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Anastrepha atrigona Hendel

Recognition
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This species differs from most Anastrepha species in having a complete S-band that is broadly fused to the C-band along the costa, so that there is no hyaline area in cell r1 distal to the apex of vein R1. It differs from the other species with this type of wing pattern in having cell bm entirely infuscated, at least weakly, and the aculeus tip boadly rounded, at least 0.12 mm wide. It further differs from A. grandis and shannoni in having a large subapical hyaline area in cell r2+3, and from the other species in having the section of vein M between bm-cu and r-m more than 2.8 times as long as the section between r-m and dm-cu. Anastrepha fumipennis Lima and bivittata (Macquart) are very similar to A. atrigona in wing venation and pattern, except for having a large hyaline area in cell r1 distal to the apex of vein R1. At least A. fumipennis also has very similar female terminalia.

Description
Mostly orange to redbrown. Setae dark redbrown to black.

Head:Concolorous except dark brown ocellar tubercle; 4-5 frontal setae; 2 orbital setae, posterior one always strong. Antenna extends 0.70-0.78 distance to lower facial margin.

Thorax: Mesonotum 3.30-4.08 mm long. Scutum entirely microtrichose; mostly orange to dark redbrown; single distinct yellowish medial stripe from anterior margin to slightly posterior to acrostichal seta, slightly expanded posteriorly but usually not extending laterally beyond acrostichal seta; no narrow yellowish stripe in line with dorsocentral seta; rarely with poorly differentiated brown stripe slightly lateral to dorsocentral seta, but never as dark as in grandis; distinct yellowish sublateral stripe from transverse suture to posterior margin, crossing intra-alar seta; scuto-scutellar suture rarely with irregular dark brown medial spot. Subscutellum and mediotergite redbrown, broadly dark brown laterally. Pleura with typical dark areas at most weakly differentiated. Katepisternal seta undifferentiated or weak, yellowish, no longer than postocellar seta.

Wing: Length 7.50-9.22 mm. Vein R₂₊₃ almost straight. Vein M strongly curved apically; section between bm-cu and r-m 2.91-3.43 times as long as section between r-m and dm-cu. Pattern dark orange brown to dark brown, its margins distinct. Cell r₂₊₃ with large subapical hyaline area; entirely infuscated basally. Cell br and base of cell dm entirely infuscated or with small hyaline area; if present in br just apical to bm-cu, this spot does not reach vein R₄₊₅ and extends no more than half way to dm-cu. Cell bm infuscated, often darkly, but sometimes only faintly yellowish. Proximal arm of V-band extends anteriorly to R₄₊₅; fused to S-band at R₄₊₅ and often also in cell dm.

Abdomen: Tergites unicolorous orange to red brown.

Male terminalia: Lateral surstylus broad basally, tapering apically to narrow lobe; moderately long, section apical to apex of inner surstylus 1.20-1.70 times as long as basal part; in lateral view similar to grandis. Proctiger with distinct lateral fold; sclerotized part narrowly divided into 3 sections. Phallus 5.10-5.76 mm long; 1.38-1.49 times as long as mesonotum. Glans 0.58-0.63 mm long, relatively stout; acrophallus similar to grandis, strong, stout and distinctly convoluted apically.

Female terminalia: Oviscape 3.70-4.45 mm long; 1.08-1.18 times as long as mesonotum. Eversible membrane with dorsobasal scales in triangular pattern; 10-11 large hooklike scales in broadest row; largest scales 0.20 mm long. Aculeus 3.55-4.40 mm long; tip 0.37-0.42 mm long, 0.13-0.14 mm wide, non-serrate, sides broadly convex. Spermathecae ovoid to elongate ovoid.

Classification and Evolutionary Relationships
Order: Diptera. Family: Tephritidae. Genus: Anastrepha. Species: atrigona. Author: Hendel.
Relationships among the species of Anastrepha were analyzed by Norrbom et al. (1999) and McPheron et al. (1999). Click here for more detailed discussion of Anastrepha phylogeny. Anastrepha atrigona has been placed in the grandis species group. It may be most closely related to A. fumipennis Lima and A. bivittata (Macquart) (Norrbom 1991).

Names Used for this Species
Anastrepha atrigona Hendel 1914a: 70.
Anastrepha atrigona Hendel 1914b: 15, 20. Preoccupied by Hendel 1914: 70.
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Type data
atrigona Hendel 1914a: Syntype(s), number and sex not stated (NMW), Surinam.
atrigona Hendel 1914b: Holotype - Male (NMW), "aus Surinam, Firma Staudinger & Bang-Haas." The holotype bears a label with "Surinam V.-IX.", a label with "Anastrepha atrigona H. det. Hendel" in Hendel's writing, and a red "Type" label. Norrbom (1991) added a holotype label and dissected the abdomen which is now stored in a microvial. Hendel apparently removed the right wing for illustration and it may be lost.

Distribution
Anastrepha atrigona is known from Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and northern Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), probably occurring throughout the humid forests of Amazonia, the Guianas, and Venezuela. The exact locality within Surinam where the holotype was collected is unknown. The distribution of A. atrigona appears disjunct from that of its possible sister species, fumipennis and bivittata, from southern Brazil.
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Specimen data
BRAZIL: Amazon., H.W. Bates, 1f (BMNH). Amazonas: Amazon River, Atary to Manaus, 20-21 Sep 1930, Holt, Blake & Agostini, 1f (USNM); 1 km E Campinas field station, Km 60 N Manaus, 22 Feb 1979, T.E. Erwin, 1m (INPA) 1m (USNM); Manaus, Campus Univ., various dates, Feb, Nov, Dec 1975-1978, J.A. Rafael, 1m2f (INPA) 1m1f (USNM); Manaus, 2 Jul 1986, 22 Aug 1985, B. Klein, 1f (INPA) 1f (USNM). Pará: Santarém, H.W. Bates, 1m1f (BMNH); Santarém, 1f (CMP); Santarém, Sep, 1f (USNM); Obidos, 1m (AMNH); Dampfer [steamer] Prainha - Mte. Alegre, 30 May 1927, Zerny, 1f (NMW) 1f (USNM). Roraima: Rio Branco, Mt. Roraima, 1932, J.G. Myers, 1m (MCZ) 1f (USNM).

GUYANA: "Demerara, Africa, 4385", O.S. Westcott, 2m (INHS) 1m1f (USNM).

SURINAM, May-Sep, Staudinger & Bang-Haas, holotype m (NMW).

VENEZUELA: Amazonas: Cerro Duida, 6 Mar 1929, 1f (AMNH). Aragua: El Limon, 450 m, 6 Jul 1966, J.R. Dedordy, 1f (IZAM); Rancho Grande, Portachuelo, 1100 m, 28 May 1980, J.A. Clavijo, 1m (IZAM).

Biology
The biology of Anastrepha atrigona is poorly known.  Its host plants are unknown.

Economic Significance
Anastrepha atrigona is not considered a pest species.

References
Key references are listed below. See fruit fly literature database for additional references.
Caraballo, J. 1981. Las moscas de frutas del genero Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Diptera: Tephritidae) de Venezuela. M.S. thesis, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay. 210 pp. [p. 30, in key, p. 44, redescription in Spanish, Venezuela]
Fernandez Yepez, F. 1953. Contribucion al estudio de las moscas de las frutas del genero Anastrepha Schiner (Diptera: Trypetidae) de Venezuela. II Congreso de Ciencias Naturales y Afines (Caracas) Cuaderno no. 7: 1-42. [p. 12, in key, p. 18, Venezuela]
Foote, R. H. 1967. Family Tephritidae (Trypetidae, Trupaneidae). In N. Papavero (ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Depto. Zool., Sec. Agric., São Paulo, Fasc. 57: 1-91. [p. 7, in catalog]
Greene 1934: [p. 132, 138, in keys, p. 146, Brazil]
Hendel, F. 1914a. Analytische Ubersicht über die Anastrepha-Arten (Dipt.). Wien Entomol. Z. 33: 66-70. [January] [p. 70, description, Surinam]
Hendel, F. 1914b. Die Bohrfliegen Südamerikas. K. Zool. Anthrop.-Ethnogr. Mus. Abhandl. Ber. (1912) 14: 1-84. [June] [p. 15, in key, catalog, p. 20, description again as new species]
Lima, A. M. da Costa. 1934. Moscas de frutas do genero Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Diptera: Trypetidae). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 28: 487-575. [p. 499, p. 555, in key]
Norrbom, A. L. 1991. The species of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) with a grandis-type wing pattern. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 93: 101-124. [revision]
Steyskal, G. C. 1977. Pictorial Key to Species of the Genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae). Entomological Society of America, Washington, D.C. 35 pp. [p. 7, in key]
Stone, A. 1942. The fruitflies of the genus Anastrepha. U. S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. No. 439, 112 pp. [p. 12, in key, p. 21, redescription, female terminalia, Brazil]
Zucchi, R. A. 1978. Taxonomia das especies de Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Diptera: Tephritidae) assinaladas no Brasil. Ph. D. dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. 105 pp.[p. 17, in key, p. 27, redescription in Portuguese]
Zucchi, R. A. 2000. Taxonomia, p. 13-24. In A. Malavasi & R. A. Zucchi, eds., Moscas-das-frutas de importância econômica no Brasil. Conhecimento básico e aplicado. Holos, Riberão Preto. 327 p. [in key]