, and ultrastructure of integumentary glands; also, taxonomic characters of the adult female, adult male, nymphs, classification of coccidae and related coccoid families, intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters, zoogeographical considerations and status of knowledge of the family, and phylogeny; biological information includes general life history, embryonic development; oviparity and viviparity, endosymbionts, morphology and anatomy of honeydew eliminating organs, and sooty moulds; discussion on soft scales as beneficial insects; ecological discussions on effects on host plants, gall formation, crawler behaviour and dispersal, seasonal history and diapause, relationships with ants, and encapsulation of parasitoids; techniques discussed cover collecting and mounting, and laboratory and mass rearing; includes index to Coccoidea taxa, index to names of pathogens, predators and parasitoids, and index to names of plants.

Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J. 1997a. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp.

Notes: Part of series: World Crop Pests, 7B. This volume covers entomopathogenic fungi, Cocinellidae and other Coleoptera, Cecidomyiidae and other Diptera, Encyrtidae, and Aphelinidae as natural enemies of Coccidae, economic importance of Coccidae, insect development and reproductive disrupters, biological control, coccid pests of citrus, olive, avocado, mango, guava, persimmon, other subtropical fruit trees, deciduous fruit trees, grapevine, sugarcane and bamboo, coniferous forest trees, deciduous forest trees, ornamental and house plants, coffee, cocoa, tea, coconut and rubber.

Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J. 1997b. 1.4 Techniques. 1.4.1 Collecting and mounting. Pp. 389-395. in: Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Detailed suggested techniques for preservation, storage, remounting old slides, and mounting and staining of adult males.

Ben-Dov, Y., Hodgson, C.J. & Miller, D.R. 1997. Changes and comments on the taxonomy and nomenclature of some taxa in the families Coccidae, Eriococcidae and Pseudococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Phytoparasitica 25: 199-206.

Notes: Catalogues of soft scale insects (Coccidae), felt scales (Eriococcidae) and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) are being placed on the World Wide Web; this article validates several taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in taxa referring to:Cardiococcus major, new comb. and change of rank, Ceronema iceryoides, Ceronema koebeli, Eulecanium tiliae, Maacoccus, Neoplatylecanium tripartitum, Neosaissetia, Parthenolecanium persicae, Podoparalecanium, Saccharipulvinaria, Taiwansaissetia, Toumeyella pini, Udinia lamborni, Apezococcus idiastes, Eriochiton spinosus, Lenania africana, new comb., Phenacoccus halli andPseudococcus pipturicolus.

Bermuda, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries 1997. Unwelcome visitors to the island at Christmas. Monthly Bulletin (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries & Parks, Bermuda) 68: 8 pp.

Notes: Species mentioned include Chionaspis pinifoliae.

Bertschy, C., Turlings, T.C.J.; Bellotti, A.C.; Dorn, S. 1997. Chemically-mediated attraction of three parasitoid species to mealybug-infested cassava leaves. Florida Entomologist 80: 383-395.

Notes: We investigated whether cassava plants that are infested by the cassava mealybug,Phenacoccus herreni (Pseudococcidae, Sternorrhyncha), emit attractants for the encyrtid parasitoids Aenasius vexans, Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) diversicornis, and Acerophagus coccois. Bioassays with a Y-tube olfactometer showed for all three species that female wasps were most responsive and selective when they were 1.5 to 2.5 days old. Females of these age groups were used to test their ability to distinguish between the odor of plants with and without mealybugs. The wasps were offered choices between infested cassava leaves vs. healthy ones, infested leaves vs. clean air, and healthy leaves vs. clean air. A. vexans and A. diversicorniswere strongly attracted to infested leaves and preferred these over healthy ones. In contrast, A. coccois was significantly attracted to either healthy or infested leaves, and did not distinguish between the two. The results suggest that A. coccois, which has the broadest known host range of the three, may be responsive only to general plant odors, while A. vexans and A. diversicornis respond more specifically to odors associated with mealybug infestation.

Bhattacharya, A., Sharma, K.K., Sushil, S.N., Jaiswal, A.K. & Mishra, Y.D. 1996.Paecilomyces sp. on lac insect predator, Eublemma amabilis Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a first record. Insect Environment 2: 57-58.

Notes: During an extensive survey in Bihar, India, during the rainy season of 1995, larvae of Eublemma amabilis a serious predator of Kerria lacca, were observed to be infected by Paecilomyces sp.

Bhuiya,B.A., Chowdhury, S.H. & Kabir, S.M.H. 1997. An annotated list of chalcidoid parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of Coccoidea (Homoptera) on guava in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 25: 53-63.

Notes: 41 species of parasitoids from 22 genera and 5 families (Encyrtidae, Aphelinidae, Eulophidae and Mymaridae) belonging to the superfamily Chalcidoidea were collected and identified from coccoid hosts infesting guava in Bangladesh. Of them, 28 species are new records from Bangladesh. The species include two new to science and descriptions of two new species are being prepared for publication elsewhere. Worldwide distribution, brief notes on biology and possible utilization in biological control of some species are also discussed.

Blumberg, D. 1997. Parasitoid encapsulation as a defense mechanism in the Coccoidea (Homoptera) and its importance in biological control. Biological Control 8: 225-236.

Notes: Coccidae, Pseudococcidae and Diaspididae and their parasitoids (with references to literature documenting them) include Ceroplastes floridensis, Coccus capparidis, C. hesperidum, C. pseudomagnoliarum, C. viridis, Parasaissetia nigra, Milviscutulus mangiferae, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pulvinaria urbicola, Saissetia coffeae, S. oleae, Pseudococcus calceolariae gahani, P. longispinus, P. maritimus, P. cryptus, Planococcus citri, P. vovae, P. ficus, Phenacoccus gossypii, P. solani, P. manihoti, P. herreni and Aonidiella aurantii.

Blumberg, D. 1997a. 1.3.6 Encapsulation of parasitoids. Pp. 375-387. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Discussion of factors affecting encapsulation incidence; effect of host age, host strain, host's physiological condition, superparasitism, and the host plant; host species include Ceroplastes floridensis, Coccus hesperidum, Parasaissetia nigra, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pulvinaria urbicola, Milviscutulus mangiferae, Saissetia coffeae and S. oleae.

Blumberg, D., Gross, S., Steinberg, S., Carvalho, C.J., Franco, J.C. & Mendel, Z. 1997. Biological control of the citrus mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in outdoor crops - still a challenge. 11th International Entomophagous Insects Workshop

Notes: Conference held on July 12-16, 1997 in Madison, Wisconsin; more than 60 species of natural enemies were recorded from Planococcus citri; discussion of reasons for inefficient control by these enemies.

Blumberg, D., Wysoki, M. & Hadar, D. 1996. Parasitoid encapsulation as an obstacle for successful biological control of the pyriform scale, Protopulvinaria pyriformis in avocado. World Avocado Congress III: 53.

Notes: Conference held Oct. 22-27, 1995 in Tel Aviv, Israel; rates of encapsulation of eggs of Metaphycus stanleyi under both greenhouse and field conditions; seasonal variation; variation according to ambient temperature; variation according to host plant.

Borowka, R., Hummel, H.E. & Neuenschwander, P. 1996. Impact of various biological control agents directed against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hom., Pseudococcidae) under conditions favouring high pest infestations in Malawi. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent 61(3B): 1019-1024.

Notes: Biological control of this mealybug primarily by exotic wasp Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi; other enemies include Exochomus troberti and Diomus hennesseyi.

Brink, D.T. 1997. A parasitic wasp without a name. Neltropika Bulletin No. 296S: 34.

Notes: A parasitoid of Cribrolecanium andersoni was identified as Neastymachus dispar.

CAB International. 1996. Aonidiella aurantii. Distributions Maps of Pests, Series A, Agricultural Map no. 2 (rev.): 5 pp.

Notes: Published in the U.K. by the International Institute of Entomology, an agency of CAB International; Map showing distribution of this sp. worldwide; countries listed with references to records; host plants include Citrus spp., various deciduous fruit trees, wide range of shrubs and palms.

CAB International. 1996a. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona. Distribution Maps of Pests, Series A, Agricultural Map no. 58 (2nd rev.): 5 pp.

Notes: Published in the U.K. by the International Institute of Entomology, an agency of CAB International; map showing distribution of this sp. worldwide; countries listed with references to records; polyphagous pest; hosts include peaches, apricots, kiwifruits, mulberries, various fruit trees and ornamentals.

CAB International 1997. Maconellicoccus hirsutus. Distribution Maps of Pests, Series A, Agricultural Map no. 100, (2nd rev.): 2 pp.

Notes: Published in the U.K. by the International Institute of Entomology, an agency of CAB International; map showing distribution of this sp. worldwide; countries listed with references to records; pest of cotton, Hibiscus spp., Boehmeria, mulberry (Morus spp.,), jute (Corchorus spp.), and grapevine (Vitis spp.).

CAB International 1997a. Aonidiella citrina. Distribution Maps of Pests, Series A, Agricultural Map no. 349 (1st rev.): 2 pp.

Campbell, C.A.M. 1997. 3.3.15 Cocoa Pp. 381-385. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp.

Notes: Coccid pests recorded on cocoa include Anthococcus keravatae, Ceroplastes destructor, C. floridensis, C. quadrilineatus, C. lamborni, C. theobromae, C. toddaliae, Ceroplastodes bahiensis, C. metzeri, Coccus hesperidum, C. longulus, C. viridis, Cribrolecanium andersoni, Drepanococcus chiton, D. virescens, Etiennea cacao, E. gouligouli, Eucalymnatus tessellatus, Hemilecanium theobromae, Inglisia theobromae, Lagosinia aristolochiae, Millericoccus costalimai, Parasaissetia nigra, Philiphedra broadwayi, Pulvinaria cacao, Pulvinarisca jacksoni, Saissetia hurae, Udinia catori, U. farquharsoni andVitrococcus conchiformis; geographic distribution; ecology.

Canar Carnegie, A.J.M. 1997. 3.3.10 Sugarcane and bamboo. Pp. 333-341. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp.

Notes: Notes on significant pests, Saccharipulvinaria iceryi, S. elongata, S. saccharia, Coccus guerinii and Saccharolecanium krugeri; other scales recorded on sugarcane and bamboo listed in tables; host plants; distribution; references.

Chakravarthy, A.K., Shivanandam, V.N. & Venkatesh. 1996. Insects associated with an introduced oilseed tree in Bangalore, Karnataka, South India. Insect Environment 2: 67.

Notes: Unspecified mealybugs, among other insects, were found on this host, Simarouba glauca.

Chakupurakal, J., Markham, R.H., Neuenschwander, P., Sakala, M., Malambo, C., Mulwanda, D., Banda, E., Chalabesa, A., Bird, T. & Haug, T. 1996. Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zambia. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Research Highlights Report No. 12: 19-25.

Notes: The impact of biological control programs for the control of this species in Zambia; during 1984-89, a total of 54 releases of natural enemies made;Epidinocarsis lopezi (Apoanagyrus lopezi) was the only one that became established.

Chua, T.H. 1997. 3.3.17 Coconut. Pp. 393-394. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp.

Notes: Coccid species recorded on coconut include Ceroplastes actiniformis, C. rubens, C. rusci, Coccus acutissimus, C. discrepans, C. hesperidum, C. longulus, C. viridis, Eucalymnatus tessellatus, Milviscutulus mangiferae, M. pilosus, Neosaissetia triangularum, Paralecanium cocophyllae, P. milleri, Parasaissetia nigra, Platylecanium cocotis, Saissetia coffeae, S. lutea, S. miranda, S. zanzibarensis and Vinsonia stellifera.

Chua, T.H. 1997a. 3.3.18 Rubber. Pp. 395-399. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp.

Notes: Coccid pests recorded on rubber in Malaysia include Megapulvinaria maxima, Parasaissetia nigra, Lepidosaphes cocculi, Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Chionaspis dilatata, Planococcus citri, Ferrisia virgata, Tachardia sp., Laccifer greeni andIcerya sp.; natural enemies and control.

Cividanes, F.J. & Gutierrez, A.P. 1996. Modeling the age-specific per capita growth and reproduction of Rhizobius lophanthae (Col. Coccinellidae). Entomophaga 41: 257-266.

Notes: A per capita model for the growth, development and reproduction of the coccinellid predator Rhizobius lophanthae (Blaisd) feeding on the oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii Bouche (Homoptera: Diaspididae)) was developed.

Coffee Research Foundation, Entomology Section 1996. Technical Circular No. 62. Control of fried egg scale (Aspidiotus sp.) and cottony scale (Icerya pattersoni Newts) in coffee (revised 1996). Kenya Coffee 61: 2175-2176.

Notes: Incidence and symptoms of attack; biology; natural enemies; chemical control recommendations.

Conway, J.R. 1997. Foraging activity, trails, food sources and predators of Formica obscuripes Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at high altitude in Colorado. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 73: 172-183.

Notes: Formica obscuripes was studied at high altitude in Colorado by marking workers and flagging trails. Seventeen mounds had trails going to a Douglas fir tree (Pseudotsuga sp.). Ants also tended treehoppers (Membracidae), scale insects (Coccidae), mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) and galls on plants.

Csoka, G. 1997. Increased insect damage in Hungarian forests under drought impact. Biologia (Bratislava) 52: 159-162.

Cui, S.Y., Zhao, Y.M. & Qi, Z.G. 1997. Study on persimmon scales and its control. (In Chinese). Forest Research 10: 514-518.

Notes: 6 species of persimmon scales are found in the suburbs of Shijiazhuang City:Eriococcus kaki, Eupulvinaria citricola, Paraceroslegia japonica, Ceroplastes ceriferus, Drosicha cerpleata, Parthenolecanium persicae. E. kaki and E. citricalaare dominant, the latter is newly recorded in China; study of the life cycle of the scales; best control period determined; discussion of utilization of natural enemies.

Danzig, E.M. 1996. New species of Coccinea and Aleyrodinea (Homoptera) in the fauna of Vietnam. Entomological Review 75: 131-140.

Notes: 15 species of scale insects listed are new to Vietnam. New localities are recorded for 14 species already known. Diaspis exporosus is described as new species. Species listed include Drosicha maskelli, D. mangiferae, Xylococcus japonicus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Planococcus citri, P. lilacinus, P. minor, Pseudococcus cryptus, Acanthococcus bambusae, Ceroplastes ceriferus, C. floridensis, C. pseudoceriferus, C. rubens, Coccus celatus, C. formicarii, C. hesperidum, Eucalymnatus tesselatus, Maacoccus bicruciatus, Megalocryptes bambusicola, Pulvinaria psidii, Saissetia coffeae, S. neglecta, S. nigra, Achionaspis hainanensis, Aspidiotus destructor, Neoguernaspis takagii, Lepidosaphes euryae, Odonaspis secreta and Pseudalacaspis cockerelli.

Danzig, E.M. 1997. 1.1.3.5 Intraspecific variation of taxonomic characters. Pp. 203-212. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Discussion of variability of morphological characters, reproduction, and seasonal development in Parthenolecanium corni; intraspecific variability in populations of the cottony vine scale, Pulvinaria vitis; other species mentioned includeChloropulvinaria floccifera, Coccus hesperidum, C. pseudomagnoliarum, Eulecanium douglasi, Eulecanium franconicum, E. paucispinosum, E. tiliae, Eupulvinaria peregrina, Lecanium corni var. robiniarum, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Parthenolecanium corni orientalis, P. persicae, P. quercifex, P. pruinosum, P. cerasifex, P. putmani, P. corni apuliae, Pulvinaria crassispina, P. vitis andSaissetia coffeae.

Danzig, E.M. 1997a. Species of the genus Trionymus from Russia and neighbouring countries (Homoptera, Coccinea: Pseudococcidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 6: 95-114.

Notes: Key and annotated list of 26 species of Trionymus presented; 10 little know species redescribed and illustrated; host plants; distributions; T. aberrans, T. isfarensis, T. implicatus, T. kirgisicus, T. hamberdi, T. kurilensis, T. boratynskii, T. ferganensis, T. mongolicus, T. clamagrostidis, T. placatus, T. perrisii, T. phalaridis, T. tomlini, T. vaginatus, T. multisetiger, T. iridis, T. multivorus, T. newsteadi, T. artemisiarum, T. levis, T. turgidus, T. parvaster, T. dilatatus, T. copiosus and T. subterraneus.

Danzig, E.M. & Miller, D.R. 1996. A systematic revision of the mealybug genus Trabutina(Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 30: 7-46.

Notes: The genus Trabutina includes five species: T. crassispinosa, T. elastica, T. mannipara, T. serpentina and T. tenax; all occur in arid zones of the Palearctic and are restricted to Tamarix; distributions; new synonymy; recomendations for biological control of Tamarix.

Darvas, B. 1997. 3.2.1 Insect development and reproduction disrupters. Pp. 165-182. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp.

Notes: Discusses neurotoxic zoocides, insect behaviour-modifying chemicals, insect development and reproduction disrupters (IDRDs) and chemical interfering with hormonal regulation; scale species demonstrating lethal effects of these techniques include Ceroplastes ceriferus, C. floridensis, C. japonicus, Coccus hesperidum, Parthenolecanium corni, Physokermes inopinatus, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Saissetia coffeae, S. oleae and Sphaerolecanium prunastri.

DeLoach, C.J., Gerlind, D., Fornasari, L., Sobhian, R., Myartseva, S., Mityaev, I.D., Lu, Q.G., Tracy, J.L., Wang, R., Wang, J.F., Kirk, A., et al 1996. Biological control programme against saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in the United States of America: Progress and problems. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 19-26 January 1996. 253-260.

Notes: Additional authors: Pemberton, R.W., Chikatunov, V., Jashenko, R.V., Johnson, J.E., Zheng, H., Jiang, S.L., Liu, M.T., Liu, A.P. & Cisneroz, J. Invading saltcedar (Tamarix romosissima (T. chinensis)) from central Asia has become the most damaging weed of native riparian ecosystems of the western USA. Trabutina mannipara has been imported from Israel and is awaiting approval for release on this weed to evaluate possible biological control.

Dejean, A. & Matile-Ferrero, D. 1996. How a ground-dwelling forest ant species favors the proliferation of an endemic scale insect (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Homoptera: Stictococcidae). Sociobiology 28: 183-195.

Notes: Anoplolepis tenella has been found to be a pest permitting the dissemination ofStictococcus vayssierei in manioc fields in southern Cameroon, especially when forest litter is not destroyed.

Delalibera, J.I., Humber, R.A., Bento, J.M.S. & Matos, A.P.D. 1997. First record of the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites fumosa on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus herreni. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 69: 276-278.

Notes: Study of N. fumosa as a potentially significant biocontrol agent of P. herreni; infection levels, size of hyphal bodies, etc.

Dhileepan, K. 1996. Parasitoids and predators of insects associated with oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in India. Elaeis 8: 64-74.

Notes: Survey of oil palm nurseries and plantations in India; 57 species of natural enemies of insects were recorded; these included 24 species of parasitoids, 17 species of predatory insects and 16 species of spiders (Araneae); the role of these parasitoids and predators in naturally suppressing populations of limacodids, psychids and diaspids is highlighted; scale insects recorded as hosts include Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Asidiotus destructor, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Hemiberlesia palmae, H. lataniae, Dysmicoccus brevipes, Pseudococcus citriculus, Icerya aegyptiaca, I. formicarum, I. menoni, I. seychellarum, Coccus accutissimus, C. hesperidum, Eucalymnatus tessellatus and Ceroplastes spp.

Dixon, A.F.G., Hemptinne, J.L. & Kindlmann, P. 1997. Effectiveness of ladybirds as biological control agents: patterns and processes. (In English with summary in French). Entomophaga 42: 71-83.

Notes: Aphidophagous species of ladybirds (Coccinellidae) have generally proved ineffective biocontrol agents, whereas many coccidophagous species have proved very effective, especially Rodolia cardinalis. Two hypotheses have been proposed to account for this pattern: the optimum food utilization/satiation hypothesis and the generation time ratio hypothesis. In this paper the extensive literature on ladybirds is used to test these hypotheses.

Dubeler, A., Voltmer, G., Gora, V., Lunderstadt, J. & Zeeck, A. 1997. Phenols from Fagus sylvatica and their role in defence against Cryptococcus fagisuga. Phytochemistry 45: 51-57.

Notes: In extracts of inner and outer bark of F. sylvatica, qualitative dependence of the phenolic composition on infection with Cryptococcus fagisuga feeding in the parenchyma tissue was observed; seven major compounds were isolated and their structures completely assigned; changes observed in concentrations of these compounds after attack by this beech scale.

Duncan, R.W. 1996. Common insects damaging junipers, cedars and cypresses in British Columbia. Forest Pest Leaflet (Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service) 1996e(70): 8 pp.

Dunkelblum, E., Mendel, Z., Gries, G., Gries, R., Zegelman, L., Hassner, A. and Mori, K. 1996. Antennal response and field attraction of the predator Elatophilus hebraicus(Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) to sex pheromones and analogues of three Matsucoccus spp. (Homoptera: Matsucoccidae). Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 4: 489-494.

Notes: Study of this predator's close association with Matsucoccus josephi, which utilizes the M. josephi sex pheromone as a kairomone; role of M. feytaudi and M. matsumurae also examined.

Dymock, J.J. & Holder, P.W. 1996. Nationwide survey of arthropods and molluscs on cut flowers in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 24: 249-257.

Easwaramoorthy, S., David, H. & Gai, K.S. 1996. Studies on Botryoideclava bharatiya Subba Rao, a parasite of sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis glomerata (Green). Entomon 21: 55-64.

Notes: Biology, life cycle, reproduction, and host selection of this gregarious ectoparasite of M. glomerata.

Ehnstrom, B. & Lundberg, S. 1997. [Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, a ladybird used for biological control in greenhouses in Sweden.] Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, en nyckelpiga som anvands for biologisk bekampning i vaxthus i Sverige. (In Swedish with summary in English). Entomologisk Tidskrift. Stockholm 118: 59-60.

Notes: A specimen of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri was found outside a greenhouse in the Botanical Garden of Uppsala, Sweden on 18 July 1993 and 21 July 1996. The species is registered for biological control in Sweden, and it had been used against Coccoidea in one of the greenhouses. Hippodamia convergens has also been introduced and tested for biological control in some greenhouses in Sweden. It is used in several European countries, including Denmark.

Elder, R. J., Gultzow, D., Smith, D. & Bell, K.L. 1997. Oviposition by Comperiella lemniscataCompere and Annecke (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Australian Journal of Entomology 36(3):299-301.

Notes: Both sexes of oriental scale, Aonidiella orientalis, were exposed to the parasitoidComperiella lemniscata at the beginning of the first, second and third female instars. The parasitoid successfully oviposited and developed in second- and third-instar female scales, but male scales were used as hosts only in their second instar and at low levels. When given a choice, C. lemniscata oviposited only in third-instar female scales.

Erkiliç, L. & Uygun, N. 1997. Studies on the effects of some pesticides on white peach scale,Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.-Tozz.) (Homoptera: Diaspidiae) and its side-effects on two common scale insect predators. Crop Protection 16: 69-72.

Notes: Chilocorus bipustulatus and Cybocephalus fodori minor were predators observed.

Erkiliç, L.B. & Uygun, N. 1997. Development time and fecundity of the white peach scale,Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, in Turkey. Phytoparasitica 25: 9-16.

Notes: Worldwide, polyphagous scale; widely distributed in Turkey; pest of peach trees; biology; temperature effects.

Erler, F., Kozár, F. & Tunç, I. 1996. A preliminary study on the armoured scale insect (Homoptera, Coccoidea: Diaspididae) fauna of Antalya. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 31: 53-59.

Notes: 29 species found in this West Mediterranean province of Turkey; four of them new to Turkish fauna: Aonidia mediterranea, Neochionaspis asiatica, Lepidosaphes granati and Targionia nigra.

Evans, H.C. & Hywel-Jones, N.L. 1997. 2.1 Entomopathogenic fungi. Pp. 3-27. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp.

Notes: Coccidae hosts mentioned include Ceroplastes floridensis, Lecanium hesperidum (=Coccus hesperidum), Dialeurodes citri, Lecanium viride (=Coccus viridis), Saissetia coffeae, Vinsonia stellifera, Eucalymnatus tessellatus, Marsipicoccus marsupialis, Parasaissetia nigra, Pulvinaria sp., Chloropulvinaria psidii, Paralecanium expansum, Ceroplastes floridensis, C. sinensis, Milviscutulus mangiferae, Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi, Eulecanium tiliae, Ctenochiton viridis, Megalocryptes bambusicola, Toumeyella liriodendri, Parthenolecanium persicae and P. rufulum.

Evans, G.A. & Pedata, P.A. 1997. Parasitoids of Comstockiella sabalis (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in Florida and description of a new species of the genus Coccobius (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Florida Entomologist 80: 328-334.

Notes: Coccobius donatellae Pedata and Evans, spec. nov. is described and illustrated from specimens reared from Comstockiella sabalis on palmetto palm (Sabal palmetto) in Florida. Coccobius donatellae is the most common parasitoid that attacks this host in Florida and is believed to be the same species reported in the literature as Physcus sp. that was introduced into Bermuda from Florida in the 1920's. Evidence suggests that earlier reports of Encarsia portoricensis (Howard) as a parasitoid of the palmetto scale are based on erroneous identifications of what were probably Coccobius donatellae males. Recent collections in Florida confirmAphytis diaspidis (Howard), reported previously as Aphytis fuscipennis, andEncarsia citrina (Craw) as parasitoids of C. sabalis. Intraspecific variation occurring in C. donatellae and in Coccobius testaceus (Masi), is discussed.

Fernandez, M., Val, I., Proenza, M.A., Mesa, D. & Burgos, T. 1996. [Some causes for mortality of Pinnaspis strachani Cooley (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on grapefruit crops in the Isla de la Juventud. Part I.] Algunas de las causas de muerte de Pinnaspis strachani Cooley en el cultivo de toronja en Isla de la Juventud. (In Spanish with summary in English). Revista de Protección Vegetal 11: 91-94.

Notes: In a field of the Patria district in Isla de la Juventud, Cuba, 10 grapefruit cv. Ruby Red plants were sampled randomly to analyse the damage caused by Pinnaspis strachani. The results showed that Cheletogenes ornatus caused 37% mortality in crawlers. Parasitoids caused a 22 and 0.40% mortality in females and males, resp. The indiscriminant use of pesticides in 1990 and 1992 affected the development of natural enemies.

Fernando, L.C.P. & Walter, G.H. 1997. Species status of two host-associated populations ofAphytis lingnanensis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in citrus. Bulletin of Entomological Research 87: 137-144.

Fjelddalen, J. 1996. [Scale insects (Coccinea, Hom.) in Norway.] Skjoldlus (Coccinea, Hom.) i Norge. (In Norwegian). Insekt-Nytt 21: 4-24.

Notes: Species reviewed include Arctorthezia cataphracta, Atrococcus paludinus, Phenacoccus aceris, P. piceae, Spinococcus calluneti, Planococcus citri, Pseudococcus viburni, Rhizoecus cacticans, Geococcus coffeae, Eriopeltis lichtensteini, Eulecanium sericeum, E. tiliae, Parthenolecanium corni, P. pomeranicum, Pulvinaria betulae, Chloropulvinaria floccifera, Coccus hesperidum, Saissetia coffeae, Pseudochermes fraxini, Gossyparia spuria, Asterodiaspis variolosa, Aulacaspis rosae, Chionaspis salicis, Epidiaspis leperii, Lepidosaphes newsteadi, L. ulmi, Leucaspis loewi, L. pini, Nuculaspis abietis, Aspidiotus nerii, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, C. aonidum, Dynaspidiotus britannicus, Hemiberlesia rapax, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona and Pinnaspis aspidistrae.

Foldi, I. 1997. Defense strategies in scale insects: phylogenetic inference and evolutionary scenarios (Hemiptera, Coccoidea). (In English with summary in French). Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (N.S.) Serie A, Zoologie 173: 203-230.

Notes: The sedentary plant-parasitic habit of scale insects increases their vulnerability to natural enemies and to adverse environmental factors; strategies for defense include 1. construction of protective structures from secretions and/or excretions; 2. behavioral adaptations to exploit host-plant afforded protection; 3. modifications of their life-cycle in response to environmental factors; and 4. modifications of the female body to provide protection for their progeny.

Foldi, I. 1997a. The Xylococcinae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae): Analysis of species characteristics and descriptions of a new genus. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 33: 185-195.

Notes: A new genus, Jansenus, gen. n. is described for a new species Jansenus burgeri, sp. n. collected under the bark of Tamarindus indica L. from Thailand. First and second instars, nymphs and the adult female are described and illustrated. A key to the genera of the sub-family Xylococcinae is proposed. The phylogenetic position, biology, host plants, geographical distribution and economic importance of the species of Xylococcinae are discussed.

Foldi, I. 1997b. 1.1.2.6 Internal anatomy of the adult female. Pp. 73-90. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Discusses digestive system and associated structures, head capsule, mouthparts and feeding strategies, stylets, tentorium and stylet levers, salivary pump, filter chamber, respiratory system, excretory system, nervous system, female and male reproductive systems, and anal apparatus; species mentioned includeParthenolecanium pomeranicum, P. rufulum, Pulvinariella (Pulvinaria) mesembryanthemi, Coccus hesperidum, Icerya purchasi, Planococcus citri andChloropulvinaria floccifera.

Foldi, I. 1997c. 1.1.2.7 Ultrastructure of integumentary glands. Pp. 91-109. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects:: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Discussions of the importance of wax gland structure in the classification of the Coccidae, cuticular structures associated with the wax glands, wax glands associated with the spiracles and spiracular furrows, ventral wax glands associated with sites of reproduction, wax glands associated with defence; species mentioned include Anopulvinaria cephalocarinata, Ceroplastes sinensis, Chloropulvinaria floccifera, Coccus hesperidum, Eriocerus pela, Etiennea petasus, Gascardia madagascariensis, Inglisia vitrea, Parthenolecanium persicae, Pseudophilippia quaintancii, Pulvinaria ericicola, P. regalis, Saissetia coffeae, S. oleae, Toumeyella cerifera and T. pini.

Fukatsu, T., Watanabe, K. & Kuriyama, H. 1996. Histochemical detection and molecular phylogeny of yeast-like symbionts of Aphidoidea, Coccoidea and Fulgoroidea. Zoological Science (Tokyo) 13 (Suppl.): 36.

Notes: Abstract of paper presented at 67th Annual Meeting of the Zoological Society of Japan, Sapporo, Japan, September 18-20, 1996.

Fusaro, E. 1997. [Preliminary results of experiments with Mediterranean provenances of Pinus pinaster in Italy.] Risultati preliminari sulla sperimentazione in Italia di alcune provenienze mediterranee di Pinus pinaster Ait. (In Italian with summary in English). Monti e Boschi 48: 48-53.

Notes: First results from maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) provenance trials established in 1985-86 at four locations in Italy. Eight years after planting, tree survival ranges from 85.6% to 93.6% (by site) and 74.2% to 96.3% (by provenance). At the Ligurian test site, damage by Matsucoccus feytaudi was high on Tuscan and Corsican provenances (and to populations of P. pinaster growing locally), whereas 'Tamjoute' and the SE Spanish provenance 'Cuenca' were less susceptible. It is recommended that Tuscan and Corsican provenances are not selected for use in areas in Italy where attack by this insect pest is likely. In 1993, a tree breeding programme was initiated in Liguria and Tuscany, with two progeny tests of 274 half-sib 'Cuenca' families (seed supplies by INRA, Bordeaux), in order to developM. feytaudi-resistant P. pinaster seed orchards.

Garonna, A. P. & Viggiani, G. 1997. [Survey of the parasitoids of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona(Targioni Tozzetti) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in Italy and their distribution.] Indagine sui parassitoidi di Pseudaulacaspis pentagona presenti in Italia e loro distribuzione regionale. (In Italian with summary in English). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri'. Portici 53: 3-11.

Notes: Studies were carried out during 1988-93 in Italy on the parasitoids ofPseudaulacaspis pentagona. The most important parasitoid was Encarsia berlesei(over 70% of the total number). The hyperparasitoids were Ablerus perspeciosus (Azotus perspeciosus) and Marietta carnesi, with the latter appearing on E. berlesei.

Gehring, C.A., Cobb, N.S. & Whitham, T.G. 1997. Three-way interactions among ectomycorrhizal mutualists, scale insects, and resistant and susceptible pinyon pines. American Naturalist 149: 824-841.

Notes: Examination of how Matsucoccus acalyptus, pinyon needle scale, affects and is affected by the ectomycorrhizal mutualists found on roots of scale-resistant and -susceptible pinyon pines (Pinus edulis).

Getu, E. 1996. Cottony cushion scale infestation on Acacia trees. IAR Newsletter of Agricultural Research 11: 11.

Notes: Icerya purchasi is a minor pest of seedlings; chemical control recommended against ants which protect the pest from natural enemies to secure the honey dew; pest can cause death to trees.

Giliomee, J.H. 1997. 1.1.2.2 The adult male. Pp. 23-30. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Detailed morphology; vocabulary list of structures; no species mentioned.

Giliomee, J.H. 1997a. 1.1.3.2 Taxonomic characters - adult male. Pp. 139-142. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Species mentioned include Ceroplastes ceriferus, Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum, Neolecanium cornuparvum, Toumeyella cerifera and T. liriodendri.

Gill, R.J. 1997. The Scale Insects of California: Part 3. The Armored Scales (Homoptera: Diaspididae). California Dept. of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, CA. 307 pp.

Notes: Technical Series in Agricultural Biosystematics & Plant Pathology No. 1. Field guide and laboratory manual; California armored scales listed; field characteristics; spp. which are similar; common hosts, distribution; biology; economic importance.

Gill, R.J. 1997a. 3.3.1 Citrus. Pp. 207-215. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp.

Notes: Notes on the major pests: Saissetia oleae, Coccus hesperidum, C. pseudomagnoliarum, Ceroplastes rubens, C. destructor, C. sinensis, C. floridensisand Pulvinaria citricola; minor species listed in table with countries affected.

Gill, R.J. & Kosztarab, M. 1997. 3.1.1 Economic importance. Pp. 161-163. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp.

Notes: List of 50 major coccid pests of the world, their plant hosts and countries affected.

Gora, V., König, J. & Lunderstädt, J. 1996. Population dynamics of beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) (Coccina, Pseudococcidae) related to physiological defence reactions of attacked beech trees (Fagus sylvatica). Chemoecology 7: 112-120.

Notes: Changes in the density of beech scale infestation (Cryptococcus fagisuga) of a mature beech stand (Fagus sylvatica) were investigated after gap-cutting in limed and unlimed areas bordering on the gaps and in untreated areas over a 5-year period. Concentrations of sucrose, protein amino acids, and procyanidins were also examined in the inner and outer bark of non-infested beech trees and beeches infested by beech scale. Procyanidin content increased, protein amino acid content decreased and a change in the outer bark-inner bark-ratio of the infested trees showed a transfer of compounds between inner and outer bark. Long lasting shifts occurred in the pattern of compounds of the bark irrespective of actual infestation intensity.

Gowda, D.K.S., Manjunath, D., Pradip Kumar & Datta, R.K. 1996. Spalgis epius Westwood (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) - a potential predator of mulberry mealy bug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus. Insect Environment 2: 87.

Notes: This mealybug is one of the major sucking pests of mulberry; survey of density of various stages of this species and occurence on various parts of the plant.

Grafton-Cardwell, E.E. & Reagan, C.A. 1997. Citricola scale insecticide efficacy trials, 1994, 1995. Arthropod Management Tests 22: 71.

Notes: Nine insecticides evaluated against Coccus pseudomagnoliarum on Coccus sinensis.

Granara de Willink, M.C. 1996. [The genus Cerococcus in Argentina (Homoptera: Cerococcidae).] El género Cerococcus en la Argentina (Homoptera: Cerococcidae). (In Spanish with summary in English). Insecta Mundi 10: 235-238.

Notes: Key to the 5 species of Cerococcus found in Argentina; description of new species; biology; C. catenarius is recorded from Argentina for the first time.

Greathead, D.J. 1997. 1.3.3 Crawler behaviour and dispersal. Pp. 339-342. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Species mentioned include Aonidiella aurantii, Cryptococcus fagisuga, Aonidiella aurantii, Aulacaspis tegalensis, Ceroplastes floridensis, Coccus hesperidum, Dactylopius austrinus, Icerya seychellarum, Matsucoccus resinosae, Pulvinaria delottoi, Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi, Saissetia oleae and Toumeyella numismaticum.

Greathead, D.J. 1997a. 3.3.16 Tea. Pp. 387-392. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp.

Notes: Coccidae species recorded from tea include Ceroplastes ceriferus, C. destructor, C. floridensis, C. japonicus, C. pseudoceriferus, C. rubens, C. sinensis, C. vinsoni, Chloropulvinaria floccifera, C. psidii, Coccus africanus, C. alpinus, C. discrepans, C. formicarii, C. sp. as discrepans, C. hesperidum, C. pseudomagnoliarum, C. viridis, Dicyphococcus castilloae, Drepanococcus cajani, D. chiton, Eucalymnatus tessellatus, Maacoccus watti, Megapulvinaria maxima, Metaceronema japonica (=Eriochiton theae), Parasaissetia nigra, Parthenolecanium rufulum, Pulvinaria aurantii, P. obitsuensis, P. peregrina, Saissetia coffeae and S. oleae; country; references.

Gross, S., Drieshpon, Y., Steinberg, S., Blumberg, D. & Mendel, Z. 1997. Mealybugs in citrus orchards in Israel: pest status and control. 10th Conference on Agricultural Entomology.

Notes: Planococcus citri, Pseudococcus cryptus and Nipaecoccus viridis cause serious damage to citrus in Israel; natural enemies include Spectrobates ceratoniae, Cryptoblades gnidiella, Anagyrus pseudococci, Leptomastix dactylopii, Clausenia purpurea and Cryptollaemus montrouzieri.

Gullan, P.J. 1997. 1.3.5 Relationships with ants. Pp. 351-373. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Topics are benefits of ants to coccids, effect of ant exclusion on coccids, coccid protection and ant aggression, benefits of coccids to ants, coccids relating to ants and ant-plants, suggestions for future research; species mentioned include Akermes cordiae, Ceroplastes rusci, C. sinoiae, Coccus caviramicolus, C. celatus, C. circularis, C. hesperidum, C. formicarii, C. macarangicolis, C. macarangae, C. penangensis, C. secretus, C. tumuliferus, C. viridis, Cryptostigma biorbiculus, C. inquila, C. quinquipori, C. reticulolaminae, Cyclolecanium hyperbaterum, Drepanococcus chiton, Hemilecanium recurvatum, Milvisculutulus mangiferae, Myzolecanium kibarae, Parasaissetia nigra, Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi, Saissetia coffeae, S. miranda, S. zanzibarensis, Torarchus endocanthium, Toumeyella liriodendri and Udinia newsteadii.

Gullan, P.J., Cranston, P.S. & Cook. L.G. 1997. The response of gall-inducing scale insects (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae: Apiomorpha Rübsaamen) to the fire history of mallee eucalypts in Danggali Conservation Park, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 121: 137-146.

Notes: Mallee communities, especially the plant components, are often considered to be fire-adapted but there is no information on how effectively any phytophagous insects re-establish their populations after a wildfire. This research examines the scale insect genus Apiomorpha, in which species induce conspicuous, sexually dimorphic galls of species-specific morphology on Eucalyptus species.

Gullan, P.J. & Kosztarab, M. 1997. Adaptations in scale insects. Annual Review of Entomology 42: 23-50.

Notes: Many unusual features of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) can be explained as historical legacy. Developmental specializations in ancestral coccoids resulted in a neotenous adult female and a drastic metamorphosis of the male. Subsequent evolution led to numerous, often convergently derived, adaptations to parasitic life on higher plants. Discussions of morphological adaptations in females and males, reproductive strategies, life-cycle adaptations, biotic interactions and suggested future research.

Gullan, P.J. & Strong, K.L. 1997. Scale insects under eucalypt bark: a revision of the Australian genus Phacelococus Miller (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae). Australian Journal of Entomology 36: 229-240.

Notes: The scale insect genus Phacelococcus Miller originally was created for a single species, Phacelococcus brookesae Miller, found under the bark of Eucalyptus globulus Labill (Myrtaceae) in Tasmania. Three new species, all from under the bark of Eucalyptus species in mainland Australia, share the characteristics ofPhacelococcus; clusters of quinquelocular pores, absence of enlarged dorsal setae and reduced anal lobes. P. brookesae is redescribed and the generic diagnosis ofPhacelococcus is expanded to include the three species, P. cookae sp.n., P. frenchisp.n. and P. subcorticalis sp.n., which are described and illustrated. The latter two species are sometimes so abundant on the trunks of their host trees that they are fed upon by yellow-bellied gliders and probably Leadbeater's possums (Mammalia: Marsupialia: Petauridae).

Notes: Species mentioned include Pseudococcus longispinus, Philephedra tuberculosa, Planococcus citri, Parasaissetia nigra, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Coccus hesperidum, Parthenolecanium corni, Abgrallaspis cyanophylli and Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum.

Notes: Species mentioned include Ischnaspis longirostris, Diaspis boisduvalii, Toumeyella liriodendri, Aspidiotus destructor, Pseudococcus landoi, Icerya purchasi andHallaspis asymmetrica.

Notes: Species recorded include Abgrallaspis cyanophylli, Aulacaspis yasumatsui, Rhizoecus hibisci, Howardia biclavis, Hypogeococcus pungens, Pulvinaria urbicola, Parlatoria proteus, Philephedra tuberculosa, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Toumeyella liriodendri, Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli, Andaspis punicae, Planococcus citri, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona and Pulvinaria psidii.

Hamilton, K.G.A. 1996. Cretaceous Homoptera from Brazil: Implications for classification. Pp. 89-110. in: Schaefer, C.W., Ed. Studies on Hemipteran phylogeny. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD. 244 pp.

Hao, J.J., Wu, S., Jia, C. & Tang, F.T. 1997. A strange eriococcid genus found in China with description of a new species (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Eriococcidae). (In Chinese with summary in English). Acta Entomologica Sinica 40: 71-74.

Notes: Aculeococcus morrisoni recorded in 1941 from Brazil; this paper describes a second species of this genus, A. yongpingensis.

Hare, J.D. & Morgan, D.J.W. 1997. Mass-priming Aphytis: Behavioral improvement of insectary-reared biological control agents. Biological Control 10(3): 207-214.

Notes: The introduced parasitoid, Aphytis melinus DeBach Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), is used for augmentative biological control of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Commercially reared wasps are reared on oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouche (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Oleander scale covers lack the chemical, O-caffeoyltyrosine, a kairomone mediating host selection by A. melinus. Wasps reared on oleander scale but individually exposed, or primed, to O-caffeoyltyrosine more readily accepted California red scale for probing in laboratory bioassays and parasitized a greater proportion of available California red scale in the field than wasps reared similarly but not exposed to O-caffeoyltyrosine.

Hare, J.D., Morgan, D.J.W. & Nguyun, T. 1997. Increased parasitization of California red scale in the field after exposing its parasitoid, Aphytis melinus, to a synthetic kairomone. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 82: 73-81.

Notes: The introduced parasitoid, Aphytis melinus utilizes a kairomone, O-caffeoyltyrosine, to recognize California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii; wasps used in augmentative release programs for California red scale on California citrus are reared on oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii, themselves reared on squash.

Harris, K.M. 1997. Cecidomyiidae and other Diptera. Pp. 61-68. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442.pp.

Notes: Coccidae hosts mentioned include Alichtensia sp., Aonidiella aurantii, Ceroplastes floridensis, Chloropulvinaria polygonata, C. psidii, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Coccus hesperidum, Cryptococcus fagisuga, Eriococcus sp., Ferrisia virgata, Lepidosaphes beckii, Megapulvinaria maxima, Microperrisia pulvinariae, Parasaissetia nigra, Parlatoria ziziphi, Philephedra tuberculosa, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pulvinaria ficus, P. urbicola, Saissetia coffeae and S. oleae.

Hasey, J.K., Johnson, R.S., Meyer, R.D. & Klonsky, K. 1997. An organic versus a conventional farming system in kiwifruit. Acta Horticulturae 444: 223-228.

Notes: To determine the feasibility of growing kiwifruits organically in California, a kiwifruit vineyard converted to an organic farm was compared with a conventionally farmed vineyard from 1990 to 1992. January or March applications of composted chicken manure (organic system) or NH4NO3 plus CaNH4(NO3)3 through microsprinklers during the growing season (conventional system) Damage from latania scale (Hemiberlesia lataniae) and omnivorous leaf roller (Archips podanus?) was small in both systems, except for scale damage in the organic system in 1992.

Hata, T.Y., Hara, A.H. & Hu, B.K.S. 1996. Use of a systemic insecticide granule against root mealybugs, Hawaii, 1995. Pp. 382. in: Burditt, A.K., Jr. (Ed.). Arthropod Management Tests, Vol. 21. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD. 462 pp.

Notes: Efficacy trials of Marathon IG against Rhizoecus hibisci on Rhapis excelsa.

Hayat, M. 1997. 2.3.2. Aphelinidae. Pp. 111-145. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp.

Notes: At least 175 scale hosts mentioned; those with the most Aphelinid species as parasitoids include Ceroplastes destructor, C. rubens, Chloropulvinaria psidii, Coccus hesperidum, C. longulus, C. pseudomagnoliarum, C. viridis, Eulecanium tiliae, Lichtensia viburni, Marsipococcus proteae, Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum, Parasaissetia nigra, Parthenolecanium corni, P. persicae, Pulvinaria polygonata, P. vitis, Saissetia coffeae, S, oleae, S. persimilis, S. somereni, Sphaerolecanium prunastri and Waxiella mimosae.

Heimpel, G.E., Rosenheim, J.A. & Mangel, M. 1996. Egg limitation, host quality, and dynamic behavior by a parasitoid in the field. Ecology 77: 2410-2420.

Notes: Study of Aphytis aonidiae, a parasitoid that attacks Quadraspidiotus perniciosus.

Heng-Moss, T.M., Baxendale, F.P., Weinhold, A.P. 1996. Mealybug control on buffalograss turf in Saunders Co., Nebraska, 1995. Pp. 354-355. in: Burditt, A.K., Jr. (Ed.). Arthropod Management Tests, Vol. 21. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD. 462 pp.

Notes: 26 treatments evaluated against Trionymus sporoboli and Trionymus sp. onBuchloe dactyloids.

Ho, C.T. & Khoo, K.C. 1997. Partners in biological control of cocoa pests: mutualism betweenDolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Cataenococcus hispidus(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 87: 461-470.

Notes: The observed mutualistic relationship between the ant Dolichoderus thoracicus and the pseudococcid Cataenococcus hispidus was examined. The importance of C. hispidus to D. thoracicus as a food source was investigated by giving D. thoracicusaccess to C. hispidus only, to C. hispidus and other food sources, and denying access to any obvious food sources. D. thoracicus was seen to depend on C. hispidus alone as a source of food over an eight-week period of observation without showing ill effects. The role of D. thoracicus in spreading C. hispidus was studied in an experiment consisting of combinations of D. thoracicus and C. hispidusexclusion. It was shown that D. thoracicus was responsible for carrying C. hispidusacross a 'mealybug excluder'. Data on the frequency and duration of transport ofC. hispidus by D. thoracicus were obtained by direct observation for a total of 90 h over 17 days.

Hodgson, C.J. 1997. 1.1.2 Systematics. 1.1.3.1. Taxonomic characters: adult female. Pp. 111-137. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Appearance of unmounted insects and mounted insects: structures on dorsum, structures associated with margin, structures on venter; 60 scale species mentioned.

Hodgson, C.J. 1997a. 1.1.3.4. Classification of the Coccidae and related coccoid families. Pp. 157-201. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Discussions of each of 12 families: Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae, Cryptococcidae, Dactylopiidae, Eriococcidae, Kermesidae, Lecanodiaspididae, Micrococcidae, Tachardiidae, Coccidae and Pseudococcidae; table comparing characters of each of these families; notes on 10 subfamilies of Coccidae and tribes.

Houck, M.A. & OConnor, B.M. 1996. Temperature and host effects on key morphological characters of Hemisarcoptes cooremani and Hemisarcoptes malus (Acari: Hemisarcoptidae). Experimental & Applied Acarology 20: 667-682.

Hoy, L.E. & Whiting,D.C. 1997. Low-temperature storage as a postharvest treatment to control Pseudococcus affinis} (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on Royal Gala apples. Journal of Economic Entomology 90(5): 1377-1381.

Notes: Royal Gala apples infested by the obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus affinis(Maskell), were stored at 0, 4, and 7 +- 0.5 degree C for various durations from 0 (control) to 126 d. As storage temperature decreased, the estimated times for 50 and 99% P. affinis mortality (LT-50 and LT-99, respectively) decreased. The LT-50 pattern became more evident with increasing temperature. At both 4 and 7 degree C, mean 1st-instar LT-99 values were less than those for 2nd-3rd instars and female adults. Storage at 0 degree CC resulted in the lowest mean LT-99s for 1st instars, 2nd-3rd instars, and female adults (16.1, 19.0, and 18.9 d, respectively). A large-scale test storing 6,403 1st instars, 3,050 2nd-3rd instars, and 3,028 female adults at 0 degree C for 42 d resulted in complete mortality.

Hu, B.K.S., Hara, A.H. & Hata, T.Y. 1996. Hot water as a potential treatment against root mealybugs, Hawaii, 1995. Pp. 382-383. in: Burditt, A.K., Jr. (Ed.). Arthropod Management Tests, Vol. 21. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD. 462 pp.

Notes: Hot water evaluated as treatment against Rhizoecus hibisci on Rhapis excelsa.

Hu, J.S., Sether, D.M., Liu, X.P., Wang, M., Zee, F. & Ullman, D.E. 1997. Use of a tissue blotting immunoassay to examine the distribution of pineapple closterovirus in Hawaii. Plant Disease 81: 1150-1154.

Notes: Studies of the association of PCV with mealybug [Dysmicoccus brevipes] wilt of pineapple (MWP) suggest that PCV may be involved in MWP.

Hu, J.S., Sether, D.M. & Ullman, D.E. 1996. Detection of pineapple closterovirus in pineapple plants and mealybugs using monoclonal antibodies. Plant Pathology 45: 829-836.

Notes: PCV was detected from mealybugs [Dysmicoccus brevipes] collected from wilted pineapple plants, but not from mealybugs of the same species collected from a colony reared on squash; the role of PCV in mealybug wilt is being investigated.

Huang, G.Y. & Lu, J.F. 1997. Experiment in controlling citrus scales. (In Chinese). South China Fruits 26: 24.

Notes: During 1994-1996, various insecticides were tested for the control of Unaspis yanonensis, Aonidiella auranti and other scales on Citrus. It was found that 35% Kuaik emulsion (comprising an organophosphorus agent + insect-growth inhibitor), was more effective than 40% omethoate, 40% Optunal (1-methylethyl 2-((aminomethoxyphosphinothioyl)oxy)benzoate), and 40% Supracide (methidathion).

Hurst, G.D.D., Majerus, M.E.N. & Fain, A. 1997. Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) as vectors of mites. European Journal of Entomology 94: 317-319.

Notes: This project investigates the possible wider importance of coccinellids, important predators of diaspidid scale insects, as vectors of mites.

Hussain, M.A., Puttaswamy & Viraktamath, C.A. 1996. Effect of botanical oils on lantana bug,Orthezia insignis Browne infesting crossandra. Insect Environment 2: 85-86.

Notes: This plant host is an important ornamental flower crop; 18 treatments evaluated.

Hywel-Jones, N.L. 1997. Torrubiella petchii, a new species of scale insect pathogen from Thailand. Mycological Research 101: 143-145.

Ichikawa, A., Takahashi, H., Ooi, T. & Kusumi, T. 1997. Absolute configurations of some hydroxy-fatty acids produced by the insect genus Laccifer. Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 61: 881-883.

Notes: The absolute configurations of some hydroxy-fatty acids were examined by the modified Mosher's method proposed by Ohtani et al. The absolute configurations of the major components were determined from NMR data of their MTPA esters and 2-NMA esters. The application of Mosher's method for the anti-glycol is discussed. Host plants of Laccifer sindica and L. chinensis are Ziziphus mauritianaand Dalbergia obtusifolia, respectively.

Itioka, T. & Inoue, T. 1996. The role of predators and attendant ants in the regulation and persistence of a population of the citrus mealybug Pseudococcus citriculus in a Satsuma orange orchard. Applied Entomology and Zoology. Tokyo 31: 195-202.

Notes: Results indicate that predators regulate the population of P. citriculus and that ant-attendance is indispensable to the persistance of the mealybug populations.

Itioka, T. & Inoue, T. 1996a. Density-dependent ant attendance and its effects on the parasitism of a honeydew-producing scale insect, Ceroplastes rubens. Oecologia 106: 448-454.

Notes: Intensity of attendance of Lasius niger estimated at different manipulated densities in a citrus orchard in Honshu, Japan.

Itioka, T. & Inoue, T. 1996b. The consequences of ant-attendance to the biological control of the red wax scale insect Ceroplastes rubens by Anicetus beneficus. Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 609-618.

Notes: Ant exclusion experiments in a satsuma orchard in Honshu, Japan; parasitoids frequently observed to interrupt their ovipositional behaviour due to interactions with ants attending host aggregations; ant attendance caused decrease in percentage of parasitism and consequently an increase in the growth rate of the host populations.

Itioka, T., Inoue, T., Matsumoto, T. & Ishida, N. 1997. Biological control by two exotic parasitoids: eight-year population dynamics and life tables of the arrowhead scale. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 85: 65-74.

Notes: To determine the process of regulation of the diaspidid Unaspis yanonensis by two introduced parasitoids, Aphytis yanonensis and Coccobius fulvus, the temporal changes in the population density of U. yanonensis as well as the parasitism rates were monitored for 8 years before and after the release of the two parasitoids in a Satsuma mandarin orange (Citrus unshiu) orchard in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan.

Izraylevich, S. & Gerson, U. 1996. Sex allocation by a mite parasitic on insects: local mate competition, host quality and operational sex ratio. Oecologia 108: 676-682.

Jactel, H., Perthuisot, N., Menassieu, P., Raise, G. & Burban, C. 1996. A sampling design for within-tree larval populations of the maritime pine scale, Matsucoccus feytaudi Duc. (Homoptera: Margarodidae), and the relationship between larval population estimates and male catch in pheromone traps. (In English with summary in French). Canadian Entomologist 128: 1143-1156.

Notes: Sampling procedures included random sampling without replacement, and systematic sampling with and without a linear model; relative precision of the sampling was affected by number, size and bark thickness of the sample units.

Jaiswal, A.K., Sharma, K.K., Bhattacharya, A., Sushil, S.N. & Mishra, Y.D. 1996. Exploring kairomonal activity in lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr.) against its predator, Eublemma amabilis Moore. Journal of Entomological Research. New Delhi 20: 349-353.

Notes: Whole body extracts of the lac insect, Kerria lacca and its secretory/excretory products (resin, wax and honeydew) were assayed for kairomonal activity against its predator Eublemma amabilis with respect to oviposition behaviour. The whole body extract containing mainly haemolymph exhibited kairomonal activity as exemplified by 65.03% eggs laid on paper strips treated with such extract. On the other hand, paper strips treated with resin, honeydew and wax revealed only 7.81%, 9.75% and 8.77% of the total eggs laid, resp., as against 8.64% in the control. Thus, the latter three components did not show any activity.

James, D.G., Stevens, M.M. & O'Malley, K.J. 1997. The impact of foraging on populations ofCoccus hesperidum L. (Hem., Coccidae) and Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hem., Diaspididae) in an Australian citrus grove. Journal of Applied Entomology 121: 257-259.

Notes: Coccus hesperidum, and the non-honeydew-producing armoured scale, Aonidiella aurantii, were evaluated during two seasons in southern New South Wales. Numbers of C. hesperidum and A. aurantii were substantially greater (3-12 times) in trees containing foraging ants than in trees from which ants were excluded. It is likely that I. rufoniger gp. spp. protects both scale species by disrupting the activity of natural enemies. Effective control of honeydew-seeking ants appears to be a prerequisite for biological control-based management of honeydew-producers in Australian citrus groves.

Jelkmann, W., Fechtner, B. & Agranovsky, A.A. 1997. Complete genome structure and phylogenetic analysis of little cherry virus, a mealybug-transmissible closterovirus. Journal of General Virology 78: 2067-2071.

Notes: The 5'-terminal genomic region (8597 nucleotides (nt)) of little cherry virus (LChV), a mealybug-borne (Pseudococcidae) closterovirus, was cloned from double-stranded RNA, and its sequence was determined. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the aligned RNA polymerase sequences suggested that the aphid-transmissible and whitefly-transmissible closteroviruses represent 2 distinct evolutionary lineages, with the mealybug-transmissible LChV being the most remote member of the whitefly lineage.

Jena, B.C., Nayak, N., Das, P.K. & Parida, A.K. 1996. The scale insect and its integrated management. Indian Sugar 46: 193-196.

Notes: Fifteen species of scale insects that occur on sugarcane in India are: Ceroplastes actiniformis, Pulvinaria elongata, Saccharolecanium krugeri, Melanaspis glomerata, Aulacaspis madiunensis, Odonaspis saccharicaulis, Aspidiella sacchari, Duplachionaspis divergens, Temnaspidiotus kellyi, Marsipococcus sp., Greenaspis decursata, Acanthomytilus sacchari, Acelerda (Aclerda?) japonica, A. japonicavar. inermis and A. disrarta.

Jenser, G., Balázs, K., Erdélyi, C., Haltrich, A., Kozár, F., Markó, V., Rácz, V. & Samu, F. 1997. The effect of an integrated pest management program on the arthropod populations in a Hungarian apple orchard. (In English with summary in Hungarian). Zahradnictví--Hort.Sci. (Prague) 24: 63-76.

Notes: Due to regular application of selective insecticides, the population density of parasitoids and predators increased while some others decreased; density ofQuadraspidiotus perniciosus rose.

Jeon, H., Kim, D., Yiem, M. & Lee, J. 1996. Modeling temperature-dependent development and hatch of overwintered eggs of Pseudococcus comstocki (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 35: 119-125.

Notes: Hatch times of overwintered eggs were compared at five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25 deg C) and different collection dates. A non linear, four-parameter developmental model with high temperature inhibition accurately described (R2=0.99729) with a cumulative Weibull function. Least-squares linear regression described development in the linear region (15-25 deg C) of the development curve. The low development threshold temperature was estimated as 11.9 deg C and 154.14 degree-days were required for complete development.

Ji, L., Izraylevich, S., Gazit, S. & Gerson, U. 1996. A sex-specific tri-trophic-level effect in a phoretic association. Experimental & Applied Acarology 20: 503-509.

Notes: Hemisarcoptes coccophagus is an obligate parasite of armored-scale insects (Homoptera: Diaspididae); Saissetia coffeae and Aonidiella aurantii were reared on potato tubers for this experiment.

Jonsson, A.M. 1996. [Beech bark disease and beech scale insect in succession to contamination?] Bokbarksjuka och bokskoldloss i fororeningarnas slaptag? (In Swedish). Skog&Forskning 3: 22-24.

Notes: The distributions of beech (Fagus sylvatica) bark disease (caused by Nectria) and its vector Cryptococcus fagisuga in Skane, Sweden, are mapped, and a theoretical scheme is presented linking their incidence to the deposition of nitrogen, atmospheric contamination, enhanced growth, nutritional inbalance and their effects on the vector and beech bark disease.

Karam, H.H. & Abou-Lkhair, S.S. 1996. Two mealybugs' parasitoids newly recorded in Egypt (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research 41: 141-149.

Notes: Anagyrus shahidi recorded on Antonina graminis and Rhopus nigriclavus onBrevennia rehi.

Kim, J.K. 1997. Development and reproductive capacity of Protopulvinaria mangiferae (Green) (Homoptera: Coccidae). Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 36: 43-47.

Notes: This study was carried out in the laboratory to clarify effects of different temperatures of Protopulvinaria mangiferae (Green) on development, survivorship and reproduction. Developmental period of the mango shield scale from crawlers to preoviposition adult decreased as temperature increased.

Koehler, G. 1996. Use of beneficial organisms in Saxonia: Experiments of introduction. (In German). Pp. 482. in: Laux, W. (Ed.) Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem. Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany. 662 pp.

Notes: Heft 321; (Communications from the Federal Biological Institute for Agriculture and Forestry, Berlin-Dahlem, No. 321); 50th German Meeting on Plant Protection, Muenster, Germany, September 23-26, 1996. Pseudococcus affinis mentioned.

Kosztarab, M. 1997. Transylvanian Roots: The True Life Adventures of a Hungarian American. Pocahontas Press, Blacksburg, VA. 223 pp.

Kosztarab, M. 1997a. 3.3.11 Coniferous forest trees. Pp. 343-346. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp

Notes: Pest species mentioned in table include Eulecanium sericeum, Parthenolecanium fletcheri, Physokermes hemicryphus, P. piceae, P. taxifoliae, Pseudophilippia quaintaincii, Toumeyella parvicornis, T. pini and T. virginiana.

Kosztarab, M. 1997b. 3.3.12 Deciduous forest trees. Pp. 347-355. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp.

Notes: Scale pests of deciduous forest trees include Ceroplastes ceriferus, C. destructor, C. floridensis, C. rubens, Chloropulvinaria floccifera, C. psidii, Coccus hesperidum, C. longulus, C. viridis, Ericerus pela, Eulecanium cerasorum, E. ciliatum, E. franconicum, E. tiliae, Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum, Neolecanium cornuparvum, Neopulvinaria innumerabilis, Palaeolecanium bituberculatum, Parasaissetia nigra, Parthenolecanium corni, P. quercifex, P. rufulum, Pulvinaria acericola, P. ericicola, P. vitis, Saissetia coffeae, S. oleae, Sphaerolecanium prunastri and Vinsonia stellifera; field characters; common host plants; infestation site, distribution; major references.

Kosztarab, M. 1997c. 3.3.13 Ornamental and house plants. Pp. 357-366. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7B]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 442 pp.

Notes: Coccid pests of ornamental plants include Ceroplastes ceriferus, C. cirripediformis, C. destructor, C. floridensis, C. rubens, C. sinensis, Chloropulvinaria floccifera, C. psidii, Coccus hesperidum, C. pseudohesperidum, C. pseudomagnoliarum, C. viridis, Eucalymnatus tessellatus, Eulecanium tiliae, Kilifia acuminatis, Milviscutulus mangiferae, Neopulvinaria innumerabilis, Parasaissetia nigra, Parthenolecanium corni, P. fletcheri, P. persicae, Physokermes hemichryphus, P. piceae, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pulvinaria citricola, P. urbicola, P. vitis, Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi, Saissetia coffeae, S. miranda, S. oleae, Sphaerolecanium prunastri and Vinsonia stellifera.

Notes: Clearing amber for jewellers' purposes may contaminate inclusions for paleontologists' purposes.

Notes: Submerging specimens in "oil" as a means for improving preservation can cause penetration of the shifting of the fragments within.

Notes: Overview of the 20th International Conference of Entomology, Aug. 25-31, in Florence, Italy.

Koteja, J. 1997. With Microsoft (through Windows) into the XVIII Century. Inclusion Wrostek 26: 17.

Notes: Criticism of ScaleNet, the ongoing World Wide Web catalog of scales, for its editors' decision to synonymize genera.

Notes: Review of exposition of amber, silver, gold, diamonds and other mineral artifacts in Gdansk; discussions with colleagues and friends; paucity of inclusions.

Notes: Discusses phylogenetic systematics; establishment of Parthenolecanium some 60 years before mentioned as example of genus described prior to discovery of males.

Koteja, J. 1997c. Scale insects (Homoptera) in Cretaceous amber. Inclusion Wrostek 27: 16.

Notes: [Abstract of a paper presented at the international interdisciplinary amber symposium "Baltic amber and other fossil resins," Gdansk, September 2-6, 1997.] Brief history of paleontological studies through the first half of the 20th century; species mentioned include Electrococcus canadensis and Inka minuta. [Koteja000c]

Koya, K.M.A., Devasahayam, S., Selvakumaran, S. & Kallil, M. 1996. Distribution and damage caused by scale insects and mealy bugs associated with black pepper (Piper nigrumLinnaeus) in India. Journal of Entomological Research. New Delhi 20: 129-136.

Notes: 18 genera/species of scale insects and mealybugs shown to infest this crop, including Icerya sp., I. aegyptiaca, Planococcus sp., P. minor, Ferrisia virgata, Pseudococcus sp., P. longispinus, P. ?orchidicola, Marsipococcus marsupialis, Protopulvinaria longivalvata, Aspidiotus destructor, Lepidosaphes piperis, Parlatoria pergandii, Pinnaspis strachani, Pseudaulacaspis sp., P. cockerelli, ?Unnaspis (Unaspis? sp. and Anomalococcus indicus; plant parts affected; location of infestation in India.

Kozár, F. 1996. Book Review: Kosztarab, M.: Scale insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, Biology and Distribution. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 31: 303.

Notes: High recomendation of this book for coccidologists, entomologists, plant protection and extension personnel.

Kozár, F. & Ben-Dov, Y. 1997. 1.1.3.6 Zoogeographical considerations and status of knowledge of the family. Pp. 213-228. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Characteristics of the Coccidae fauna of the 10 zoogeographical regions such as number of genera and species, and host type; connections between regions; species mentioned include Eulecanium tiliae, Parthenolecanium corni, Physokermes piceaeand Pulvinaria vitis.

Kozár, F., Fowjhan, M.A. & Zarrabi, M. 1996. Check-list of Coccoidea and Aleyrodoidea (Homoptera) of Afghanistan and Iran, with additional data to the scale insects of fruit trees in Iran. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 31: 61-74.

Notes: Mentions Aonidiella aurantii, Diaspidiotus prunorum, Nilotaspis halli, Parlatoria oleae, P. crypta, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Parthenolecanium corni and P. crypta.

Kozár, F. & Hippe, C. 1996. A new species from the genus Greenisca Borchsenius, 1948 and additional data on the occurrence of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in Switzerland. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 62: 91-96.

Notes: Description and illustration of Greenisca erwini, new sp.; other scales and hosts mentioned include Balanococcus boratynski, Heterococcus nudus, Planococcus citri, Pseudococcus affinis, P. calceolariae, Trionymus newsteadi, T. singulari, Greenisca gouxi, G. erwini, Coccus hesperidum, Parafairmairia gracilis, Parthenolecanium corni, Saissetia coffeae, Planchonia arabidis, Acutaspis perseae, Aonidia lauri, Aspidiotus nerii, Diaspis bromeliae, Epidiaspis leperii, Furchadaspis zamiae, Gymnaspis aechmeae, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Leucaspis pusilla, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona and Rhizaspidiotus bivalvatus.

Krishnamoorthy, A. & Mani, M. 1996. Suppression of brinjal mealybug Coccidohystrix insolitawith Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. Insect Environment 2: 50.

Notes: Potted aubergine ({Solanum melongena} or eggplant) plants were infested withCoccidohystrix insolita in the greenhouse in Karnataka, India; a week later, 2nd-instar larvae of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri were released at rates of 0, 2, 5 and 10/plant. The pest was eradicated in 20 and 2 days following release of 2 and 10 predators/plant, resp., indicating the potential of the coccinellid for controlling the mealybug on aubergine.

Kumar, P. & Srivastava, S.C. 1996. Record of Flemingia stricta as a lac host. Indian Forester 122: 765-766.

Kunkel, H. 1997. 1.2.3 Soft scales as beneficial insects. 1.2.3.1 Scale insect honeydew as forage for honey production. Pp. 291-302. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Topics are distribution and diversity of species visited by honeybees, regions where the honeybee is endemic (Norway and Greece), regions where the honeybee has been introduced (U.S., New Zealand & South America), attractiveness of honeydew, amounts of honeydew, factors affecting the build-up of scale insect populations, and the role of apiculturists; species mentioned include Dactylopius coccus, Ericerus pela, Coccus hemicryphus, Physokermes hemicryphus, P. piceae, Parthenolecanium piceae, P. rufulum, P. corni, P. fletcheri, Phyllostroma myrtilli, Kermes quercus, Marchalina hellenica, Ceroplastes rusci, Eulecanium sericeum, Pulvinaria pistaciae, Aclerda berlesii, Xylococcus macroparpi, Neopulvinaria innumerabilis, Ultracoelostoma assimile and Toumeyella parvicornis.

Labuschagne, T.I., Daneel, M.S. & De Beer, M. 1996. Establishment of Aphytis sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Cybocephalus binotatus Grouvelle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in mango orchards in South Africa for control of the mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Yearbook (South African Mango Growers' Association) 16: 20-22.

Notes: In field studies in mango producing areas, percentage parasitism by Aphytis sp. at one location was >50%. C. binotatus was also found to prey on A. tubercularisand reproduce under the prevailing climatic conditions.

Lagowska, B. 1996. Pulvinaria Targioni-Tozzetti (Homoptera, Coccidae) in Poland. Wydawnietwo Akademii Rolniczej, Lublin, Poland. 119 pp.

Notes: Taxonomy, distribution, host plants, life history, economic importance, description of immature instars and adult female, biological study.

Lagowska, B. 1997. The effect of temperature on morphological characters in Pulvinaria vitis (L.) (Homoptera: Coccidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 66: 17-25.

Notes: Precise measurements of morphological characters of this species that are affected by air temperature; previous studies of this type are on Parthenolecanium corni, Planococcus citri and Coccus hesperidum.

Lagowska, B. & Koteja, J. 1996. Czerwce (Homoptera, Coccinea) Roztocza. (In Polish with summary in English). Fragmenta Faunistica 39: 29-42.

Notes: 88 species recorded from Ortheziidae, Margarodidae, Pseudococcidae, Eriococcidae, Cryptococcidae, Coccidae, Asterolecaniidae and Diaspididae families; 63 new to the region, four new to Poland, and one new to science; biology, ecology and zoogeographical aspects.

Leathwick, D.M. & Godfrey, P.L. 1996. Overwintering colonies of the common wasp Vespula vulgaris is Palmerston North, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 23: 355-358.

Notes: Overwintering by this wasp has been reported previously in beech (Nothofagus) forests containing honeydew from Ultracoelostoma spp. near Nelson, but not in urban areas of Nelson or Christchurch; honeydew is not available in urban Palmerston North and so cannot be a requirement for overwintering by V. vulgaris.

Li, S.J., Hou, K.W., Liu, F.S. & Zhao, H. 1997. Natural distribution, drought-resistant nature and moisture physiology of fine host trees for lac insects. (In CII). Forest Research 10: 519-524.

Notes: Study of natural distribution and biological characters of fine host trees of lac insects reveals six drought-resistant species of trees: Albizzia kalkora, Dalbergia obtusifolia D. szemaoensis, Pueraria wallichii, Moghania macrophylla and Ficus racemosa. Moisture physiology indexes such as strength of transpiration, water potential, and water saturation deficit relate to comprehensive climate factors such as atmospheric temperature, intensity of illumination, relative humidity of atmosphere, and wind velocity. Strength of transpiration increases with the rise of temperature, intensity of illumination and wind speed or decreases with the rise of relative humidity of atmosphere. Variations of water potential are contrary to the change of strength of transpiration. The water potentials drop when strength of transpiration rises and capability to absorb water passively increases. Ability of drought resistance also rises. The larger the deficit of critical saturation, the smaller the water requirement and the stronger the drought hardiness.

Liu, Y.J. 1997. Species of the genus Kermes on Castanea bungeana Blume from China. (In Chinese). Entomological Knowledge 34: 93-94.

Notes: Species discussed include Kermes flavus, K. nawae, K. castaneae; key provided.

Liu, T. & Howell, J.O. 1997. Helenococcus, a new genus of Diaspididae with description of a new species, Helenococcus hokeae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from Australia. Journal of Entomological Science 32: 72-78.

Notes: Helenococcus, a new genus of Diaspididae, is described and designated, including detailed illustrations and descriptions of the adult female, second instar, and first instar of the type species, H. hokeae; collected on Hokea pampliniana from New South Wales, Australia.

Lo, P.L., Blank, R.H. & Penman, D.R. 1996. Phenology and relative abundance of Ceroplastes destructor and C. sinensis (Hemiptera: Coccidae) on citrus in Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 24: 315-321.

Notes: The main scale insect pest in citrus orchards was Ceroplastes destructor althoughC. sinensis was more widespread; first and second instars vulnerable to adverse weather and predation and their longer duration in C. sinensis may partly account for its lower abundance; recomendations for timing of insecticides.

Loch, A.D. 1997. Natural enemies of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on umbrella trees in southeastern Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology 36(3) :303-306.

Notes: The natural enemy complex of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens, on umbrella trees, Schefflera actinophylla, in southeastern Queensland was investigated. An introduced encyrtid, Anicetus beneficus, was the major primary parasitoid, although high rates of hyperparasitisation by the native encyrtid Coccidoctonus dubius were recorded. Predators and other parasitoids were minor components of the natural enemy complex of C. rubens. Implications of this study's findings on the biological control of C. rubens in citrus by A. beneficus are discussed.

Loch, A.D. & Zalucki, M.P. 1996. Spatial distribution of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubensMaskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on umbrella trees in south-eastern Queensland: the pattern of outbreaks. Australian Journal of Zoology. Melbourne 44: 599-609.

Notes: This scale is common on Schefflera actinophylla; highly aggregated distribution pattern found; scale infestation more prevalent in roadside positions and in exposed situations.

Loch, A.D. & Zalucki, M.P. 1997. Variation in length, fecundity and survival of pink wax scale,Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on umbrella trees. Australian Journal of Zoology. Melbourne 45: 399-407.

Notes: Factors that may lead to outbreaks of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens, on umbrella trees, Schefflera actinophylla, were studied. Estimates of birth and death rates of C. rubens were high and variable within and among trees; variation in these rates was not related to pest density. Adult fecundity correlated significantly but weakly with adult test length; mean fecundity was 292 eggs per female with a range of 5-1178. Adult test length and its variance decreased weakly with increasing density. Field experiments conducted in Queensland showed that mortality of C. rubens is greatest during the first 24 hours after hatching when approximately 50% are lost. The rate of loss decreases over time with 0.3% of initial motile first-instar nymphs surviving to maturity. Rates of loss varied significantly between trees, indicating that some trees are more suitable for colonisation and survival.

Maguire, A. 1997. Prickly pear in New South Wales. Agnote - NSW Agriculture No. DPI/179: 1 pp.

Notes: The noxious weed status of all Harrisia and Opuntia spp. (except O. ficus-indica) in New South Wales is discussed; of 12 Opuntia spp. and 2 Harrisia spp. present, only O. aurantiaca, O. stricta var. stricta and H. martinii are currently considered problems in New South Wales. Control strategies are discussed; biological control by cochineal insect (Dactylopius coccus) on Opuntia and mealybug (Hypogeococcus festerianus) on Harrisia is the most widespread method, and measures to improve the spread of the insects and the efficacy of control are outlined. Under some climatic conditions biological control is not effective and the chemical and manual options that can be used instead are outlined.

Malumphy, C. 1997. Laurel scale, Aonidia lauri (Bouche) (Homoptera: Coccoidea, Diaspididae), a pest of bay laurel, new to Britain. Entomologist's Gazette 48: 195-198.

Notes: Aonidia lauri was observed infesting the leaves and bark of a laurel (Laurus nobilis) plant in Surrey, UK, during 1994. This is the 1st record of this insect in the UK.

Malumphy, C.P. 1997a. 1.2.2 Honeydew. 1.2.2.1 Morphology and anatomy of honeydew eliminating organs. Pp. 452 pp. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Covers definition of honeydew, harmful effects, disposal, and morphology, anatomy and elimination mechanism of the anal apparatus of Coccidae; illustrated; mentions Saissetia zanzibarensis, Coccus viridis, Pulvinaria vitis, P. iceryi, Halococcus formicarii, Megapulvinaria maxima and the genera Physokermes, Filippia, Kilifia, Milviscutulus, Protopulvinaria, Udinia, Cryptostigma, Drepanococcus, Pseudopulvinaria, Austrolichtensia, Alecanochiton, Megapulvinaria Paractenochiton, Udinia, Melanococcus, Pulvinarisca, Psilococcus and Rhodococcus.

Malumphy, C. 1997b. Imperfect mealybug, Phenacoccus defectus Ferris (Homoptera: Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae), a pest of succulent ornamental plants, new to Britain. Entomologist's Gazette 48: 285-288.

Notes: Phenacoccus defectus is recorded for the 1st time in Britain, having been collected from leaf-rosettes of Echeveria craigiana, E. lurida, E. recurvata, E. sessiliforaand Echeveria sp. on 5 November 1995. The infestation was most persistent on E. lurida. Notes on the biology of this pest are given.

Mani, E. & Baroffio, C. 1997. [Biological control of the San Jose scale in Zug Canton with the parasitic wasp Encarsia perniciosi.] Biologische Bekämpfung der San-Jose-Schildlaus im Kanton Zug mit der Schlupfwespe Encarsia perniciosi. (In German). Obst- und Weinbau 133: 392-394.

Notes: Control of San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) in old fruit trees with rough bark in Switzerland using mineral oil was ineffective, so biological control on apple and plum using the parasitoid Encarsia perniciosi was investigated during 1994-96. The percentage parasitism of Q. perniciosus increased from approx equal to 20% in 1995 to approx equal to 75% in 1997, and the number of males of Q. perniciosus (caught in pheromone traps in the centre of the release site) fell from approx equal to 2500 in 1994 to almost zero in 1996.

Mani, M. & Krishnamoorthy, A. 1996. Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Diaspididae, Homoptera) and its natural enemies found on Sapota, Ber, Custard apple and banana. Entomon 21: 273-274.

Notes: The oriental yellow scale Aonidiella orientalis Newstead) was reported for the first time on Sapota. Natural enemies were collected on A. orientalis but they were inadequate to check the oriental scale.

Mani, M. & Krishnamoorthy, A. 1996. Biological suppression of oriental mealybug, Planococcus lilacinus (Ckll.) on ber. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems 2: 49-50.

Notes: Host Zizyphus maritiana; natural enemy Spalgis epius also attacks Ferrisia virgataand Maconellicoccus hirsutus.

Mani, M. & Krishnamoorthy, A. 1996a. Discovery of the coccinellid predator Chilocorus circumdatus on the green scale Coccus viridis. Entomon 21: 295-296.

Notes: The coccinellid Chilocorus circumdatus Sch. was discovered for the first time in large number preying on the green scale Coccus viridis (Green) infesting acid in 1994 around Bangalore. The predation lime by C. circumdatus along withChilocorus nigrita (F.) had resulted in the effective suppression of the scale population on acid lime.

Mani, M. & Krishnamoorthy, A. 1997. Effects of different pesticides upon the wax scale parasitoid, Anicetus ceylonensis How. (Hym.: Encyrtidae). International Journal of Pest Management 43: 123-126.

Notes: Drepanococcus chiton has become a serious pest of Ziziphus mauritiana andPsidium guajava in recent years in India; Anicetus ceylonensis has been somewhat effective in supressing this scale on both crops; 17 insecticides evaluated for control of scale with least harm to A. ceylonensis.

Manzella, S. 1997. [Protection of citrus from insects, mites, fungi and other damaging organisms.] Difendiamo l'agrumeto da insetti, acari, funghi ed altri organismi dannosi. (In Italian). Vita in Campagna 15: 25-30.

Notes: Cultural, biological and chemical control strategies for use against insect pests, mites and plant pathogens of Citrus in Italy are described. The pests discussed include scale insects Planococcus citri and Aonidiella aurantii.

Marohasy, J. 1997. Acceptability and suitability of seven plant species for the mealybugPhenacoccus parvus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 84(3): 239-246.

Notes: Survival, development and fecundity of cohorts of the mealybug Phenacoccus parvus Morrison were measured over one generation on seven plant species representing four plant families. Survival, development and fecundity were not significantly higher on the mealybug's principal field host, the weed Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), than on other plant species including Lycopersicon esculentum Miller (tomato) and Solanum melongena L. (eggplant). The acceptability of the leaves of the seven plant species to P. parvus first instar crawlers was measured on hatching, after active walking and after food deprivation, Lantana camara was the highest ranked plant species for all treatments. The number of crawlers settling on lower ranked plant species increased with the level of food deprivation.

Marotta, S. 1997. 1.2 Biology. 1.2.1.1 General life history. Pp. 251-256. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: Topics covered are first-instar nymph or crawler, subsequent immature instars, adult female and egg; species mentioned include: Ceroplastes floridensis, C. japonicus, C. sinensis, Coccus capparadis, C. hesperidum, Filippia follicularis, Lichtensia viburni, Parthenolecanium corni, Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi, Sphaerolecanium prunastri and Toumeyella pinicola.

Marotta, S. & Tranfaglia, A. 1997. 1.3.4. Seasonal history; diapause. pp. 343-350. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 343-350.

Notes: Covers voltinism and diapause; species mentioned include Ceroplastes floridensis, C. hesperidum, C. pseudoceriferus, C. sinensis, Coccus hesperidum, C. pseudomagnoliarum, Eulecanium tiliae, Neopulvinaria innumerabilis, Parthenolecanium corni, P. persicae, Physokermes hemichryphus, Pulvinaria vitis, Saissetia oleae and Sphaerolecanium prunastri.

Matile-Ferrero, D. 1997. 1.1.2 Morphology. 1.1.2.1 The adult female. Pp. 5-21. in: Ben-Dov, Y. & Hodgson, C.J., Eds. Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. 452 pp.

Notes: General structure, margin, ventral and dorsal surfaces; mentions more than 65 genera or species.

Mazzeo, G., Russo, A. & Longo, S. 1997. [New records on Sicilian scale insects fauna (Homoptera, Coccoidea).] Nuovi reperti sulla coccidofauna Siciliana (Homoptera, Coccoidea). (In Italian with summary in English). Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana. Firenze 129: 19-23.

Notes: Six species of coccoids are reported, three of which (Phenacoccus interruptus, Spilococcus mamillariae and Trionymus perrisii) are new to the Sicilian fauna.

Mazzoni, E. 1996. Antennal sensilla of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona male (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). (In English with summary in Italian). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri'. Portici 52: 43-55.

Notes: Studies using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy; Sensilla campaniforma, coeloconica, basiconica and trichodea were found; five forms of sensilla trichodea were identified, distinguishable by dimensions and/or by the presence of multiporous walls.

McComie, L.D., Gosine, S. & Siew, P. 1997. The effect of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) on the hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), on hibiscus plants in Trinidad. Tropical Fruits Newsletter No. 23: 7-10.

Notes: After field releases in May and July, 1996, in Port of Spain, Trinidad, ofCryptolaemus montrouzieri for control of Maconellicoccus hirsutus on ornamental hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), the pest population continued to increase for 4 weeks after the release. From 8 to 20 weeks after the release, fluctuations of the population continued, although at decreasing levels. The population of the control agent declined for the first 2 weeks, then increased to a peak of 6 weeks after release. The predator population declined at about the same time as the pest.

Mendel, Z., Adar, K., Nestel, D. & Dunkelblum, E. 1997. Sex pheromone traps as a tool for the study of population trends of the predator of a scale insect and for the identification of potential predators for biological control. Bulletin OILB/SROP (Sect. Reg. Ouest Palearctique) 20: 231-240.

Notes: Technology transfer in mating disruption. Proceedings of a working group meeting in Montpellier, France, on 9-10 September 1996. The capture of adults ofElatophilus hebraicus in traps baited with the sex pheromone (56:44 mixture of (2E,6E,8E)-5,7-dimethyl-2,6,8-decatrien-4-one and (2E,6Z,8E)-5,7-dimethyl-2,6,8-decatrien-4-one) of Matsucoccus josephi enabled the study of population trends of