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Anastrepha pallens Coquillett

Wing.

Recognition
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Anastrepha pallens belongs to the daciformis species group, which differs from other species of Anastrepha in having the basal third of the scutellum brown, the male phallus extremely short (less than 0.30 mm long) and with the glans absent (as in the dentata group), and with the female eversible membrane dorsobasally with a single, medially interrupted row of very stout scales. It differs from other species of the daciformis group in having a hyaline basal marginal area in cell r1 and the S-band interrupted along vein R4+5 and in cell dm along vein Cu1. The other species lacking the hyaline area in cell r1 have the S-band complete. The brown posterior markings on the scutum are also useful diagnosic characters.

Classification and Evolutionary Relationships
Order: Diptera. Family: Tephritidae. Genus: Anastrepha. Species: pallens. Author: Coquillett.
Relationships among the species of Anastrepha were analyzed by Norrbom et al. (1999) and McPheron et al. (1999). Click here for more detailed discussion of Anastrepha phylogeny. Anastrepha pallens has been placed in the daciformis species group. Norrbom (1998) analyzed the relationships among the species of the daciformis group (see Phylogeny of the Anastrepha daciformis group) and considered A. pallens to be the sister group of a clade including the daciformis complex (3 species) and the macrura complex (5 species).

Names Used for this Species
Anastrepha pallens Coquillett 1904: 35.
Anastrepha (Pseudodacus) pallens: McPhail and Berry 1936: 405
Pseudodacus pallens: Stone 1939: 283.
Anastrepha sp. 1: González & Tejada 1980: 126.
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Type Data
Holotype - Male (USMN, No. 1353), USA: Texas: Brownsville vicinity, Jun 1903, C. Schaeffer. Coquillett (1904: 31) reported that the type depository would be the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, but the holotype was either never returned or was transferred back to the USNM.

Distribution
Anastrepha pallens occurs from the USA (southern Texas) south to Honduras and El Salvador (Norrbom 1998, Hernández-Ortíz 1992).
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Biology
Both of the known host plants of Anastrepha pallens belong to the genus Sideroxylon (Sapotaceae).  This species has been reared from fruits of S. celastrinum (Kunth) T. D. Penn. (Greene 1934, Phillips 1946, as Bumelia angustifolia, McPhail & Berry 1936 and Baker et al. (1944), as Bumelia spiniflora) and S. lanuginosum Michx. (Wasbauer 1972, as Bumelia lanuginosa; Norrbom 1998). A.DC., both commonly known as "la coma". Both McPhail & Berry (1936) and Baker et al. (1944) reported that the larva feeds inside the single large seed within the fruit.

Economic Significance
Anastrepha pallens is not considered a pest species.

References
Key references are listed below. See fruit fly literature database for additional references.
Baker, A.C., W.E. Stone, C.C. Plummer & M. McPhail. 1944. A review of studies on the Mexican fruitfly and related Mexican species. U. S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. No. 531, 155 p. [p. 115, taxonomy, larva, biology]
Bezzi, M. 1919a. Una nuova specie brasiliana del genere Anastrepha (Dipt.). Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola Super. Agric. Portici 13: 3-14. [p. 3]
Bezzi, M. 1919b. Descoberta de uma nova mosca das fructas no Brazil. Chacaras Quintaes 1919: 372-373. [p. 372, in list]
Coquillett, D.W. 1904. Diptera from southern Texas with descriptions of new species. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 12: 31-35. [p. 35, description]
Dampf, A. 1933. Estudio sobre el oviscapto de las moscas de la fruta (Anastrepha spp.) de Mexico. Irrigacion en Mexico 6: 253-265. [p. 262, female terminalia]
Foote, R.H. 1965. Family Tephritidae, p. 658-678. In: A. Stone et al., eds., A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. U. S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Handb. No. 276, 1696 p. [p. 674, in catalog]
Foote, R.H. 1967. Family Tephritidae (Trypetidae, Trupaneidae), Fasc. 57, 91 p. In: N. Papavero, ed., A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, São Paulo. [p. 39, in catalog]
Foote, R.H., F.L. Blanc & A.L. Norrbom. 1993. Handbook of the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of America north of Mexico. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca. 571 p. [p. 103, USA]
González Hernández, A. & L.O. Tejada. 1980. Especies de Anastrepha (Diptera:Tephritidae) en el estado de Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Folia Entomol. Mex. 44: 121-128. [p. 126, as "sp. 1"]
Greene, C.T. 1934. A revision of the genus Anastrepha based on a study of wings and on the length of the ovipositor sheath (Diptera: Trypetidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 36: 127-179. [p. 154, host, taxonomy]
Hendel, F. 1914a. Analytische Übersicht über die Anastrepha-Arten (Dipt.). Wien. Entomol. Ztg. 33: 66-70. [p. 69, in key]
Hendel, F. 1914b. Die Bohrfliegen Südamerikas. Übersicht und Katalog der bisher aus der neotropischen Region beschrieben Tephritinen. Die Bohrfliegen Südamerikas. Übersicht und Katalog der bisher aus der neotropischen Region beschriebenen Tephritinen. Abh. Ber. K. Zool. Anthrop. Ethnogr. Mus. (1912) 14 (3): 1-84. [p. 14, in key]
Hernández-Ortiz, V. 1992. El genero Anastrepha Schiner en Mexico (Diptera: Tephritidae). Taxonomia, distribucion y sus plantas huespedes. Instituto de Ecología y Sociedad Mexicana de Entomología, Xalapa. 162 p. [p. 53, Mexico]
Lima, A. da Costa. 1934. Moscas de frutas do genero Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Diptera: Trypetidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro) 28: 487-575. [p.  511, review]
McPhail, M. & N.O. Berry. 1936. Observations on Anastrepha pallens (Coq.) reared from wild fruits in the lower Rio Grande valley of Texas during the spring of 1932. J. Econ. Entomol. 29: 405-410. [p. 405, biology, host].
McPheron, B. A., H.-Y. Han, J. G. Silva & A. L. Norrbom. 1999. Phylogeny of the genera Anastrepha and Toxotrypana (Trypetinae: Toxotrypanini) based upon 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA sequences, p. 343-361. In M. Aluja & A. L. Norrbom, eds., Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and evolution of behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton. [16] + 944 p. [phylogeny]
Norrbom, A. L. 1998. A revision of the Anastrepha daciformis species group (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 100: 160-192. [p. 186, revision]
Norrbom, A. L. & K.C. Kim. 1988a. A list of the reported host plants of the species of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae). U. S. Dept. Agric., Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Hyattsville, MD. 114 pp. [p. 1, classification, p. 51, host list]
Norrbom, A. L., R. A. Zucchi & V. Hernández-Ortiz. 1999. Phylogeny of the genera Anastrepha and Toxotrypana (Trypetinae: Toxotrypanini) based on morphology, p. 299-342. In M. Aluja & A. L. Norrbom, eds., Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and evolution of behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton. [16] + 944 p. [classification & phylogeny]
Phillips. V.T. 1946. The biology and identification of trypetid larvae (Diptera: Trypetidae). Mem. Am. Entomol. Soc. No. 12, 161 p. [p. 31, 106, larva, host list]
Steck, G.J., L.E. Carroll, H. Celedonio H. & J.C. Guillen A. 1990. Methods for identification of Anastrepha larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae), and key to 13 species. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 92: 333-346. [p. 343, in larval key]
Steyskal, G.C. 1977b. Pictorial key to species of the genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae). Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D.C. 35 p. [p. 3, in key]
Stone, A. 1939. A revision of the genus Pseudodacus Hendel (Dipt. Trypetidae). Rev. Entomol. (Rio J.) 10: 282-289. [p. 283, revision]
Wasbauer, M.S. 1972. An annotated host catalog of the fruit flies of America north of Mexico (Diptera: Tephritidae). Occas. Pap. Calif. Dep. Agric. Bur. Entomol. 19: [i] + 172 p. [p. 17, 125, hosts]
White, I.M. & M.M. Elson-Harris. 1992. Fruit flies of economic significance: Their identification and bionomics. CAB International, Wallingford, 601 p. [p. 163, 439, host list]