Catalogue Output Description

Nomenclature:

This section lists all available and unavailable genus/species names (according to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) that have been used in the literature for the species, including junior synonyms, changes of combination, misidentifications, and misspellings. Records are outputted chronologically from the oldest, with the originally cited genus-species combination given along with the author, year(letter), and page number of the publication.

The following information is given for each cited-name record attached to type data:

• type locality and host
• type category (e.g., holotype, syntypes, lectotype)
• method of type designation (e.g., original or subsequent) and, if by subsequent designation, the author and publication reference
• type sex/stage (e.g., female, nymph)
• museum location acronym, with "examined" in parentheses if the type material was seen by the author of the family database

The following information may be given for any cited-name record, whether attached to type data or not:

• sexes described
• whether or not illustrations were included
• status of cited name relative to currently accepted valid name
• author of synonymy or discoverer of taxonomic or nomenclatural "errors" such as nomina nuda, homonyms, and misidentifications
• notes relating to the specific record

Common Name:

This section gives all of the common names of the species in alphabetical order and includes the source of the common name as a citation code in brackets. A complete reference can be obtained by copying the citation code and pasting it in the citation code field in the References for a Citation Code query.

Foes:

This part of the catalogue provides the names of the natural enemies of the scale. It very often is absent, and when present is not exhaustive.

Hosts:

This section gives the known plant hosts of each scale species. Hosts are outputted alphabetically by plant family and within family alphabetically by genus, species and subspecies. A question mark preceding any host record indicates that it is questionable. Each host record is validated by at least one literature reference in the form of a citation code between square brackets. Species host information can also be obtained in tabular form along with citation codes hot-linked to full literature citations by doing a Host of a Scale query as explained under Query Descriptions.

Distribution:

Distribution records are outputted alphabetically by biogeographic realm (Afrotropical, Antarctic, Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental, and Palaearctic) and within each realm alphabetically by country and subpolitical unit (state or province). A question mark preceding any country or subpolitical unit indicates that the record is doubtful. Each country or subpolitical unit record usually is validated by at least one literature reference in the form of a citation code between square brackets. Species distribution information can also be obtained in tabular form along with citation codes hot-linked to full literature citations by doing a Distribution of a Scale query as explained under Query Descriptions.

Biology:

A summary of the information reported on the life history and other biological parameters are included in this section.

General Remarks:

This section includes any comments that did not fit in other categories of the catalogue. Very often this section includes information on the best description of the species.

Structure:

The content of this part of the catalogue is somewhat variable. It often includes information on the general appearance of the species in the field. It may mention some unusual structure.

Systematics:

A discussion of any general issues about the classification and nomenclature of the species is included in this section of the catalogue.

Economic Importance and Control:

This section gives a summary of the importance of the species as a pest or as a beneficial organism. A brief synopsis is included on references to control including chemical and biological control, but this area is not exhaustive.

Keys:

This section gives references to all published keys that include the species. Also given is the species name used in the key if different from the currently accepted valid name, the life stage keyed, and the geographical scope of the key. Key references are outputted in chronological order from the most recent.

Citations:

This section consists of an alphabetical listing of citation codes of all publications that cite the species, the relevant page number(s) within the publication for the species, and a small number of 'keyword' descriptors that summarize the general contents of each paper. A listing of all cited publications for a species with full reference data can be outputted by doing a References for a Scale query as explained under Query Descriptions.