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Euaresta bullans (Wiedemann)

Recognition
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Euaresta bullans is one of several species of Euaresta with the anterior notopleural seta present, the apex of cell r₂₊₃ with one marginal hyaline spot, and cell r₄₊₅ without a medial bulla. It differs from all other species of Euaresta in having the basal half of the arista swollen and white and the male pedicel and first flagellomere dark brown. In wing pattern E. bullans most closely resembles E. philodema and meridionalis, but it differs in having the subapical dark spot broader in cell r₄₊₅ than in cells r₁ and r₂₊₃.

Classification and Evolutionary Relationships
Order: Diptera. Family: Tephritidae. Subfamily: Tephritinae. Genus: Euaresta. Species: bullans. Author: Wiedemann.
Relationships among the species of Euaresta were analyzed by Norrbom (1993). Click here for more detailed discussion of Euaresta phylogeny. Euaresta bullans has been placed in the bullans species group.

Names Used for this Species
Trypeta bullans Wiedemann 1830: 506.
Acinia rufa Macquart 1843: 385. Synonymy (Hendel 1914b: 63).
Trypeta tenera Loew 1850: 58. Synonymy (Loew 1869: 8).
Tephritis meleagris Schiner 1868: 272. Synonymy (Hendel 1914b: 63).
Euaresta adspersa Coquillett 1904: 30. Synonymy (Malloch 1933: 274, Quisenberry 1950: 24).
Tephritis wolffi Cresson 1931: 5. Synonymy (Malloch 1933: 274, Quisenberry 1950: 24).
Oxyna bullans: Becker 1905: 132.
Camaromyia bullans: Hendel 1914a: 95.
Euaresta (Camaromyia) bullans: Benjamin 1934: 50.
Euaresta bullans: Quisenberry 1950: 24.
Camaromyia bullanns Aczél 1950: 295. missp. bullans Wiedemann.
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Type Data
bullans: Syntype(s) - Sex unstated (NMW), apparently lost, Uruguay: Montevideo.
rufa: Syntype(s) - Sex unstated (MNHNP), apparently lost, Chile.
tenera: Syntypes - Male & female (ZMHU?), [France or Spain]: eastern "Pyrenaeen" [Pyrenees Mts.], Kiesenwetter.
meleagris: Syntypes - Male & female (NMW), Chile.
adspersa: Syntypes - 2 males & 2 females (USNM), USA: California: Stanford University [Palo Alto], [C. F. Baker].
wolffi: Holotype - Male (ANSP), USA: California: Pomona, 12 Sep 1930, K. L. Wolff.

Distribution
Euaresta bullans is native to South America, where it is known from Peru, Chile, Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay (Aczél 1952, Foote 1967). It was introduced to USA (California, Arizona) (Foote et al. 1993), southern Europe east to Ukraine, Turkey, Israel (Foote 1984, Freidberg & Kugler 1989), South Africa (Munro 1957, Cogan & Munro 1980), and Australia (Currie 1940).
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Biology
Euaresta bullans breeds in female flowers of two species of Xanthium, X. spinosum L. and X. catharticum (Frias 1992, Norrbom 1993). Aczél (1952) erroneously listed X. pungens (a synonym of X. strumarium, the host of E. aequalis) as a host of E. bullans. In the book edited by Whyte that Aczél cited for this record, only the paper by Currie (1940) deals with Euaresta, and in that article only E. aequalis is stated to attack X. strumarium (as pungens), and the only host given for E. bullans is X. spinosum.

Economic Significance
Euaresta bullans has been introduced, apparently accidentally, from South America to the southwestern USA, southern Europe, the Middle East, South Africa, and Australia, where it attacks Xanthium spinosum, also known as spiny cocklebur or Bathurst burr, a pastureland weed. Although well established in Australia, it has provided only limited biological control of X. spinosum (Currie 1940, White & Elson-Harris 1992).

References
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Aczél, M. L. 1950. Catalogo de la familia "Trypetidae" (Dipt. Acalypt.) de la region neotropical. Acta Zoologica Lilloana (1949) 7: 177-328. [p. 295, in catalog]
Aczél, M. L. 1952. Suplemento al 'Catalogo de la familia 'Trypetidae' de la region Neotropical'. Acta Zool. Lilloana (1951) 12: 117-133.  [p. 130, in catalog]
Aczél, M. L. 1952. El género Euaresta Loew (= Camaromyia Hendel) en la región neotropical (Diptera Trypetidae). Revista Chilena de Entomología 2:147-172. [p. 150, revision, host, illustrations of male head and antenna, palpus, wing, epandrium, oviscape, aculeus]
Becker, T. 1905. Cyclorrhapha Schizophora: Holometopa, p. 1-273, 290-327 (index). In T. Becker, M. Bezzi, K. Kertesz & P. Stein, eds., Katalog der palaarktischen Dipteren. Vol. 4. Budapest. 328 p. [p. 132, classification]
Benjamin, F. H. 1934. Descriptions of some native trypetid flies with notes on their habits. U. S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 401: 95 p. [p. 50, classification]
Blanchard, E. 1852. Orden IX. Dipteros, p. 327-468. In C. Gay, ed., Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia. Vol. 7. 471 p. [p. 460, Chile]
Brethes, J. 1907. Catalogo de los dipteros de las Republicas del Plata. An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires 16 (=ser. 3, 9): 277-302. [p. 300, Argentina]
Coquillett, D. W. 1904. [New species], p. 29-30. In C. F. Baker, Diptera. Reports on Californian and Nevadan Diptera, I. Invertebrata Pacifica 1: 17-40. [p. 30, description as Euaresta adspersa]
Cogan, B. H. & H. K. Munro. 1980. Family Tephritidae, p. 518-554. In R. W. Crosskey, ed. (B. H. Cogan, P. Freeman, A. C. Pont, K. G. V. Smith & H. Oldroyd, assist. eds.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London. 1437 p. [p. 545, in catalog]
Cresson, E. T., Jr. 1931. Notes on the abstersa-group of the genus Tephritis, and a description of a new species from California (Diptera: Trypetidae). Entomol. News 42: 3-5. [p. 5, description as Tephritis wolffi]
Currie, G.A. 1940. Some Australian weed problems, pp. 113-130. In R.O. Whyte, ed., The control of weeds. Imperial Bureau of Pastures and Forage Crops, Aberystwith, Bulletin 27, 168 pp. [p. 124, Australia]
Foote, B. A. 1966. Biology and immature stages of eastern ragweed flies (Tephritidae). Proc. North Cent. Br. Entomol. Soc. Am. (1965) 20: 105-106. [p. 106, host]
Foote, R. H. 1965. Family Tephritidae, p. 658-678. In A. Stone, C. W. Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth, R. H. Foote & J. R. Coulson, eds., A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. U.S. Dep. Agric. Agric. Handb. 276: 1696 p. [p. 665, in catalog]
Foote, R. H. 1967. Family Tephritidae (Trypetidae, Trupaneidae). In N. Papavero, ed., A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Departmento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, São Paulo. Fasc. 57, 91 pp.
Foote, R. H. 1984. Family Tephritidae, p. 66-149. In A. Soos & L. Papp, eds., Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, Vol. 9, Micropezidae - Agromyzidae. Akademiae Kiado, Budapest & Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. 460 p. [p. 74, in catalog]
Foote, R. H. & F. L. Blanc. 1963. The fruit flies or Tephritidae of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Surv. 7: 117 p. [p. 20, review, California]
Foote, R. H., F. L. Blanc & A. L. Norrbom. 1993. Handbook of the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of America north of Mexico. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca. 571 p. [p. 150, review, USA]
Freidberg, A. & J. Kugler. 1989. Fauna Palaestina. Insecta IV. Diptera: Tephritidae. Israel Academy of Sciences & Humanities, Jerusalem. [vi] + 212 p. [p. 86, Israel, taxonomy, illustrations of head, aculeus, glans]
Frias, D. Aspectos de la biología evolutiva de especies de Tephritidae de distribución chilena. Revista Chilena de Entomología 17: 69-79. [p. 71, host]
Goeden, R. D. 1986. New records of Tephritidae (Diptera) from Santa Cruz Island, California. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 62: 326-328. [p. 326, host]
Hendel, F. 1914a. Die Gattungen der Bohrfliegen. (Analytische Ubersicht aller bisher bekannten Gattungen der Tephritinae.). Wien. Entomol. Ztg. 33: 73-98. [p. 95, type species designation]
Hendel, F. 1914b. Die Bohrfliegen Südamerikas. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königlich Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden (1912) 14:1-84. [p. 63, taxonomy]
Hendel, F. 1927. 49. Trypetidae, lfg. 16-19, p. 1-221, pls. 1-17. In E. Lindner, ed., Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, Vol. 5. Stuttgart. [p. 175, taxonomy]
Hennig, W. 1952. Familie Trypetidae, p. 201-220. In Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. 3 Teil. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. 628 p. [p. 211, in catalog immature stages]
Hilgendorf, J. H. & R. D. Goeden. 1983. Phytophagous insect faunas of spiny clotbur, Xanthium spinosum, and cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium, in southern California. Environ. Entomol. 12: 404-411. [p. 404, host]
Loew, H. 1850. Sechs neue Arten der Gattung Trypeta. Stettin. Entomol. Ztg. 11: 52-59. [p. 58, description as Trypeta tenera]
Macquart, J. P. M. 1843. Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus [2(3)]. Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Agric. Arts, Lille 1842: 162-460 + 36 pls. [p. 385, description as Acinia rufa]
Malloch, J. R. 1933. Fascicle 4. --Acalyptrata [part], p. 177-391, pls. 2-7. In British Museum (Natural History), Diptera of Patagonia and south Chile. Pt. 6. London. 499 p. [p. 274, synonymy, in key, Argentina]
Munro, H. K. 1957. Trypetidae, p. 853-1054. In Ruwenzori Expedition 1934-1935. Vol. 2, No. 9. British Museum (Natural History). [p. 1010, South Africa]
Norrbom, A. L. 1993. New species and phylogenetic analysis of Euaresta Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) with a key to the species from the Americas south of Mexico. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 95: 195-209. [phylogenetic relationships]
Norrbom, A. L., L. E. Carroll, F. C. Thompson, I. M. White & A. Freidberg. 1999. Systematic database of names, pp. 65-251. In F. C. Thompson (ed.), Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. Myia (1998) 9, vii + 524 pp. & Diptera Data Dissemination Disk (CD-ROM) (1998) 1. [p. 145, in catalog]
Quisenberry, B. F. 1950. The genus Euaresta in the United States (Diptera: Tephritidae. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 58: 9-38. [p. 24, revision]
Stuardo O., C. 1946. Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Ministerio de Agricultura, Santiago, Chile. 250 p. [p. 134, in catalog]
Wasbauer, M. S. 1972. An annotated host catalog of the fruit flies of America north of Mexico (Diptera: Tephritidae). Occas. Pap. Calif. Dep. Agric. Bur. Entomol. 19: [i] + 172 p. [p. 113, host list]
White, I. M. & M. M. Elson-Harris. 1992. Fruit flies of economic significance: Their identification and bionomics. C A B International, Wallingford. xii + 601 p. [p. 418, distribution, use as biological control agent]
Wiedemann, C. R. W. 1830. Aussereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten. Vol. 2. Schulz, Hamm. xii + 684 p. [p. 506, description]
Woodworth, C. W. 1913. Guide to California insects. The Law Press, Berkeley. 360 p. [p. 137, California]

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